Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans最新文献

{"title":"An Assessment of Uncertainty in the ECCO Global Ocean-Sea Ice State Estimate Due To Atmospheric Forcing Uncertainty","authors":"Yanzhou Wei,&nbsp;Helen Pillar,&nbsp;Patrick Heimbach,&nbsp;An T. Nguyen,&nbsp;Gaël Forget,&nbsp;Ou Wang,&nbsp;Ichiro Fukumori,&nbsp;Ian Fenty,&nbsp;Martin Losch","doi":"10.1029/2024JC022191","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JC022191","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The Estimating the Circulation and Climate of the Ocean (ECCO) state estimate is the result of adjusting a set of controls comprising atmospheric forcings, initial conditions, and mixing parameters to reduce model-data misfits. Despite this, uncertainties remain in the solution. Among others, small amplitude perturbations to the optimized controls may yield differences in the estimated state without notably increasing the misfits, providing distinct but equally acceptable solutions to the inverse problem. We focus on the impact of uncertainty in the atmospheric controls via ensemble perturbation. Our multivariate empirical orthogonal function (EOF) approach to construct the ensemble perturbations accounts for the covariance of control variables. Furthermore, it provides new insights into the space-time characteristics of ECCO's atmospheric adjustments. The two leading EOFs of these adjustments show a seasonal cycle dominated by high-latitude adjustments and a decadal component. Removing the time-mean of the adjustments results in large model-data misfits and thus unacceptable estimates. Ensemble perturbations in time-varying adjustments incur uneven uncertainties in oceanic metrics, for example, in global meridional heat transport (0.03 PW), the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation at 26°N (0.7 Sv), or ocean heat uptake (15 ZJ). These are an order of magnitude smaller than the uncertainty evaluated via ocean reanalysis intercomparisons and forward perturbation ensembles. The relatively weak impacts result from the relatively small amplitude of estimated atmospheric uncertainty in the ECCO release, out of sufficient consideration of a massive set of observational constraints. Future work should assess the impact of other sources of uncertainties.</p>","PeriodicalId":54340,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans","volume":"130 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024JC022191","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144315043","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Connecting the Deep Collection of Sinking Particles With Surface Ocean Signatures","authors":"Lu Wang,&nbsp;Jonathan Gula,&nbsp;Jérémy Collin,&nbsp;Laurent Mémery,&nbsp;Xiaolong Yu","doi":"10.1029/2024JC021777","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JC021777","url":null,"abstract":"<p>A major pathway in the biological carbon pump is the gravitational sinking of organic particles from the sunlit ocean (0–200 m) to the deep ocean. Variability in particle fluxes measured by sediment traps is often attributed to variability in primary production in the surface ocean. However, particle fluxes are also influenced by physical processes such as mesoscale eddies and fronts. In this study, we assess the impact of upper-ocean dynamical structures on the variability of particle collection in the deep ocean. This is achieved by forward tracking the trajectories of 51.9 million virtual particles that were homogeneously released at a depth of 200 m with a constant sinking velocity of 50 m <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <msup>\u0000 <mi>d</mi>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mo>−</mo>\u0000 <mn>1</mn>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 </msup>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> ${mathrm{d}}^{-1}$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> in the Northeast Atlantic basin. We found that, despite a homogeneous particle source without biological effects, purely dynamical changes can induce heterogeneity in particle density and origin at depth. The position of sediment traps can thus significantly influence the weekly to seasonal particle collection in the deep ocean. Additionally, we identify and characterize nine particle clusters using a machine-learning approach. The results show that the seasonality of particle collection at depth can be induced by seasonal variations in upper-ocean flow structures. Clusters associated with eddy and frontal structures are found to intermittently contribute more than 50% of the particle amount during winter and spring, with smaller secondary peaks in the summer months. This study highlights the connection between mesoscale ocean dynamics and the spatio-temporal pattern of conservative (non-biological) particle collection in the deep ocean.</p>","PeriodicalId":54340,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans","volume":"130 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144308992","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Flushing and Trapping of Buoyant Particles in a Gravitationally Driven Wide Estuary","authors":"R. Alan Mason,&nbsp;Tobias Kukulka,&nbsp;Robert J. Chant,&nbsp;Jonathan H. Cohen","doi":"10.1029/2025JC022417","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025JC022417","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Plastics and other buoyant particles, such as oil, plankton, and seafoam, are omnipresent in estuaries, which provide a critical interface to the open ocean. Here, we explore the convergence and along-channel transport of buoyant particles using an idealized model of the gravitationally driven estuarine circulation with a deeper center channel and shallower flanks. First, the model predicts persistent surface convergence zones, aggregating buoyant material. Second, reduced vertical mixing results in accelerated surface outflow consistent with particle transport out of the bay during neap tides. We refer to this consistent outflow as flushing. Third, increased vertical mixing from neap to spring tides changes the lateral structure of the surface flows with weak up-estuary along-channel flows in the region of particle convergence during spring tides, resulting in particle trapping. We show the applicability of idealized model theory to the Delaware Bay through the use of a realistic hydrodynamic model, high-resolution satellite images, GPS-tracked drifters, and CTD cross-sections. Our results are consistent with the theory and indicate that buoyant surface-trapped particles in Delaware Bay quickly converge to the channel center of the estuary and are consequently either trapped in the estuary during spring tide or flushed to the continental shelf during neap tide. Our results contribute to the growing understanding of particle movement and retention within an estuarine system.</p>","PeriodicalId":54340,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans","volume":"130 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144308986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interplay Between Wind-Driven Advection and Mixing of Salt and Dissolved Oxygen in a Microtidal Estuary","authors":"Jianxing Wang,&nbsp;Johanna H. Rosman,&nbsp;James L. Hench,&nbsp;Nathan S. Hall,&nbsp;Anthony C. Whipple,&nbsp;Richard A. Luettich Jr.","doi":"10.1029/2025JC022802","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025JC022802","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Most work on how estuarine dynamics impact dissolved oxygen (DO) distributions has focused on tides, but in shallow estuaries with large fetch or small tides, wind can be the primary mixing agent and also drives advection. To investigate how these processes affect DO distributions, an observational study was conducted in the shallow, microtidal Neuse Estuary. Salinity, DO, and velocity profiles were measured at multiple positions along and across the estuary over a 6-month period. A one-dimensional model (General Ocean Turbulence Model) provided additional insight into the response of salinity and DO to wind. Salinity and oxygen conservation equation terms were calculated from observations and simulations. Cross-estuary wind drove lateral circulation and tilted the isohalines, reducing stratification; lateral advection and enhanced mixing reduced vertical gradients and increased the bottom DO. Down-estuary wind tended to increase the exchange flow and stratification, but concurrently the surface wind-mixed layer deepened over time. The balance of these processes determined if the water column became fully mixed or remained stratified, and the depth of the pycnocline and oxycline. An expression for steady state surface layer thickness was derived by considering the competition between the horizontal and vertical buoyancy flux, and the predictions agreed well with observations and simulations. Up-estuary wind inhibited the exchange flow and the combination of advection and mixing homogenized the water column. While these patterns generally held for purely across- or along-channel wind, the response was often more complex as the wind vector varied in orientation and with time.</p>","PeriodicalId":54340,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans","volume":"130 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144300241","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spatially Resolved Salt Intrusion Mechanisms in a Tidal Estuary and the Impact of Channel Deepening","authors":"Karoline Rummel,&nbsp;Ulf Gräwe,&nbsp;Knut Klingbeil,&nbsp;Pia Kolb,&nbsp;Xiangyu Li,&nbsp;Lloyd Reese,&nbsp;Hans Burchard","doi":"10.1029/2024JC022073","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JC022073","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The unique ecosystem of estuaries as well as their social and economic usage such as freshwater abstraction are highly dependent on local salinity. Shifts in salt intrusion can have severe consequences. The salinity dynamics are influenced by several natural factors, especially the river discharge and the tides but also by human activities such as channel deepening. A thorough understanding of salt transport mechanisms and their response to changing conditions is essential for assessing the effects of both natural variability and human activities on salt intrusion. This study applies a detailed salt transport decomposition method to a high-resolution numerical model of the North German Weser River Estuary. The analysis of the cross-channel integrated transport showed an alternating dominance of two up-estuary salt transport mechanisms: the subtidal shear transport, driven by estuarine circulation and the tidally correlated depth-averaged transport, such as tidal pumping. A novel decomposition method allowing for two-dimensional maps of salt transport is developed and implemented here to understand the local topographical impacts on the salt transport. Our results highlight that the cross-sectionally integrated transport can underestimate the strength of the resolved transport in specific areas, as opposing flows often occur between the channel and adjacent shoals. Furthermore, we investigate a potential future scenario involving channel deepening, finding that it increases subtidal shear transport, particularly in dredged areas. These findings offer new insights into the spatial complexity of salt dynamics and the impact of anthropogenic changes on estuarine environments.</p>","PeriodicalId":54340,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans","volume":"130 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024JC022073","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144299746","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamics and Temporal Variability of the North Atlantic Current in the Iceland Basin (2014–2022)","authors":"Tiago S. Dotto,&nbsp;N. Penny Holliday,&nbsp;Neil Fraser,&nbsp;Ben Moat,&nbsp;Yvonne Firing,&nbsp;Kristin Burmeister,&nbsp;Darren Rayner,&nbsp;Stuart Cunningham,&nbsp;Emma Worthington,&nbsp;William E. Johns","doi":"10.1029/2024JC021836","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JC021836","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The North Atlantic Current (NAC) is a major source of heat toward the subpolar gyre and northern seas. However, its variability and drivers are not well understood. Here, we evaluated 8 years of continuous daily measurements as part of the international program Overturning in the Subpolar North Atlantic Program to investigate the NAC in the Iceland Basin. We found that the NAC volume and freshwater anomaly transport and heat content (HC) were highly variable with significant variability at timescales of 16–120 days to annual. Intraseasonal to short interannual variability was associated with mesoscale and intermittent mesoscale features abundant in the region. Composites analysis revealed that strong NAC periods were associated with less eddy kinetic energy in the Iceland Basin, which was consistent with the presence of frontal-like structures instead of eddy-like structures. On longer timescales, the westward migration of the eastern boundary of the subpolar North Atlantic (SPNA) gyre favors a stronger NAC volume transport and HC in the region. Stronger zonal wind stress triggers a fast response that piles water up between the SPNA and subtropical gyres, which increases the sea surface height gradient and drives the acceleration of the NAC. The strengthening of the NAC increases the heat and salt transport northward. During our study period, both heat and salt increased across the moorings. These observations are important for understanding the heat and freshwater variability in the SPNA, which ultimately impacts the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation.</p>","PeriodicalId":54340,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans","volume":"130 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024JC021836","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144291903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Patterns of Ocean Acidification Emergence in the Hawaiian Islands Using Dynamically Downscaled Projections","authors":"L. Hošeková,&nbsp;T. Friedrich,&nbsp;B. S. Powell,&nbsp;C. Sabine","doi":"10.1029/2024JC021903","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JC021903","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study presents the first dynamically downscaled projections of ocean acidification (OA) for the Main Hawaiian Islands using coupled Regional Ocean Modeling System and Carbon, Ocean Biogeochemistry, and Lower Trophics models integrated with Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) outputs from the Community Earth System Model 2. We analyze three Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5, and SSP3-7.0) and introduce a climate novelty metric to assess the extent to which future OA conditions exceed historical variability by comparing the magnitude of projected changes to past variability. Our results indicate unprecedented levels of OA within the next three decades across all scenarios, with aragonite saturation state (<span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <msub>\u0000 <mi>Ω</mi>\u0000 <mi>A</mi>\u0000 </msub>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> ${{Omega }}_{A}$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math>), pH, and substrate-to-inhibitor ratio (bicarbonate to free hydrogen ions [HCO₃⁻]/[H⁺]) projected to decline significantly. By 2100, under SSP3-7.0, <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <msub>\u0000 <mi>Ω</mi>\u0000 <mi>A</mi>\u0000 </msub>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> ${{Omega }}_{A}$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> novelty could exceed reference variability by a factor of 12. Spatial analysis reveals heterogeneous OA impacts, with windward coastlines consistently exhibiting higher novelty levels. Importantly, we find contrasting spatial patterns of OA indices due to varying sensitivities to temperature and dissolved inorganic carbon, resulting in higher <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <msub>\u0000 <mi>Ω</mi>\u0000 <mi>A</mi>\u0000 </msub>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> ${{Omega }}_{A}$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> novelty in northern areas and higher pH and substrate-to-inhibitor ratio novelty in southern regions.</p>","PeriodicalId":54340,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans","volume":"130 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144281488","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seasonal Variability Observed in the Gulf Stream East of Cape Hatteras","authors":"A. Silver,&nbsp;A. Gangopadhyay,&nbsp;M. Andres,&nbsp;G. G. Gawarkiewicz","doi":"10.1029/2024JC021543","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JC021543","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The Gulf Stream system is dominated by strong mesoscale variability that can obscure any seasonal signals in Gulf Stream strength. Nevertheless, seasonal variability of the Gulf Stream is important for local weather and climate and can influence amplification of hurricane intensity and storm tracks. We investigate seasonal variability of the speed of the Gulf Stream after it detaches from Cape Hatteras, using high-resolution along-track altimeter data. The altimeter data show a significant seasonal cycle in the Gulf Stream axis speed, peaking in summer. The seasonal variability in the Gulf Stream axis velocity is related to changes in the local wind stress curl and changes in the density difference across the Gulf Stream. Wind forcing affects the Gulf Stream year-round, while changes in the density difference have the largest impact in summer. Overall, changes in the wind stress curl and upper ocean density difference across the Gulf Stream can explain roughly 40% of the seasonal Gulf Stream speed variability in summer.</p>","PeriodicalId":54340,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans","volume":"130 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144281519","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Differential Nonconservative Behaviors of Dissolved Black Carbon Along a Major River-Estuary-Shelf Continuum","authors":"Yin Fang,&nbsp;Guopei Huang,&nbsp;Dongyan Liu,&nbsp;Mengmeng Wu,&nbsp;Yujue Wang,&nbsp;Jing He,&nbsp;Chongtai Chen,&nbsp;Tian Lin,&nbsp;Shouye Yang,&nbsp;Yingjun Chen","doi":"10.1029/2025JC022432","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025JC022432","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Existing dual-carbon isotopic evidence suggests the nonconservative behaviors of dissolved black carbon (DBC) during its river-to-open ocean transport. Estuaries and shelves, characterized by highly dynamic and complex hydrological conditions, serve as pivotal transitional zones linking rivers and open ocean ecosystems, making them potential hotspots for DBC transfer and transformation. However, the nonconservative behaviors of DBC in the estuarine-shelf regimes remain poorly understood. In this study, we examined and elucidated the possible nonconservative behaviors of DBC and their underlying mechanisms along the globally representative major river Changjiang-Estuary-Shelf Continuum. Our findings reveal that the summertime DBC profiles were primarily shaped by the physical mixing between Changjiang Diluted Water and Taiwan Warm Current, which exhibited distinct DBC concentrations and compositions (as indicated by the molecular markers ratios of B6CA/B5CA). Despite this predominant control, differential nonconservative behaviors of DBC were found in subregions of the continuum. Specifically, DBC removal in the Changjiang River Channel was due to sorption onto resuspended sediments, while within the Changjiang River Estuary, it resulted from a combination of photoaging and Ca²⁺ bridging effects. In contrast, DBC addition in the East China Sea Shelf was driven by benthic diffusion, which represents an underappreciated yet significant DBC source to the coastal waters. Insights into the nonconservative behaviors of DBC within such a major river-estuary-shelf continuum enable a more robust assessment of the crucial roles of the relatively slow-cycling DBC component as a negative feedback mechanism in the global carbon cycle.</p>","PeriodicalId":54340,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans","volume":"130 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144273510","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characteristic Velocity and Timescales of Nonphase-Locked Internal Tides in a Mesoscale Eddy Field","authors":"Matthew D. Rayson,&nbsp;Lachlan Astfalck,&nbsp;Aurelien L. S. Ponte,&nbsp;Andrew P. Zulberti,&nbsp;Nicole L. Jones","doi":"10.1029/2024JC021789","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JC021789","url":null,"abstract":"<p>We present a new parametric auto-covariance kernel function for characterizing properties of the mesoscale eddy field and the nonphase-locked internal tide from ocean time series records. We demonstrate that the model captures the important spectral properties, namely the spectral roll-off of the mesoscale continuum and the broad spectral “cusps” centered around the tidal forcing frequencies. The spectral cusp model has three main parameters that characterize the nonphase-locked internal tide: the amplitude, a decorrelation timescale, and a shape parameter that captures the rate at which the cusp rolls away. Estimation of the third shape parameter is novel. We argue that an integral timescale is the most suitable characteristic timescale and show how it relates to the parametric decorrelation timescale. A key innovation of this work is that we estimate the parameters in the frequency domain using the debiased Whittle likelihood. We apply our spectral parameter estimation technique to outputs from idealized and realistic numerical experiments of internal tides propagating through a mesoscale eddy field. We demonstrate that the nonphase-locked internal tide integral timescale was 2–7 d, and is influenced by the Rossby number of the mesoscale flow field, which is linked to the eddy timescale, and is relatively constant in space. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the internal tide integral timescale is set by the global properties of the eddy field because internal waves have memory of past interactions. The intended use of our parametric kernel functions are for generating probabilistic predictions of ocean time series.</p>","PeriodicalId":54340,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans","volume":"130 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024JC021789","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144273408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}