{"title":"γ-Radiation-Induced Gold Nanoplatforms Loaded With Aza-BODIPY for Synergistic Type-I/II Photodynamic Therapy in Cholangiocarcinoma","authors":"Kingsak Mahingsadet, Sakchai Laksee, Charupong Saengboonmee, Kanyarat Thithuan, Kullanat Khawkhiaw, Charat Kusoltech, Seiji Okada, Muhammad Harrist, Elvina Dhiaul Iftitah, Anyanee Kamkaew","doi":"10.1002/cnma.70353","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cnma.70353","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is an aggressive bile duct malignancy with limited treatment options and poor prognosis, particularly in Southeast Asia. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) offers a selective therapeutic approach, but its efficacy is restricted by tumor hypoxia, which limits oxygen-dependent Type-II photosensitization. Herein, a gold-based nanoplatform was developed by loading an iodinated near-infrared aza-BODIPY photosensitizer (<b>AZB-I</b>) onto <i>γ</i>-radiation-synthesized gold nanoparticles and stabilizing the system with Pluronic F127. The resulting <b>AZB-I@AuNPs-F127</b> nanoparticles exhibited good aqueous stability, a hydrodynamic size of approximately 238 nm, and improved delivery of <b>AZB-I</b>. Under NIR LED irradiation, corrected singlet oxygen quantum yields were comparable for <b>AZB-I@AuNPs-F127</b> and free <b>AZB-I</b> (0.10 and 0.11, respectively). Mechanistic studies confirmed that <b>AZB-I@AuNPs-F127</b> promotes both Type-II singlet oxygen generation and Type-I radical formation, including hydroxyl and superoxide radicals. This dual Type-I/Type-II mechanism enhanced PDT efficacy under hypoxia, where <b>AZB-I@AuNPs-F127</b> showed an IC<sub>50</sub> of 0.39 µM, outperforming free <b>AZB-I</b> (0.91 µM). In KKU-213A xenograft mice, <b>AZB-I@AuNPs-F127</b> with 660 nm irradiation reduced tumor volume by 60% without observable systemic toxicity, demonstrating its promise for hypoxia-tolerant CCA PDT.</p>","PeriodicalId":54339,"journal":{"name":"ChemNanoMat","volume":"12 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148784741","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ChemNanoMatPub Date : 2026-08-21DOI: 10.1002/cnma.70351
Qi Zhang, Yi Pan, Shuangchun Yang, Xiaoliang Zhao
{"title":"Nanoparticle-Immobilization Strategies for Enhanced Oil Recovery: A Review of Advances and Challenges in Reservoir Applications","authors":"Qi Zhang, Yi Pan, Shuangchun Yang, Xiaoliang Zhao","doi":"10.1002/cnma.70351","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cnma.70351","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Efficient extraction of residual oil from high-temperature, high-salinity, and heterogeneous reservoirs remains a major challenge in petroleum engineering. Nanoparticle (NP)-enhanced oil recovery (EOR) technology can modify rock wettability, reduce oil–water interfacial tension (IFT), and generate structural disjoining pressure, thereby demonstrating considerable potential for EOR applications. However, field-scale application of NP-based EOR is severely limited by reservoir-induced NP aggregation, retention within porous media, formation damage, high operational costs, and potential environmental risks. This review systematically summarizes three major NP immobilization strategies: solid-supported surface immobilization, porous matrix encapsulation (e.g., metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) and mesoporous silica), and catalytic membrane integration. The performance, cost-effectiveness, and applicability of these strategies are compared. Surface immobilization achieves a balance between stability and mobility, resulting in an incremental oil recovery of 15%–20%. Porous encapsulation provides enhanced stability under extreme reservoir conditions but is associated with higher costs. Catalytic membrane integration ensures high NP recoverability (≥85%) and minimal environmental leakage; however, its application scenarios remain limited. Future research should focus on scalable carrier fabrication, field-scale validation, and optimization of synergistic strategies. This review provides valuable guidance for the design and selection of efficient and sustainable NP-based EOR technologies.</p>","PeriodicalId":54339,"journal":{"name":"ChemNanoMat","volume":"12 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148784756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ChemNanoMatPub Date : 2026-08-21DOI: 10.1002/cnma.70354
Shelby L. Millheim, Matthew C. Stetz, Sungjae Yoo, Tyler M. Gordon, Evan J. Arnold, Jacob H. Smith, Jill E. Millstone
{"title":"Surfactant-Mediated Surface Topographies of Copper Selenide Nanoparticles","authors":"Shelby L. Millheim, Matthew C. Stetz, Sungjae Yoo, Tyler M. Gordon, Evan J. Arnold, Jacob H. Smith, Jill E. Millstone","doi":"10.1002/cnma.70354","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cnma.70354","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Shape-directing syntheses have been extensively studied in metallic nanoparticle (NP) systems and yielded corresponding shape-dependent optoelectronic and catalytic NP properties. As doped-semiconductor nanostructures gain traction as complementary plasmonic nanomaterials, methods to create anisotropic varieties may offer analogous optoelectronic tunability. Here, we study the roles of both appended and free ligands on the emergent shapes of doped copper selenide (Cu<sub>2–<i>x</i></sub>Se) NPs using representative common ligands including negatively and positively charged small molecules (sodium dodecyl sulfate and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide) as well as a polymer capping agent (poly(vinyl pyrrolidone)). We do not observe platonic shapes for any conditions tested but do observe measurable changes in particle anisotropy. To describe, track, and quantify these changes, we employ the Power's scale of roundness and the Wadell roundness index. Importantly, we find that particle anisotropy arises almost exclusively during the conversion of Se seeds into Cu<sub>2–<i>x</i></sub>Se via Cu ion infiltration. We analyze the impact of the resulting shapes on their corresponding optoelectronic properties by isolating shape and ligand contributions to localized surface plasmon resonances distinct from changes in NP charge carrier densities. Taken together, these results present routes to enhance Cu<sub>2–<i>x</i></sub>Se NP angularity using ligand chemistry, ultimately providing an expanded platform of plasmonically active doped-semiconductor nanostructures.</p>","PeriodicalId":54339,"journal":{"name":"ChemNanoMat","volume":"12 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/cnma.70354","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148785160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ChemNanoMatPub Date : 2026-08-16DOI: 10.1002/cnma.70350
Shivani Yadav, Poting Liu, Tomasz Sobol, Aradhana Dwivedi, Vladimir Sivakov
{"title":"Influence of Initial Silver Salt on Surface Structure, SERS Activity, and Surface Stability","authors":"Shivani Yadav, Poting Liu, Tomasz Sobol, Aradhana Dwivedi, Vladimir Sivakov","doi":"10.1002/cnma.70350","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cnma.70350","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In this study, three silver surfaces with morphologies from 0D to 3D were realized by wet-chemical reduction of mono-, bi- and triatomic silver salts on silicon surfaces. First, we found that the choice of the starting silver salt can influence the formation of silver nanostructures ranging from nanoparticles to dendrites. Second, we found that the surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) signal is highly dependent on the selected starting silver salt. Using adenine as a test analyte, our studies showed that surfaces with dendritic structures obtained using silver sulfate and phosphate exhibit much higher SERS sensitivity, and that surfaces obtained using silver sulfate have significantly higher chemical stability with respect to oxidation when stored in ambient conditions for 8 weeks compared to standard silver surfaces obtained from silver nitrate. The implementation of synchrotron-based XPS studies, which allowed the variation of kinetic energy and surface analysis depth profiling, showed that silver nitrate formed surfaces begin significantly to oxidize after 2 weeks, and initially exhibit a heterogeneous surface structure that has a “sandwich”-like structure, in which oxidized silver phases are present in the metallic silver matrix, compared to pure silver surfaces terminated with sulfate or phosphate groups obtained from silver sulfate or phosphate.</p>","PeriodicalId":54339,"journal":{"name":"ChemNanoMat","volume":"12 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148783535","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ChemNanoMatPub Date : 2026-08-16DOI: 10.1002/cnma.70352
Aleksandra Zhivchikova, Alexey Piryazev, Iliya Kuznetsov, Diana Sagdullina, Albert Nasibulin, Dimitri Ivanov, Sergey Luchkin, Alexander Akkuratov, Marina Tepliakova
{"title":"Solvent Selection for Deposition of Benzodithiophene-Based Hole Transport Layer Determines Perovskite Solar Cell Efficiency","authors":"Aleksandra Zhivchikova, Alexey Piryazev, Iliya Kuznetsov, Diana Sagdullina, Albert Nasibulin, Dimitri Ivanov, Sergey Luchkin, Alexander Akkuratov, Marina Tepliakova","doi":"10.1002/cnma.70352","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cnma.70352","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The structure of hole-transport material (HTM) determines the efficiency of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). In this work, we investigate how the nature of the solvent used for the HTM deposition defines its morphology and crystallinity in thin films and the performance of PSCs. A benzodithiophene-based material (BDT) capable of forming highly crystalline thin films was deposited from various solvents and their mixtures. Thin BDT thin films were characterized using X-ray diffraction, optical microscopy and atomic force microscopy. BDT films deposited from heptane formed long narrow crystals and possessed large surface roughness, which significantly reduced the devices efficiency. The amorphous BDT films obtained from chlorobenzene enabled the highest efficiencies up to 16.3% in undoped PSCs.</p>","PeriodicalId":54339,"journal":{"name":"ChemNanoMat","volume":"12 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148783534","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ChemNanoMatPub Date : 2026-08-16DOI: 10.1002/cnma.70349
Xuhui Huang, Jiangming Liu, Jingtian Hu, Degao Wang
{"title":"Co-Based Molecular Water Oxidation Catalysts: Structural Modulation and Ligand Engineering Strategies","authors":"Xuhui Huang, Jiangming Liu, Jingtian Hu, Degao Wang","doi":"10.1002/cnma.70349","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cnma.70349","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Efficient catalysts for water oxidation are important in the development of artificial photosynthesis. Although noble metal catalysts show excellent catalytic performance and stability, their scarce availability and high cost have restricted their further practical application. Accordingly, Co-based molecular catalysts are currently the focus of very intense research as highly appealing earth-abundant alternatives. This review highlights a systematic consideration of their design principles, with emphasis on two major factors: nuclearity (mono-, di-, and multinuclear architectures) manipulation, and ligand engineering. The nuclearity dictates the catalytic framework, the degree of metal–metal cooperativity, and the catalytic mechanism. The ligands are intended to function as stabilizing high-valent intermediates, promoting electron/proton transfer and thereby enhancing efficiency through fine electronic, steric, and redox-active tuning. By connecting these features, this review establishes a consistent structure–activity relationship and offers perspectives on the design of robust and high-performance Co-based molecular catalysts for sustainable energy conversion.</p>","PeriodicalId":54339,"journal":{"name":"ChemNanoMat","volume":"12 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148783537","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Fixation of Carbon Dioxide Into 1,3-Dicarbonyl Scaffolds: Synthesis of Insecticides and Stable Carboxylic Acid Derivatives","authors":"Zhizeng Ni, Zhiqiang Wang, Zixu Li, Yin Wang, Bo Li, Jian-Gong Ma, Peng Cheng","doi":"10.1002/cnma.70346","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cnma.70346","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Excessive carbon dioxide emissions are a major cause of global warming and pose serious environmental risks. Consequently, converting carbon dioxide into high-value-added or widely applicable products has attracted widespread attention in recent decades, garnering extensive research. However, new and efficient carbon dioxide conversion pathways remain limited. Meanwhile, the global markets for pesticides and pharmaceutical precursors continue to expand, highlighting a strong demand for structurally versatile and synthetically accessible building blocks. Against this backdrop, after optimizing the reaction conditions, we successfully utilized carbon dioxide as a raw material to synthesize a series of insecticidal compounds. Based on this, we further expanded this strategy to broader application fields, providing a highly attractive avenue for sustainable carbon utilization. Through systematic substrate screening, 1,3-cyclopentanedione and Meldrum’s acid—two scaffolds widely used in medicinal chemistry and materials science—were identified as excellent substrates and subsequently employed to synthesize two key precursors with high application potential. The resulting carboxylated products feature modular functional handles, high structural stability, and strong derivatization potential, rendering them promising platform precursors for the synthesis of diverse bioactive molecules and functional materials.</p>","PeriodicalId":54339,"journal":{"name":"ChemNanoMat","volume":"12 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148783528","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Interfacial Engineering of Ti3C2Tx MXene With COOH-Functionalized Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes for High-Voltage Ionic Liquid Supercapacitors","authors":"Akshidha Singla, Omish Sethi, Tejwant Singh Kang, Rajnish Dhiman, Ashwani Kumar Sood, Aman Mahajan","doi":"10.1002/cnma.70347","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cnma.70347","url":null,"abstract":"<p>MXene-based electrode materials for supercapacitor (SC) application have attracted significant research attention due to their unique physicochemical and tunable properties. However, their surface oxidation and interlayer restacking issue limits their practical viability. Herein, Ti<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub>T<sub><i>x</i></sub>/MWCNT–COOH hybrids were synthesized to overcome the intrinsic limitation of pristine MXene. Resulting interaction coupling of <span></span>COOH group of MWCNT with MXene's surface functionalities via hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interaction improves electrolyte accessibility and surface redox activity. Ti<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub>T<sub><i>x</i></sub>/MWCNT–COOH hybrids are systematically optimized and evaluated in two electrode configuration for SC application using [EMIM][BF<sub>4</sub>] ionic liquid (IL) electrolyte to widen voltage window (3 V) and to improve the energy density of the device. The bulky EMIM<sup>+</sup>/BF<sub>4</sub><sup>−</sup> ions modulate the charge storage kinetics, as Dunn's kinetic analysis reveals a mixed charge storage mechanism with diffusion-controlled pseudocapacitive behavior predominates at low scan rates, owing to fast ion transport and low desolvation penalty of the IL. The optimized Ti<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub>T<sub><i>x</i></sub>/MWCNT–COOH hybrid-based symmetric SC exhibits maximum specific capacitance of 69.63 Fg<sup>−1</sup> at 0.2 Ag<sup>−1</sup>, an energy density of 87.04 Wh·kg<sup>−1</sup> with 93.33% of capacitance retention after 5000 cycles. These findings establish correlation between [EMIM][BF<sub>4</sub>] electrolyte and Ti<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub>T<sub><i>x</i></sub>/MWCNT–COOH electrode, providing valuable insights for the development of efficient electrode–electrolyte systems for high-performance energy storage applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":54339,"journal":{"name":"ChemNanoMat","volume":"12 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148783527","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ChemNanoMatPub Date : 2026-08-15DOI: 10.1002/cnma.70345
Om Shanker Tiwari, Surajit Singh, Gal Finkelstein-Zuta, Adithya Ramesh, Sigal Rencus-Lazar, Totan Ghosh, Krishnendu Maji, Ehud Gazit
{"title":"Modified Single Amino Acid-Based Semiconductor: A Minimalistic Approach","authors":"Om Shanker Tiwari, Surajit Singh, Gal Finkelstein-Zuta, Adithya Ramesh, Sigal Rencus-Lazar, Totan Ghosh, Krishnendu Maji, Ehud Gazit","doi":"10.1002/cnma.70345","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cnma.70345","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Semiconductors are essential for the electronics industry, allowing the fabrication of transistors, diodes, integrated circuits, and other electronic devices. While inorganic semiconductors dominate the field due to their high performance and reliability, they pose challenges in biomedical applications due to low biocompatibility and limited morphological flexibility. Eco-friendly organic semiconductors, which are easier to fabricate, are therefore extensively explored. Among these, self-assembling peptide nanostructures with quantum confinement properties are gaining increasing attention. Despite limited reports on peptide-based semiconductors, they hold great potential due to their low cytotoxicity and ability to generate currents in the nA range. Previous work demonstrated the conducting properties of cyclo-Phe–Phe nanowires, showing a current of 1 nA at room temperature at 5 V, which increased to 2 nA at 387 K under the same voltage. Here, we present a phenylalanine-based minimalistic building block that allows a current of 27 nA at room temperature at 2.5 V, the highest value reported so far for such a small molecule. Our findings reveal that the higher-order of the crystal packing, facilitated by <i>π</i>–<i>π</i> stacking, plays a crucial role in its semiconducting properties, with <i>π</i> electronic systems significantly contributing to quantum confinement, which can be useful in various nanotechnology applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":54339,"journal":{"name":"ChemNanoMat","volume":"12 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/cnma.70345","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148783526","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ChemNanoMatPub Date : 2026-08-09DOI: 10.1002/cnma.70344
Thien Vu Tran, Thi Thom Nguyen, Thi Anh Dao Ho, Quy Viet Le, Duc N. Nguyen, Phong D. Tran, Quyen T. Nguyen
{"title":"Synthesis of NiCo2O4 Nanocrystal and Its Use as a Bifunctional Electrocatalyst for the Overall Water Electrolysis","authors":"Thien Vu Tran, Thi Thom Nguyen, Thi Anh Dao Ho, Quy Viet Le, Duc N. Nguyen, Phong D. Tran, Quyen T. Nguyen","doi":"10.1002/cnma.70344","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cnma.70344","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Development of Earth-abundant bifunctional electrocatalysts like NiCo<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> for water electrolysis is a potential key enabler of hydrogen economy. Nevertheless, the influence of synthesis parameters on the morphology, and thus, the catalytic activity of NiCo<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> remained insufficiently investigated. Herein, porous NiCo<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> spinel nanowires synthesized via simple hydrothermal method coupled with thermal annealing in air were employed as bifunctional electrocatalyst for overall water electrolysis in alkaline condition. Specifically, the effect of hydrothermal temperature on the microstructure of NiCo<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> and the eventual catalytic activity is emphasized. Employing ECSA-corrected evaluation of electrochemical performance and standardized characterization tools, an optimum hydrothermal temperature of 120 °C was determined. The corresponding NiCo<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> exhibited respectable intrinsic activity on graphite substrate without additional co-catalyst. Catalytic current density of 30 and 10 mA cm<sup>−</sup><sup>2</sup> was achieved with overpotentials of 343 and 360 mV for hydrogen and oxygen evolution reactions, respectively. For overall water electrolysis, a cell voltage of 2.2–2.0 V was enough to sustain 10 mA cm<sup>−2</sup> for 35 h, reaching near 100% Faradaic efficiency. The evolution of the catalyst layers was also monitored using SEM, EDX, XPS, and Raman spectroscopy. Insights into the formation and evolution of the catalyst layer and of the working mechanism of the resultant electrolyzer were provided.</p>","PeriodicalId":54339,"journal":{"name":"ChemNanoMat","volume":"12 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148753022","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}