Nano Communication Networks最新文献

{"title":"Beyond 5G: Exploring key enabling technologies, use cases, and future prospects of 6 G communication","authors":"Nagarjuna Telagam ,&nbsp;Nehru Kandasamy ,&nbsp;Arun Kumar Manoharan ,&nbsp;Palani Anandhi ,&nbsp;Raji Atchudan","doi":"10.1016/j.nancom.2024.100560","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nancom.2024.100560","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As the world continues to embrace digital transformation, there is a growing need for even more advanced communication technologies to meet the demands of massive connectivity, huge data rates, and low latency requirements. 6 G is the next frontier in wireless communication. This technology explores breakthroughs in different fields, such as terahertz communication, massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO), and even quantum communication. This review paper explains the advancements, Challenges, and future directions in the 6 G wireless communication networks. Furthermore, this paper discusses the challenges and opportunities in realizing the vision of 6 G communication, ranging from spectrum allocation and hardware design to security and ethical considerations. The key technologies, such as visible light communications, holographic messaging, and concepts on subterahertz frequencies are explained briefly. This paper also deals with practical considerations such as heterogeneous multi-layer mobile edge computing, intelligent vehicular networks, and deep learning communication systems. Furthermore, fundamental concepts such as massive MIMO and spatial division of multiple access are analyzed. The key enabling technologies that shape the 6 G use cases and their challenges are also discussed. Finally, this paper concludes by outlining the potential candidate technologies for future research and innovation, emphasizing the importance of collaborative efforts to realize the transformative potential of 6 G technology.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54336,"journal":{"name":"Nano Communication Networks","volume":"43 ","pages":"Article 100560"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143169323","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"RT-SVM: Channel modeling and analysis for indoor terahertz communication scenarios","authors":"Mohamed El Jbari,&nbsp;Mohamed Moussaoui","doi":"10.1016/j.nancom.2024.100551","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nancom.2024.100551","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Considering the increasing demands for wireless communication networks and information system applications, the wireless sector must meet the pressing requirement for high-speed technological advances. The terahertz (THz) frequency band, spanning 0.3 to 10 THz, is of significant interest in current technological innovations and academic research in telecommunications. The THz frequency band has unique properties, including high time-resolving power (femtosecond) and low absorption. This paper proposes a THz propagation ultra-wideband (UWB) channel model and coding scheme for indoor environments starting from 0.3 THz. First, we investigated the propagation path loss model by considering the effects of transmitter dimensions, molecular absorption, and attenuation as functions of frequency and distance. We developed models for power propagation delay, multiple input multiple output (MIMO) systems and discrete Fourier transform spread orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (DFT-s-OFDM) response channels. Using the standard Saleh–Valenzuela model combined with Ray-tracing (RT-SVM), we studied the transmission of THz signals in indoor scenarios. We introduced physical parameters relevant to the THz indoor channel, such as line-of-sight (LoS) path loss, power distributions, temporal and spatial properties, and associations between THz multipath properties. These parameters were integrated with the RT-SVM channel model and applied to THz indoor communication. Numerical simulations demonstrate that the proposed hybrid channel model enhances THz system performance and outperforms traditional statistical and geometric-based stochastic channel models in terms of temporal and spatial dimensions, contributing to frequency loss variations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54336,"journal":{"name":"Nano Communication Networks","volume":"43 ","pages":"Article 100551"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143169324","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Crosstalk analysis of multilayer graphene nanoribbon interconnects in GHz regime: Unraveling scattering induced effects","authors":"Akanksha Upadhyay,&nbsp;Mayank Kumar Rai,&nbsp;Rajesh Khanna","doi":"10.1016/j.nancom.2024.100552","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nancom.2024.100552","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper analyzes the impact of high-frequency phenomena on the operational characteristics of intercalation-doped horizontal top-contact multilayer graphene nanoribbon (D-HTC-MLGNR) interconnects. The purpose is to explore their viability for utilization in high-frequency circuit design. A methodology incorporating the scattering-limited realistic mean free path and a finite thickness-dependent skin effect model is proposed for extracting the frequency-dependent impedance of MLGNR interconnects. By employing the proposed methodology, the frequency-dependent characteristics of scattering-limited impedance parameters and crosstalk effects in d-HTC-MLGNR interconnects are examined and compared with undoped MLGNR (viz. HTC and vertical top-contact) and copper (Cu) counterparts (smooth and rough). The findings indicate that Cu variants outperform scattering-limited MLGNR variants placed on SiO₂ substrate in terms of crosstalk effects. However, Li-doped HTC-MLGNR without surface polar phonons (SPPs) and edge roughness (ER) placed on SiC and BN substrates demonstrates superior crosstalk-induced performance than Cu counterparts. Furthermore, in the absence of SPPs and ER, Li-D HTC-MLGNR placed on SiC has a minimum average percentage increase in overshoot peak amplitude, overshoot width, and delay of 6.6%, 0.18%, and 15.6%, respectively, for the entire frequency range, implying minimum impact of frequency variations and skin effect.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54336,"journal":{"name":"Nano Communication Networks","volume":"42 ","pages":"Article 100552"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142747191","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Estimating channel coefficients for complex topologies in 3D diffusion channel using artificial neural networks","authors":"Halil Umut Ozdemir,&nbsp;Halil Ibrahim Orhan,&nbsp;Meriç Turan,&nbsp;Bariş Büyüktaş,&nbsp;H. Birkan Yilmaz","doi":"10.1016/j.nancom.2024.100549","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nancom.2024.100549","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Molecular communication via diffusion (MCvD) is one of the paradigms in nanonetworks. Finding an approximation or analytical solution for the fraction of the received molecules to analyze the channel behavior is essential in molecular communication. Current studies propose approximations to model simple channel topologies, i.e. topologies with few nodes. To model complex channel topologies, time-consuming particle-based Monte Carlo simulations are used. We propose MCvD-Transformer to avoid the time-consuming simulations and estimate the fraction of the received molecules for complex topologies. MCvD-Transformer is trained via instances containing various topologies and time-dependent estimations for a fraction of received molecules estimated by particle-based Monte Carlo simulations. Finally, MCvD-Transformer is compared with both the studies in the literature and the simulations. As a result, MCvD-Transformer performs better than literature studies in terms of root mean squared error and maximum normalized absolute error metrics on our test dataset. Therefore, the proposed model is more accurate in modeling complex MCvD topologies than the current state of the art without time-consuming simulations. Additionally, it is expected to be a benchmark for the works that focus on complex MCvD topologies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54336,"journal":{"name":"Nano Communication Networks","volume":"42 ","pages":"Article 100549"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142650668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Terahertz beam shaping using space-time phase-only coded metasurfaces","authors":"Sahar Solati Masouleh,&nbsp;Seyed Ehsan Hosseininejad","doi":"10.1016/j.nancom.2024.100548","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nancom.2024.100548","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Digital metasurfaces as space-coded surfaces composed of a set of sub-wavelength meta-atoms enable extraordinary capabilities to manipulate electromagnetic waves. Recently, amplitude-phase-joint-coding metasurfaces have been proposed to achieve enhanced beam shaping. However, design of a unit cell structure with a full manipulation of amplitude and phase of the reflected beam is challenging and this kind of unit cell structures are complicated. This paper proposes a space-time phase-only metasurface based on simple graphene-based unit cell that is digitally coded and arranged with a specific time sequence, allowing the effective simultaneous manipulation of both phase and amplitude. In this way, it is demonstrated that the terahertz beam can be shaped using the proposed metasurface.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54336,"journal":{"name":"Nano Communication Networks","volume":"42 ","pages":"Article 100548"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142553581","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"All-optical AND, NAND, OR, NOR and NOT logic gates using two nested microrings in a racetrack ring resonator","authors":"Afshin Asadi ,&nbsp;Mahdi Bahadoran ,&nbsp;Mehdi Askari ,&nbsp;Muhammad Arif Jalil","doi":"10.1016/j.nancom.2024.100547","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nancom.2024.100547","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Boolean logic gates are essential components for optical computing and communication systems. However, most existing methods for realizing them require complex structures, high power consumption, or multiple devices. Here, we propose a simple and compact system that can realize five Boolean logic gates, including AND, NAND, OR, NOR, and NOT, by applying different polarization modes and tuning intensities to the input signals within a SOI resonator system, formed by two nested micro rings in a racetrack ring resonator (TNMIRTR). A formula was derived for the optical transfer function of the system using the delay-line-signal method and the logic gates were simulated using the variational finite-difference time domain (varFDTD) method. The proposed structure operates by combining amplitude and polarization-conversion. TNMIRTR gate has several advantages, such as its micro-scale size, low cost, and ability to realize multiple logic gates within a single layout.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54336,"journal":{"name":"Nano Communication Networks","volume":"42 ","pages":"Article 100547"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142420264","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"End-to-end synaptic molecular communication with astrocytic feedback and generic three-state receptors","authors":"Tooba Khan ,&nbsp;Muhammad Hanif ,&nbsp;Omer Waqar","doi":"10.1016/j.nancom.2024.100546","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nancom.2024.100546","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper investigates the mutual information of synaptic molecular communications using a realistic end-to-end synaptic model. In particular, we have considered the influence of astrocytes on neural signaling within the synaptic molecular communication. We have evaluated the average mutual information of the resultant tripartite synapse while considering realistic synaptic geometry that accounts for neurotransmitter reflections from the pre-synaptic and post-synaptic boundaries. The clearance of neurotransmitters from the synapse through diffusion and re-absorption by pre-synaptic terminal is also considered in the simulated model. Moreover, we have used a generic three-state model for postsynaptic receptors to include desensitization state of the receptors. The presented simulation results depict the effects of different pre-synaptic and post-synaptic parameters on the information transfer for a tripartite synaptic channel with three-state receptor model, which is more realistic than the commonly-used bipartite synaptic channel with the two-state receptor model.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54336,"journal":{"name":"Nano Communication Networks","volume":"42 ","pages":"Article 100546"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142420263","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design of ternary reversible Feynman and Toffoli gates in ternary quantum-dot cellular automata","authors":"Arash Fattahi ,&nbsp;Reza Sabbaghi-Nadooshan ,&nbsp;Tohid Mossazadeh ,&nbsp;Majid Haghparast","doi":"10.1016/j.nancom.2024.100545","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nancom.2024.100545","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The use of reversible logic gates leads to a reduction in energy loss in logic circuits by preventing information loss. New computing methods, such as quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA), have been offered by nanotechnology emerging with nanoelectronics to make more comprehensive logic circuits. In nanotechnology-based systems, some bits are erased when the system performs any computation, and this causes heat dissipation and energy loss in systems. Adder circuits are the basis of any arithmetic operation and one of the main parts of many circuits for creating complex hardware; therefore, the use of enhanced adder circuits leads to high performance in logic circuits. In irreversible logic, the energy that is transferred from the power supply to the circuit is converted into heat, and energy loss occurs. Power management plays a vital role in modern computational systems, and using ternary logic instead of previous technologies leads to better performance. The main purpose of our study is to design ternary quantum-dot cellular automata (TQCA) reversible logic gates based on ternary quantum-dot cellular technology. Reversible gates are the basis of creating a reversible circuit. In this paper, the Muthukrishnan-Stroud (M-S) gate, which is the basis of all other reversible ternary gates, is implemented in ternary QCA technology, and then, reversible ternary Feynman and Toffoli (<span><math><mrow><msup><mrow><mi>C</mi></mrow><mn>2</mn></msup><mtext>NOT</mtext></mrow></math></span>) gates are designed. More optimal adder circuits can be realized in three-valued technology using Feynman and Toffoli gates. The area, delay, and cell count of the proposed TQCA designs are compared with those of other related works, and the effect of fault on the designs in the presence of cell omission defect is determined. The occupied areas of the proposed Feynman and Toffoli gate designs are 0.069 <span><math><mrow><mi>μ</mi><msup><mrow><mi>m</mi></mrow><mn>2</mn></msup></mrow></math></span> and 0.073 <span><math><mrow><mi>μ</mi><msup><mrow><mi>m</mi></mrow><mn>2</mn></msup></mrow></math></span>, respectively. Moreover, the fault tolerance levels of these TQCA gates are 77% and 92%, respectively.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54336,"journal":{"name":"Nano Communication Networks","volume":"42 ","pages":"Article 100545"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142356889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Artificial neural network based misorientation correction in molecular 4x4 MIMO systems","authors":"Erencem Ozbey,&nbsp;Yusuf Kagan Cicekdag,&nbsp;H. Birkan Yilmaz","doi":"10.1016/j.nancom.2024.100544","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nancom.2024.100544","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>MIMO systems in molecular communication are proposed and exhaustively investigated to increase the data rate. However, the misalignment problem between antennas decreases the performance of the system and has not been investigated adequately. This paper aims to correct the received signal in misaligned and distance-varying molecular 4x4 MIMO systems. By using multiple transmitter antennas and receivers, we can increase the data rate by utilizing higher-order modulation techniques that exploit spatial diversity. For the spatial modulation techniques, if there is a misalignment among the corresponding antennas, the signal quality degrades and decoding errors occur more frequently. Therefore, our main goal is to decode the received signal, while considering and compensating the misalignment of the system. To do so, we first estimate the misalignment along the rotation axis of our system and the distance between transmitter antennas and receivers. Then using these values, we process the received signal to eliminate the effects of misalignment. Additionally, we propose and investigate a method to detect active transmitter antennas that can be utilized for molecular index modulation under misalignment. We compare the performance of our proposed methods with the existing misalignment correction techniques.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":54336,"journal":{"name":"Nano Communication Networks","volume":"42 ","pages":"Article 100544"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142230509","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Channel modeling for diffusion-based molecular MIMO communications using deep learning","authors":"Zhen Cheng,&nbsp;Miaodi Chen,&nbsp;Heng Liu,&nbsp;Ming Xia,&nbsp;Weihua Gong","doi":"10.1016/j.nancom.2024.100543","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nancom.2024.100543","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Diffusion-based molecular communication (MC) system present immense potential and broad application prospects in the field of biomedicine, such as drug delivery. Molecular multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communication system can improve the reliability of communication in the environment. However, the channel modeling for diffusion-based molecular MIMO communication system is challenging. Most of the work on the modeling of molecular MIMO channels focuses on the traditional derivation of the channel impulse response (CIR). In this paper, we take into account an <em>M</em> × <em>N</em> molecular MIMO communication system with symmetric and asymmetric topologies. A deep neural networks (DNN) based model and Transformer-based model are proposed to predict the channel parameters in the CIR of this molecular MIMO system under different molecule types (DMT) and same molecule types (SMT), respectively. Simulation results show that the DNN-based model has best accuracy of prediction than the Transformer-based model and Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) model under DMT. In particular, the Transformer-based model outperforms the DNN-based model and LSTM model under SMT.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":54336,"journal":{"name":"Nano Communication Networks","volume":"42 ","pages":"Article 100543"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142149673","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}