Nano Communication Networks最新文献

{"title":"Gold-based nanoantenna design using golden ratio optimization for in-vivo communication at terahertz frequency","authors":"Bhagwati Sharan ,&nbsp;Raja Manjula ,&nbsp;Sindhu Hak Gupta ,&nbsp;Asmita Rajawat ,&nbsp;Anirban Ghosh ,&nbsp;Raja Datta","doi":"10.1016/j.nancom.2025.100575","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nancom.2025.100575","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this article, a novel microstrip patch antenna of size 210 × 205 × 22 <span><math><mrow><mi>μ</mi><msup><mrow><mi>m</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>3</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math></span> operating in the terahertz band is proposed. We then perform optimization of the proposed antenna using the Golden Ratio technique to realize an antenna with reduced dimensions and better performance. The optimized nanoantenna has reduced dimensions of 120 × 160 × 14 <span><math><mrow><mi>μ</mi><msup><mrow><mi>m</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>3</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math></span> (<span><math><mo>≈</mo></math></span> 71.61 % reduction in volume); improved return loss S11 (<span><math><mo>&lt;</mo></math></span> -45.43 dB); gain (<span><math><mo>&gt;</mo></math></span> 5.29 dBi), and bandwidth (156.9 GHz i.e., 45% more). The results are validated through an equivalent circuit model (ECM) in Advanced Design System (ADS), demonstrating good agreement with the CST Studio results. Next, a human heart-phantom model has been created and tested for each designed scenario. It examines the interactions between the heart tissues and the proposed antenna, and it identifies the substrate material that performs the best. The results show that polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) material performs better than other substrates. Additionally, the research includes an analysis of the link budget of terahertz channels in the intrabody nanocommunication networks—a bio-medical application. The findings indicate the feasibility of using nanoantennas for practical <em>in-vivo</em> nanocommunications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54336,"journal":{"name":"Nano Communication Networks","volume":"44 ","pages":"Article 100575"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144166738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High-speed and area-efficient arithmetic and logic unit architecture using quantum-dot cellular automata for digital signal processing","authors":"Muhammad Zohaib ,&nbsp;Nima Jafari Navimipour ,&nbsp;Mehmet Timur Aydemir ,&nbsp;Seyed-Sajad Ahmadpour","doi":"10.1016/j.nancom.2025.100574","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nancom.2025.100574","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Signal processing has significantly influenced our lives in many domains, including telecommunications, education, healthcare, industry, and security. The efficiency of signal processing heavily relies on the Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU), which stands as an essential hardware component. In addition, ALU is a fundamental part of a central processing unit (CPU), leading to fundamental operations inside the processor. However, the growing demand for small, robust hardware systems has led researchers to create nano-electronic technologies under consideration. One of the leading technologies in this field is Quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA), which demonstrates promising value as a possible alternative to complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) designs since it enables compact circuit designs with minimal power consumption. The existing QCA-based ALU designs face limitations in cell count density together with high occupied area and high delay, which reduces their performance for real-time signal processing. This research presents a 1-bit ALU through a QCA-optimized approach for DSP applications. QCADesigner is used to validate and verify all proposed designs. Results show a statistically significant improvement in cell count reduction of 46.84 % and a total occupied area of 64.28 % lower than the most advanced version published to date.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54336,"journal":{"name":"Nano Communication Networks","volume":"44 ","pages":"Article 100574"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143931820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Isolation enhancement in a tunable wideband THz MIMO DRA with polarization and pattern diversity without using decoupling element","authors":"Ravikanti Vinay kumar ,&nbsp;Pinku Ranjan ,&nbsp;Gaurav Kaushal","doi":"10.1016/j.nancom.2025.100573","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nancom.2025.100573","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Isolation between the ports of a two-port terahertz (THz) multi-input, multi-output (MIMO) dielectric resonator (DR) antenna (DRA) is enhanced using a newly implemented technique which has been numerically analysed. Frustum geometry of DRs can provide the high isolation without requiring the separation distance between the radiators. The minimum isolation between the ports is enhanced to 21 dB in the case of frustum geometry of the DRs which remains around 12 dB in the case of conventional cylindrical DRs over a wide impedance bandwidth of <span><math><mrow><mn>2.71</mn><mo>−</mo><mn>3.69</mn><mspace></mspace></mrow></math></span>THz. The orthogonal feeding arrangement is utilized to find the polarization diversity in antenna. The operation of antenna with multiple modes equivalent to the vertical electric dipoles of fundamental and higher order offers the radiation patterns with peaks off to the boresight axis which are resultantly organized to find the pattern diversity in antenna. The circuit analysis validates the antenna operation. The radiating surface of the DRs is coated with graphene that can provide the electrically tunable response over a wide frequency range. Setting the adequate surface conductivity of graphene can provide the dual mode operation of antenna with the capability of MIMO and self-diplexing with high gain around 6 dBi. The MIMO parameters like envelope correlation coefficient and diversity gain are found &lt;0.1 and &gt;9.98, respectively.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54336,"journal":{"name":"Nano Communication Networks","volume":"44 ","pages":"Article 100573"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143816584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High-gain radiating sun-shaped silicon-based wideband with defected ground structured dual-port MIMO antenna operating at 3.6 THz for 6 G Terahertz Applications","authors":"Srinivas Paruchuri ,&nbsp;V. Vijayasri Bolisetty ,&nbsp;D. AnandKumar ,&nbsp;Bokkisam Venkata Sai Sailaja","doi":"10.1016/j.nancom.2025.100572","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nancom.2025.100572","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this work, we present a novel wideband 2 × 2 terahertz (THz) antenna array for MIMO applications, featuring a compact footprint of 300 × 490 × 50 µm³ on a silicon substrate with a dielectric constant of 11.9. The proposed design incorporates circular split-ring resonators (CSRRs) and radiating slots etched in a unique \"sun-shaped\" radiating layer, achieving broad bandwidth and efficient radiation characteristics. The two MIMO elements are positioned side-by-side to optimize data transmission and isolation. The antenna demonstrates a wide operational bandwidth from 1.76 THz to 5.07 THz, with a gain exceeding 9 dBi across this range. Key performance metrics include an envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) of -0.08 dB and a diversity gain of 9.92 dB at 3.16 THz, indicating strong MIMO performance and minimal mutual coupling. The reflection (S₁₁) and transmission (S₂₁) parameters are better than -40 dB, further confirming excellent impedance matching and inter-element isolation. Additionally, the channel capacity loss remains under 0.4 bps/Hz, ensuring efficient data throughput. The proposed sun-shaped MIMO THz antenna offers promising potential for high-speed, reliable wireless communication applications in the terahertz domain.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54336,"journal":{"name":"Nano Communication Networks","volume":"44 ","pages":"Article 100572"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143842888","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Novel design of phase-frequency detector using a new flip-flop with reset capability in QCA technology","authors":"Pezhman Kiani Vosta","doi":"10.1016/j.nancom.2025.100571","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nancom.2025.100571","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>QCA (Quantum-dot Cellular Automata) technology is considered as an innovative method in the design of electronic circuits due to its ability to perform fast processing calculations. In this article, for the first time, some new designs of digital circuits were designed and simulated in the best case with a new and practical technique. This article uses a unique technique to design a <span>d</span>-flip-flop with reset capability with 33 cells, an area of <span><math><mrow><mn>0.02</mn><mspace></mspace><mi>μ</mi><msup><mrow><mi>m</mi></mrow><mn>2</mn></msup></mrow></math></span> and a delay of 0.75 clock cycles, a PFD (Phase-Frequency Detector) of the first type with 88 cells, an area of <span><math><mrow><mn>0.07</mn><mspace></mspace><mi>μ</mi><msup><mrow><mi>m</mi></mrow><mn>2</mn></msup></mrow></math></span> and a delay of one clock cycle, and a second type of PFD with 119 cells, an area of <span><math><mrow><mn>0.09</mn><mi>μ</mi><msup><mrow><mi>m</mi></mrow><mn>2</mn></msup></mrow></math></span> and has designed a delay of 1.75 clock cycles. Also, the number of cells and the occupied area of the proposed designs have improved by 33.74 % and 59 %, respectively, compared to different authorities. Therefore, the proposed designs are considered among the best designs among different authorities.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54336,"journal":{"name":"Nano Communication Networks","volume":"44 ","pages":"Article 100571"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143685336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modelling of novel ultra-efficient single layer nano-scale adder-subtractor in QCA nanotechnology","authors":"Javeed Iqbal Reshi,&nbsp;M․Tariq Banday,&nbsp;Farooq A. Khanday","doi":"10.1016/j.nancom.2025.100564","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nancom.2025.100564","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Quantum dot Cellular Automata is considered as promising alternative technology for designing nanoscale circuits. It operates on the principle derived from quantum mechanics and utilizes quantum dots as building blocks for information processing and computations. QCA offers numerous benefits including ultra-low energy dissipation, enhanced performance, high device density, resistance to scaling limitations and inherent parallelism. Previous realizations of Quantum Dot Cellular Automata (QCA) based-adder and subtractor circuits faced significant challenges like cell count, complexity and energy dissipation. This paper, proposes novel designs of adder-subtractor circuits based on novel 3-input XOR gate. The proposed circuits do not require any rotated cells or crossovers and are based on single layer design that eases the manufacturability. In addition, the proposed designs demonstrate significant reduction in cell count, complexity and energy dissipation compared to best known prior counterparts. Specifically, the reductions are 14.28 %, 42.85 %, and 56.66 % for adder, subtractor and adder-subtractor respectively. These improvements signify a substantial gain in circuit efficiency. The functional validity of the proposed layouts is verified using QCADesigner 2.0.3 simulator. The power efficiency analysis has been performed using QCADesigner-E tool, which enables the designer to analyse, optimize and validate the power consumption characteristics of the proposed circuits. The overall energy consumption of adder, subtractor and adder-subtractor is reported to be 1.10e-002 eV, 1.12e-002 eV, 1.06e-002 eV respectively. Additionally, the average energy dissipation of 9.96e-004 eV, 1.02e-003 eV, 9.63e-004 eV was observed using QCADesigner-E tool.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54336,"journal":{"name":"Nano Communication Networks","volume":"43 ","pages":"Article 100564"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143169322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Energy harvesting-based thermal aware routing protocol for lung terahertz nanosensor networks","authors":"Juan Xu,&nbsp;Xin Li,&nbsp;Jiali Kan,&nbsp;Ruofan Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.nancom.2025.100563","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nancom.2025.100563","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Lung damage caused by viral infections such as COVID-19, MERS, and SARS can lead to serious or even fatal conditions. Therefore, monitoring lung diseases at the nanoscale has great potential for development. Some biomedical sensors implanted in the human body can generate electromagnetic radiation, and excessive emission power may pose a serious threat to tissues in the human body. Therefore, while constructing lung wireless nanosensor network (WNSN), we need to consider the limited energy storage and potential thermal effects of nanosensors. In this paper, an energy harvesting-based thermal aware routing (EHTAR) protocol is proposed. The protocol introduces a piezoelectric energy harvesting system to charge the nanonodes and proposes a sleep-wake mechanism for node temperature and energy to establish a next-hop link cost function using node temperature, remaining energy, and distance as cost factors. Simulation results demonstrate that EHTAR makes the node temperature not exceed the set threshold and the energy harvesting mechanism can greatly extend the network survival, so EHTAR can be better applied in the lung health monitoring scenario.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54336,"journal":{"name":"Nano Communication Networks","volume":"43 ","pages":"Article 100563"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143169321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design of triband circularly polarized hexagon shaped patch antenna using optimized Siamese heterogeneous convolutional neural networks for 5G wireless communication system","authors":"Venkat S ,&nbsp;Tapas Bapu B R ,&nbsp;Radhika R ,&nbsp;Aruna V V","doi":"10.1016/j.nancom.2024.100562","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nancom.2024.100562","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The advent of 5G wireless communication systems necessitates the development of advanced antenna designs that offer superior performance across multiple frequency bands. Traditional patch antenna design methods, involving iterative simulations, are time-consuming and often insufficient in fully exploring the vast design space and provide less efficiency. To overcome these issues, this work proposes a novel approach for designing a triband circularly polarized hexagon-shaped patch antenna optimized for 5G applications using an Optimized Siamese Heterogeneous Convolutional Neural Network (SHCNN) coupled with a Circle-Inspired Optimization Algorithm (CIOA). Initially, the triband circularly polarized hexagon-shaped patch antenna is designed. The proposed approach leverages SHCNN to learn the relationship between antenna geometry and performance characteristics, utilizing two identical subnetworks with heterogeneous convolutional layers for efficient feature extraction from varied hexagonal antenna geometries. The CIOA, inspired by the properties of circles such as uniformity and symmetry, refines the antenna design suggested by the SHCNN to achieve optimal triband CP performance. This methodology significantly reduces design time by suggesting promising geometries, explores a vast design space for potential novel configurations, and ensures efficient optimization for optimal performance within the desired frequency bands. Applications include compact, high-performance antennas for 5G base stations and user equipment, enhancing multi-band signal transmission and reception. The introduced antenna design is compiled using MATLAB and HFSS platforms. The simulation results of the proposed antenna, employing SHCNN<img>CIOA methods and operating across three frequency bands (triband) such as low (600 MHz - 1 GHz), mid (2.5GHz - 3.7 GHz), and high (24 GHz - 28 GHz), achieve a gain of 8–10 dB, a return loss of less than -20 dB, higher efficiency at 98 %, and a lower VSWR of 1.5 compared with existing designs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54336,"journal":{"name":"Nano Communication Networks","volume":"43 ","pages":"Article 100562"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143169320","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Internet of harvester nano things: A future prospects","authors":"Bitop Maitra ,&nbsp;Emine Bardakci ,&nbsp;Oktay Cetinkaya ,&nbsp;Ozgur B. Akan","doi":"10.1016/j.nancom.2024.100550","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nancom.2024.100550","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The advancements in nanotechnology, material science, and electrical engineering have shrunk the sizes of electronic devices down to the micro/nanoscale. This brings the opportunity of developing the Internet of Nano Things (IoNT), an extension of the Internet of Things (IoT). With nanodevices, numerous new possibilities emerge in the biomedical, military fields, and industrial products. However, a continuous energy supply is mandatory for these devices to work. At the micro/nanoscale, batteries cannot supply this demand due to size limitations and the limited energy contained in the batteries. Internet of Harvester Nano Things (IoHNT), a concept of Energy Harvesting (EH) integrated with wireless power transmission (WPT) techniques, converts the existing different energy sources into electrical energy and transmits to IoNT nodes. As IoHNTs are not directly attached to IoNTs, it gives flexibility in size. However, we define the size of IoHNTs as up to 10 cm. In this review, we comprehensively investigate the available energy sources and EH principles to wirelessly power IoNTs. We discuss the IoHNT principles, material selections, and state-of-the-art applications of each energy source for different sectoral applications. The different technologies of WPT and how communication is influenced by the incorporation of IoHNTs to power IoNTs are discussed with the future research directions. IoHNTs represent a shift in the nanodevice power supply, leading us towards a future where wireless technology is widespread. Hence, it will motivate researchers to envision and contribute to advancing the following power revolution in IoNT, providing unmatched simplicity and efficiency.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54336,"journal":{"name":"Nano Communication Networks","volume":"43 ","pages":"Article 100550"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143168206","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Towards a scalable and efficient full- adder structure in atomic silicon dangling band technology","authors":"Hadi Rasmi ,&nbsp;Mohammad Mosleh ,&nbsp;Nima Jafari Navimipour ,&nbsp;Mohammad Kheyrandish","doi":"10.1016/j.nancom.2024.100561","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nancom.2024.100561","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Atomic Silicon Dangling Bond (ASDB) is a promising new nanoscale technology for fabricating logic gates and digital circuits. This technology offers tremendous advantages, such as small size, high speed, and low power consumption. As science and technology progress, ASDB technology may eventually replace the current VLSI technology. This nanoscale technology is still in its early stages of development. Recently, many computing circuits, such as full-adder, have been designed. However, these circuits have a common fundamental problem; they consume a lot of energy and occupy a lot of area, which reduces the performance of complex circuits. This paper proposes a novel ASDB layout for designing an efficient full-adder circuit in ASDB technology. Moreover, a four-bit ASDB ripple carry adder(RCA) is designed using the proposed ASDB full-adder. The proposed ASDB full-adder not only improves the stability of the output but also surpasses the previous works, in terms of energy and accuracy,by 90% and 38%, respectively. Also, it has very favorable conditions in terms of occupied area and is resistant to DB misalignment defects.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54336,"journal":{"name":"Nano Communication Networks","volume":"43 ","pages":"Article 100561"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143168207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}