Nano Communication Networks最新文献

{"title":"Estimating channel coefficients for complex topologies in 3D diffusion channel using artificial neural networks","authors":"Halil Umut Ozdemir,&nbsp;Halil Ibrahim Orhan,&nbsp;Meriç Turan,&nbsp;Bariş Büyüktaş,&nbsp;H. Birkan Yilmaz","doi":"10.1016/j.nancom.2024.100549","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nancom.2024.100549","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Molecular communication via diffusion (MCvD) is one of the paradigms in nanonetworks. Finding an approximation or analytical solution for the fraction of the received molecules to analyze the channel behavior is essential in molecular communication. Current studies propose approximations to model simple channel topologies, i.e. topologies with few nodes. To model complex channel topologies, time-consuming particle-based Monte Carlo simulations are used. We propose MCvD-Transformer to avoid the time-consuming simulations and estimate the fraction of the received molecules for complex topologies. MCvD-Transformer is trained via instances containing various topologies and time-dependent estimations for a fraction of received molecules estimated by particle-based Monte Carlo simulations. Finally, MCvD-Transformer is compared with both the studies in the literature and the simulations. As a result, MCvD-Transformer performs better than literature studies in terms of root mean squared error and maximum normalized absolute error metrics on our test dataset. Therefore, the proposed model is more accurate in modeling complex MCvD topologies than the current state of the art without time-consuming simulations. Additionally, it is expected to be a benchmark for the works that focus on complex MCvD topologies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54336,"journal":{"name":"Nano Communication Networks","volume":"42 ","pages":"Article 100549"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142650668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Terahertz beam shaping using space-time phase-only coded metasurfaces","authors":"Sahar Solati Masouleh,&nbsp;Seyed Ehsan Hosseininejad","doi":"10.1016/j.nancom.2024.100548","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nancom.2024.100548","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Digital metasurfaces as space-coded surfaces composed of a set of sub-wavelength meta-atoms enable extraordinary capabilities to manipulate electromagnetic waves. Recently, amplitude-phase-joint-coding metasurfaces have been proposed to achieve enhanced beam shaping. However, design of a unit cell structure with a full manipulation of amplitude and phase of the reflected beam is challenging and this kind of unit cell structures are complicated. This paper proposes a space-time phase-only metasurface based on simple graphene-based unit cell that is digitally coded and arranged with a specific time sequence, allowing the effective simultaneous manipulation of both phase and amplitude. In this way, it is demonstrated that the terahertz beam can be shaped using the proposed metasurface.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54336,"journal":{"name":"Nano Communication Networks","volume":"42 ","pages":"Article 100548"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142553581","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"All-optical AND, NAND, OR, NOR and NOT logic gates using two nested microrings in a racetrack ring resonator","authors":"Afshin Asadi ,&nbsp;Mahdi Bahadoran ,&nbsp;Mehdi Askari ,&nbsp;Muhammad Arif Jalil","doi":"10.1016/j.nancom.2024.100547","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nancom.2024.100547","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Boolean logic gates are essential components for optical computing and communication systems. However, most existing methods for realizing them require complex structures, high power consumption, or multiple devices. Here, we propose a simple and compact system that can realize five Boolean logic gates, including AND, NAND, OR, NOR, and NOT, by applying different polarization modes and tuning intensities to the input signals within a SOI resonator system, formed by two nested micro rings in a racetrack ring resonator (TNMIRTR). A formula was derived for the optical transfer function of the system using the delay-line-signal method and the logic gates were simulated using the variational finite-difference time domain (varFDTD) method. The proposed structure operates by combining amplitude and polarization-conversion. TNMIRTR gate has several advantages, such as its micro-scale size, low cost, and ability to realize multiple logic gates within a single layout.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54336,"journal":{"name":"Nano Communication Networks","volume":"42 ","pages":"Article 100547"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142420264","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"End-to-end synaptic molecular communication with astrocytic feedback and generic three-state receptors","authors":"Tooba Khan ,&nbsp;Muhammad Hanif ,&nbsp;Omer Waqar","doi":"10.1016/j.nancom.2024.100546","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nancom.2024.100546","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper investigates the mutual information of synaptic molecular communications using a realistic end-to-end synaptic model. In particular, we have considered the influence of astrocytes on neural signaling within the synaptic molecular communication. We have evaluated the average mutual information of the resultant tripartite synapse while considering realistic synaptic geometry that accounts for neurotransmitter reflections from the pre-synaptic and post-synaptic boundaries. The clearance of neurotransmitters from the synapse through diffusion and re-absorption by pre-synaptic terminal is also considered in the simulated model. Moreover, we have used a generic three-state model for postsynaptic receptors to include desensitization state of the receptors. The presented simulation results depict the effects of different pre-synaptic and post-synaptic parameters on the information transfer for a tripartite synaptic channel with three-state receptor model, which is more realistic than the commonly-used bipartite synaptic channel with the two-state receptor model.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54336,"journal":{"name":"Nano Communication Networks","volume":"42 ","pages":"Article 100546"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142420263","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design of ternary reversible Feynman and Toffoli gates in ternary quantum-dot cellular automata","authors":"Arash Fattahi ,&nbsp;Reza Sabbaghi-Nadooshan ,&nbsp;Tohid Mossazadeh ,&nbsp;Majid Haghparast","doi":"10.1016/j.nancom.2024.100545","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nancom.2024.100545","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The use of reversible logic gates leads to a reduction in energy loss in logic circuits by preventing information loss. New computing methods, such as quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA), have been offered by nanotechnology emerging with nanoelectronics to make more comprehensive logic circuits. In nanotechnology-based systems, some bits are erased when the system performs any computation, and this causes heat dissipation and energy loss in systems. Adder circuits are the basis of any arithmetic operation and one of the main parts of many circuits for creating complex hardware; therefore, the use of enhanced adder circuits leads to high performance in logic circuits. In irreversible logic, the energy that is transferred from the power supply to the circuit is converted into heat, and energy loss occurs. Power management plays a vital role in modern computational systems, and using ternary logic instead of previous technologies leads to better performance. The main purpose of our study is to design ternary quantum-dot cellular automata (TQCA) reversible logic gates based on ternary quantum-dot cellular technology. Reversible gates are the basis of creating a reversible circuit. In this paper, the Muthukrishnan-Stroud (M-S) gate, which is the basis of all other reversible ternary gates, is implemented in ternary QCA technology, and then, reversible ternary Feynman and Toffoli (<span><math><mrow><msup><mrow><mi>C</mi></mrow><mn>2</mn></msup><mtext>NOT</mtext></mrow></math></span>) gates are designed. More optimal adder circuits can be realized in three-valued technology using Feynman and Toffoli gates. The area, delay, and cell count of the proposed TQCA designs are compared with those of other related works, and the effect of fault on the designs in the presence of cell omission defect is determined. The occupied areas of the proposed Feynman and Toffoli gate designs are 0.069 <span><math><mrow><mi>μ</mi><msup><mrow><mi>m</mi></mrow><mn>2</mn></msup></mrow></math></span> and 0.073 <span><math><mrow><mi>μ</mi><msup><mrow><mi>m</mi></mrow><mn>2</mn></msup></mrow></math></span>, respectively. Moreover, the fault tolerance levels of these TQCA gates are 77% and 92%, respectively.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54336,"journal":{"name":"Nano Communication Networks","volume":"42 ","pages":"Article 100545"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142356889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Artificial neural network based misorientation correction in molecular 4x4 MIMO systems","authors":"Erencem Ozbey,&nbsp;Yusuf Kagan Cicekdag,&nbsp;H. Birkan Yilmaz","doi":"10.1016/j.nancom.2024.100544","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nancom.2024.100544","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>MIMO systems in molecular communication are proposed and exhaustively investigated to increase the data rate. However, the misalignment problem between antennas decreases the performance of the system and has not been investigated adequately. This paper aims to correct the received signal in misaligned and distance-varying molecular 4x4 MIMO systems. By using multiple transmitter antennas and receivers, we can increase the data rate by utilizing higher-order modulation techniques that exploit spatial diversity. For the spatial modulation techniques, if there is a misalignment among the corresponding antennas, the signal quality degrades and decoding errors occur more frequently. Therefore, our main goal is to decode the received signal, while considering and compensating the misalignment of the system. To do so, we first estimate the misalignment along the rotation axis of our system and the distance between transmitter antennas and receivers. Then using these values, we process the received signal to eliminate the effects of misalignment. Additionally, we propose and investigate a method to detect active transmitter antennas that can be utilized for molecular index modulation under misalignment. We compare the performance of our proposed methods with the existing misalignment correction techniques.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":54336,"journal":{"name":"Nano Communication Networks","volume":"42 ","pages":"Article 100544"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142230509","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Channel modeling for diffusion-based molecular MIMO communications using deep learning","authors":"Zhen Cheng,&nbsp;Miaodi Chen,&nbsp;Heng Liu,&nbsp;Ming Xia,&nbsp;Weihua Gong","doi":"10.1016/j.nancom.2024.100543","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nancom.2024.100543","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Diffusion-based molecular communication (MC) system present immense potential and broad application prospects in the field of biomedicine, such as drug delivery. Molecular multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communication system can improve the reliability of communication in the environment. However, the channel modeling for diffusion-based molecular MIMO communication system is challenging. Most of the work on the modeling of molecular MIMO channels focuses on the traditional derivation of the channel impulse response (CIR). In this paper, we take into account an <em>M</em> × <em>N</em> molecular MIMO communication system with symmetric and asymmetric topologies. A deep neural networks (DNN) based model and Transformer-based model are proposed to predict the channel parameters in the CIR of this molecular MIMO system under different molecule types (DMT) and same molecule types (SMT), respectively. Simulation results show that the DNN-based model has best accuracy of prediction than the Transformer-based model and Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) model under DMT. In particular, the Transformer-based model outperforms the DNN-based model and LSTM model under SMT.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":54336,"journal":{"name":"Nano Communication Networks","volume":"42 ","pages":"Article 100543"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142149673","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimization of distribution function and model parameters for molecular communication via diffusion with OtoO approximation","authors":"Mehmet Akpamukcu ,&nbsp;Abdullah Ates ,&nbsp;Ibrahim Isik ,&nbsp;Esme Isik","doi":"10.1016/j.nancom.2024.100532","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nancom.2024.100532","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The analysis is generally conducted in stationary receiver and transmitter models in a diffusion environment for the fundamental Molecular communication (MOC) models. However, a mobile MOC model is employed in this study, deviating from the existing literature. This mobile MOC model considers the mobility of all variables in the diffusion environment, including the transmitter, receiver, and molecules. Firstly, a novel MOC model is proposed, departing from the conventional normal distribution for the mobility of variables. Instead, alternative distribution functions such as the Pareto distribution, extreme value distribution, <em>t</em>-distribution, and generalized extreme value distribution are employed. Furthermore, the system's performance is enhanced by optimizing the distribution function and model parameters, such as the diffusion coefficient, using the optimization of optimization (OtoO) approach. In this approach, the Multi-Verse Optimization (MVO) algorithm serves as the primary algorithm, while the Grey Wolf Optimization (GWO) algorithm functions as the auxiliary algorithm. Essentially, the MVO algorithm optimizes the parameters of the MOC model, while simultaneously, the GWO algorithm optimizes the impact of the optimization processes of MVO on the parameters ``p'' and ``N'' as well as the constant parameter of the distribution function. By optimizing both the parameters of the MOC model and the distribution function, the number of received molecules is significantly increased. Therefore, this study not only improves the results of the MOC model structure based on different distribution functions but also optimizes all parameters of the proposed model using the MVO-GWO OtoO approach.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":54336,"journal":{"name":"Nano Communication Networks","volume":"42 ","pages":"Article 100532"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142095336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An ultra broadband metamaterial absorber based on metal-dielectric-metal technology for THz spectrum","authors":"Sachin Sharma ,&nbsp;Fatemeh Kazemi ,&nbsp;Pankaj Singh ,&nbsp;Anup Kumar ,&nbsp;Ferdows B. Zarrabi","doi":"10.1016/j.nancom.2024.100531","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nancom.2024.100531","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This paper introduces a novel ultra-broadband Metamaterial Absorber (UBMA) demonstrating significant absorption capabilities across a wide terahertz frequency range from 2.42 THz to 6.11 THz. The 3.7 THz bandwidth represents 87% of the central frequency. The proposed UBMA comprises three layers: a star-shaped metal patch on top, a dielectric substrate in the middle, and a metallic ground plane below. Simulations using CST Microwave Studio software reveal that the design achieves high absorption at five distinct frequencies: 2.47, 3.45, 4.89, 6.01, and 6.87 THz, with absorption rates of 99% for the first four peaks and 90% for the fifth peak. The study of electric field and surface current distribution provides insights into the absorption mechanism. While the UBMA exhibits polarization-independent performance, its angular response shows some sensitivity to the incident angle, especially beyond 30° Despite this, the absorber maintains over 70% absorptivity up to a 45° incidence angle for both TE and TM polarizations within specific frequency ranges. The simple structure combined with high absorption efficiency makes the UBMA suitable for THz imaging, detection, and stealth applications, although its angular sensitivity must be considered for certain applications.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":54336,"journal":{"name":"Nano Communication Networks","volume":"42 ","pages":"Article 100531"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142077320","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Terahertz channel modeling based on surface sensing characteristics","authors":"Jiayuan Cui ,&nbsp;Da Li ,&nbsp;Jiabiao Zhao ,&nbsp;Jiacheng Liu ,&nbsp;Guohao Liu ,&nbsp;Xiangkun He ,&nbsp;Yue Su ,&nbsp;Fei Song ,&nbsp;Peian Li ,&nbsp;Jianjun Ma","doi":"10.1016/j.nancom.2024.100533","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nancom.2024.100533","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The dielectric properties of environmental surfaces, including walls, floors and the ground, etc., play a crucial role in shaping the accuracy of terahertz (THz) channel modeling, thereby directly impacting the effectiveness of communication systems. Traditionally, acquiring these properties has relied on methods such as terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS) or vector network analyzers (VNA), demanding rigorous sample preparation and entailing a significant expenditure of time. However, such measurements are not always feasible, particularly in novel and uncharacterized scenarios. In this work, we propose a new approach for channel modeling that leverages the inherent sensing capabilities of THz channels, specifically by obtaining channel measurement data through the analysis of refractive indices. By comparing the results obtained through channel sensing with that derived from THz-TDS measurements, we demonstrate the its ability to yield dependable surface property information. Integrating it into a ray-tracing algorithm for channel modeling in both a miniaturized cityscape scenario and an indoor environment, the results show consistency with experimental measurements, thereby validating its effectiveness in real-world settings.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":54336,"journal":{"name":"Nano Communication Networks","volume":"42 ","pages":"Article 100533"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142040587","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}