Neurophotonics最新文献

{"title":"Explainable fNIRS-based pain decoding under pharmacological conditions via deep transfer learning approach.","authors":"Aykut Eken, Murat Yüce, Gülnaz Yükselen, Sinem Burcu Erdoğan","doi":"10.1117/1.NPh.11.4.045015","DOIUrl":"10.1117/1.NPh.11.4.045015","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Significance: </strong>Assessment of pain and its clinical diagnosis rely on subjective methods which become even more complicated under analgesic drug administrations.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>We aim to propose a deep learning (DL)-based transfer learning (TL) methodology for objective classification of functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS)-derived cortical oxygenated hemoglobin responses to painful and non-painful stimuli presented under different timings post-analgesic and placebo drug administration.</p><p><strong>Approach: </strong>A publicly available fNIRS dataset obtained during painful/non-painful stimuli was used. Separate fNIRS scans were taken under the same protocol before drug (morphine and placebo) administration and at three different timings (30, 60, and 90 min) post-administration. Data from pre-drug fNIRS scans were utilized for constructing a base DL model. Knowledge generated from the pre-drug model was transferred to six distinct post-drug conditions by following a TL approach. The DeepSHAP method was utilized to unveil the contribution weights of nine regions of interest for each of the pre-drug and post-drug decoding models.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and area under curve (AUC) metrics of the pre-drug model were above 90%, whereas each of the post-drug models demonstrated a performance above 90% for the same metrics. Post-placebo models had higher decoding accuracy than post-morphine models. Knowledge obtained from a pre-drug base model could be successfully utilized to build pain decoding models for six distinct brain states that were scanned at three different timings after either analgesic or placebo drug administration. The contribution of different cortical regions to classification performance varied across the post-drug models.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The proposed DL-based TL methodology may remove the necessity to build DL models for data collected at clinical or daily life conditions for which obtaining training data is not practical or building a new decoding model will have a computational cost. Unveiling the explanation power of different cortical regions may aid the design of more computationally efficient fNIRS-based brain-computer interface (BCI) system designs that target other application areas.</p>","PeriodicalId":54335,"journal":{"name":"Neurophotonics","volume":"11 4","pages":"045015"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11651663/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142848129","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"DeepVID v2: self-supervised denoising with decoupled spatiotemporal enhancement for low-photon voltage imaging.","authors":"Chang Liu, Jiayu Lu, Yicun Wu, Xin Ye, Allison M Ahrens, Jelena Platisa, Vincent A Pieribone, Jerry L Chen, Lei Tian","doi":"10.1117/1.NPh.11.4.045007","DOIUrl":"10.1117/1.NPh.11.4.045007","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Significance: </strong>Voltage imaging is a powerful tool for studying the dynamics of neuronal activities in the brain. However, voltage imaging data are fundamentally corrupted by severe Poisson noise in the low-photon regime, which hinders the accurate extraction of neuronal activities. Self-supervised deep learning denoising methods have shown great potential in addressing the challenges in low-photon voltage imaging without the need for ground-truth but usually suffer from the trade-off between spatial and temporal performances.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>We present DeepVID v2, a self-supervised denoising framework with decoupled spatial and temporal enhancement capability to significantly augment low-photon voltage imaging.</p><p><strong>Approach: </strong>DeepVID v2 is built on our original DeepVID framework, which performs frame-based denoising by utilizing a sequence of frames around the central frame targeted for denoising to leverage temporal information and ensure consistency. Similar to DeepVID, the network further integrates multiple blind pixels in the central frame to enrich the learning of local spatial information. In addition, DeepVID v2 introduces a new spatial prior extraction branch to capture fine structural details to learn high spatial resolution information. Two variants of DeepVID v2 are introduced to meet specific denoising needs: an online version tailored for real-time inference with a limited number of frames and an offline version designed to leverage the full dataset, achieving optimal temporal and spatial performances.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We demonstrate that DeepVID v2 is able to overcome the trade-off between spatial and temporal performances and achieve superior denoising capability in resolving both high-resolution spatial structures and rapid temporal neuronal activities. We further show that DeepVID v2 can generalize to different imaging conditions, including time-series measurements with various signal-to-noise ratios and extreme low-photon conditions.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our results underscore DeepVID v2 as a promising tool for enhancing voltage imaging. This framework has the potential to generalize to other low-photon imaging modalities and greatly facilitate the study of neuronal activities in the brain.</p>","PeriodicalId":54335,"journal":{"name":"Neurophotonics","volume":"11 4","pages":"045007"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11519979/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142548935","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Customizable optode attachments to improve hair clearance timing and inclusiveness in functional near-infrared spectroscopy research.","authors":"Seth B Crawford, Tiffany-Chau Le, Audrey K Bowden","doi":"10.1117/1.NPh.11.4.045011","DOIUrl":"10.1117/1.NPh.11.4.045011","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Significance: </strong>Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is a promising alternative to functional magnetic resonance imaging for measuring brain activity, but the presence of hair reduces data quality.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>To improve research efficiency and promote wider subject inclusivity, we developed the \"Mini Comb\"-an attachment for commercial fNIRS head caps that can rapidly clear hair with a simple twisting motion.</p><p><strong>Approach: </strong>To test the utility of the Mini Comb on different hair types, we measured the clearance achieved with eight unique sliding leg extrusions on 10 wigged mannequins of various hair characteristics. Following mannequin testing, we recruited a total of 15 participants to evaluate the performance of the Mini Comb as pertains to the time needed to create clearance and the signal quality captured.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The Mini Comb achieves comparable signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) as standard hair clearance procedures while reducing hair clearance time by nearly 50%. Importantly, group analysis revealed better SNR results when the Mini Comb sliding leg design is matched to hair type, suggesting that consideration of hair type is important when conducting fNIRS studies.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The Mini Comb thus opens the door for the deployment of fNIRS for more widespread, inclusive, and comprehensive neuroimaging studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":54335,"journal":{"name":"Neurophotonics","volume":"11 4","pages":"045011"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11587899/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142717825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On the Power of Constructive Criticism.","authors":"","doi":"10.1117/1.NPh.11.4.040101","DOIUrl":"10.1117/1.NPh.11.4.040101","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The editorial discusses the practice of peer review for SPIE Neurophotonics.</p>","PeriodicalId":54335,"journal":{"name":"Neurophotonics","volume":"11 4","pages":"040101"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11661393/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142878391","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Linking brain activity across scales with simultaneous opto- and electrophysiology.","authors":"Christopher M Lewis, Adrian Hoffmann, Fritjof Helmchen","doi":"10.1117/1.NPh.11.3.033403","DOIUrl":"10.1117/1.NPh.11.3.033403","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The brain enables adaptive behavior via the dynamic coordination of diverse neuronal signals across spatial and temporal scales: from fast action potential patterns in microcircuits to slower patterns of distributed activity in brain-wide networks. Understanding principles of multiscale dynamics requires simultaneous monitoring of signals in multiple, distributed network nodes. Combining optical and electrical recordings of brain activity is promising for collecting data across multiple scales and can reveal aspects of coordinated dynamics invisible to standard, single-modality approaches. We review recent progress in combining opto- and electrophysiology, focusing on mouse studies that shed new light on the function of single neurons by embedding their activity in the context of brain-wide activity patterns. Optical and electrical readouts can be tailored to desired scales to tackle specific questions. For example, fast dynamics in single cells or local populations recorded with multi-electrode arrays can be related to simultaneously acquired optical signals that report activity in specified subpopulations of neurons, in non-neuronal cells, or in neuromodulatory pathways. Conversely, two-photon imaging can be used to densely monitor activity in local circuits while sampling electrical activity in distant brain areas at the same time. The refinement of combined approaches will continue to reveal previously inaccessible and under-appreciated aspects of coordinated brain activity.</p>","PeriodicalId":54335,"journal":{"name":"Neurophotonics","volume":"11 3","pages":"033403"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10472193/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10152702","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Photonic neural probe enabled microendoscopes for light-sheet light-field computational fluorescence brain imaging.","authors":"Peisheng Ding, Hannes Wahn, Fu-Der Chen, Jianfeng Li, Xin Mu, Andrei Stalmashonak, Xianshu Luo, Guo-Qiang Lo, Joyce K S Poon, Wesley D Sacher","doi":"10.1117/1.NPh.11.S1.S11503","DOIUrl":"10.1117/1.NPh.11.S1.S11503","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Significance: </strong>Light-sheet fluorescence microscopy is widely used for high-speed, high-contrast, volumetric imaging. Application of this technique to <i>in vivo</i> brain imaging in non-transparent organisms has been limited by the geometric constraints of conventional light-sheet microscopes, which require orthogonal fluorescence excitation and collection objectives. We have recently demonstrated implantable photonic neural probes that emit addressable light sheets at depth in brain tissue, miniaturizing the excitation optics. Here, we propose a microendoscope consisting of a light-sheet neural probe packaged together with miniaturized fluorescence collection optics based on an image fiber bundle for lensless, light-field, computational fluorescence imaging.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>Foundry-fabricated, silicon-based, light-sheet neural probes can be packaged together with commercially available image fiber bundles to form microendoscopes for light-sheet light-field fluorescence imaging at depth in brain tissue.</p><p><strong>Approach: </strong>Prototype microendoscopes were developed using light-sheet neural probes with five addressable sheets and image fiber bundles. Fluorescence imaging with the microendoscopes was tested with fluorescent beads suspended in agarose and fixed mouse brain tissue.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Volumetric light-sheet light-field fluorescence imaging was demonstrated using the microendoscopes. Increased imaging depth and enhanced reconstruction accuracy were observed relative to epi-illumination light-field imaging using only a fiber bundle.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our work offers a solution toward volumetric fluorescence imaging of brain tissue with a compact size and high contrast. The proof-of-concept demonstrations herein illustrate the operating principles and methods of the imaging approach, providing a foundation for future investigations of photonic neural probe enabled microendoscopes for deep-brain fluorescence imaging <i>in vivo</i>.</p>","PeriodicalId":54335,"journal":{"name":"Neurophotonics","volume":"11 Suppl 1","pages":"S11503"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10846542/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139698935","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fiber-based <i>in vivo</i> imaging: unveiling avenues for exploring mechanisms of synaptic plasticity and neuronal adaptations underlying behavior.","authors":"Anna Karpova, Ahmed A A Aly, Endre Levente Marosi, Sanja Mikulovic","doi":"10.1117/1.NPh.11.S1.S11507","DOIUrl":"10.1117/1.NPh.11.S1.S11507","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In recent decades, various subfields within neuroscience, spanning molecular, cellular, and systemic dimensions, have significantly advanced our understanding of the elaborate molecular and cellular mechanisms that underpin learning, memory, and adaptive behaviors. There have been notable advancements in imaging techniques, particularly in reaching superficial brain structures. This progress has led to their widespread adoption in numerous laboratories. However, essential physiological and cognitive processes, including sensory integration, emotional modulation of motivated behavior, motor regulation, learning, and memory consolidation, are intricately encoded within deeper brain structures. Hence, visualization techniques such as calcium imaging using miniscopes have gained popularity for studying brain activity in unrestrained animals. Despite its utility, miniscope technology is associated with substantial brain tissue damage caused by gradient refractive index lens implantation. Furthermore, its imaging capabilities are primarily confined to the neuronal somata level, thus constraining a comprehensive exploration of subcellular processes underlying adaptive behaviors. Consequently, the trajectory of neuroscience's future hinges on the development of minimally invasive optical fiber-based endo-microscopes optimized for cellular, subcellular, and molecular imaging within the intricate depths of the brain. In pursuit of this goal, select research groups have invested significant efforts in advancing this technology. In this review, we present a perspective on the potential impact of this innovation on various aspects of neuroscience, enabling the functional exploration of <i>in vivo</i> cellular and subcellular processes that underlie synaptic plasticity and the neuronal adaptations that govern behavior.</p>","PeriodicalId":54335,"journal":{"name":"Neurophotonics","volume":"11 Suppl 1","pages":"S11507"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10883581/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139934235","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multifocal microscopy for functional imaging of neural systems","authors":"Nizan Meitav, Inbar Brosh, Limor Freifeld, Shy Shoham","doi":"10.1117/1.nph.11.s1.s11515","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/1.nph.11.s1.s11515","url":null,"abstract":"SignificanceRapid acquisition of large imaging volumes with microscopic resolution is an essential unmet need in biological research, especially for monitoring rapid dynamical processes such as fast activity in distributed neural systems.AimWe present a multifocal strategy for fast, volumetric, diffraction-limited resolution imaging over relatively large and scalable fields of view (FOV) using single-camera exposures.ApproachOur multifocal microscopy approach leverages diffraction to image multiple focal depths simultaneously. It is based on a custom-designed diffractive optical element suited to low magnification and large FOV applications and customized prisms for chromatic correction, allowing for wide bandwidth fluorescence imaging. We integrate this system within a conventional microscope and demonstrate that our design can be used flexibly with a variety of magnification/numerical aperture (NA) objectives.ResultsWe first experimentally and numerically validate this system for large FOV microscope imaging (three orders-of-magnitude larger volumes than previously shown) at resolutions compatible with cellular imaging. We then demonstrate the utility of this approach by visualizing high resolution three-dimensional (3D) distributed neural network at volume rates up to 100 Hz. These demonstrations use genetically encoded Ca2+ indicators to measure functional neural imaging both in vitro and in vivo. Finally, we explore its potential in other important applications, including blood flow visualization and real-time, microscopic, volumetric rendering.ConclusionsOur study demonstrates the advantage of diffraction-based multifocal imaging techniques for 3D imaging of mm-scale objects from a single-camera exposure, with important applications in functional neural imaging and other areas benefiting from volumetric imaging.","PeriodicalId":54335,"journal":{"name":"Neurophotonics","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142252206","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Potential of plasmonics and nanoscale light-matter interactions for the next generation of optical neural interfaces.","authors":"Filippo Pisano, Liam Collard, Di Zheng, Muhammad Fayyaz Kashif, Mohammadrahim Kazemzadeh, Antonio Balena, Linda Piscopo, Maria Samuela Andriani, Massimo De Vittorio, Ferruccio Pisanello","doi":"10.1117/1.NPh.11.S1.S11513","DOIUrl":"10.1117/1.NPh.11.S1.S11513","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Within the realm of optical neural interfaces, the exploration of plasmonic resonances to interact with neural cells has captured increasing attention among the neuroscience community. The interplay of light with conduction electrons in nanometer-sized metallic nanostructures can induce plasmonic resonances, showcasing a versatile capability to both sense and trigger cellular events. We describe the perspective of generating propagating or localized surface plasmon polaritons on the tip of an optical neural implant, widening the possibility for neuroscience labs to explore the potential of plasmonic neural interfaces.</p>","PeriodicalId":54335,"journal":{"name":"Neurophotonics","volume":"11 Suppl 1","pages":"S11513"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11309004/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141908313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advancing the path to <i>in-vivo</i> imaging in freely moving mice via multimode-multicore fiber based holographic endoscopy.","authors":"Yang Du, Evelyn Dylda, Miroslav Stibůrek, André D Gomes, Sergey Turtaev, Janelle M P Pakan, Tomáš Čižmár","doi":"10.1117/1.NPh.11.S1.S11506","DOIUrl":"10.1117/1.NPh.11.S1.S11506","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Significance: </strong>Hair-thin multimode optical fiber-based holographic endoscopes have gained considerable interest in modern neuroscience for their ability to achieve cellular and even subcellular resolution during <i>in-vivo</i> deep brain imaging. However, the application of multimode fibers in freely moving animals presents a persistent challenge as it is difficult to maintain optimal imaging performance while the fiber undergoes deformations.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>We propose a fiber solution for challenging <i>in-vivo</i> applications with the capability of deep brain high spatial resolution imaging and neuronal activity monitoring in anesthetized as well as awake behaving mice.</p><p><strong>Approach: </strong>We used our previously developed <math><mrow><msup><mi>M</mi><mn>3</mn></msup><mi>CF</mi></mrow></math> multimode-multicore fiber to record fluorescently labeled neurons in anesthetized mice. Our <math><mrow><msup><mi>M</mi><mn>3</mn></msup><mi>CF</mi></mrow></math> exhibits a cascaded refractive index structure, enabling two distinct regimes of light transport that imitate either a multimode or a multicore fiber. The <math><mrow><msup><mi>M</mi><mn>3</mn></msup><mi>CF</mi></mrow></math> has been specifically designed for use in the initial phase of an <i>in-vivo</i> experiment, allowing for the navigation of the endoscope's distal end toward the targeted brain structure. The multicore regime enables the transfer of light to and from each individual neuron within the field of view. For chronic experiments in awake behaving mice, it is crucial to allow for disconnecting the fiber and the animal between experiments. Therefore, we provide here an effective solution and establish a protocol for reconnection of two segments of <math><mrow><msup><mi>M</mi><mn>3</mn></msup><mi>CF</mi></mrow></math> with hexagonally arranged corelets.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We successfully utilized the <math><mrow><msup><mi>M</mi><mn>3</mn></msup><mi>CF</mi></mrow></math> to image neurons in anaesthetized transgenic mice expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein. Additionally, we compared imaging results obtained with the <math><mrow><msup><mi>M</mi><mn>3</mn></msup><mi>CF</mi></mrow></math> with larger numerical aperture (NA) fibers in fixed whole-brain tissue.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study focuses on addressing challenges and providing insights into the use of multimode-multicore fibers as imaging solutions for <i>in-vivo</i> applications. We suggest that the upcoming version of the <math><mrow><msup><mi>M</mi><mn>3</mn></msup><mi>CF</mi></mrow></math> increases the overall NA between the two cladding layers to allow for access to high resolution spatial imaging. As the NA increases in the multimode regime, the fiber diameter and ring structure must be reduced to minimize the computational burden and invasiveness.</p>","PeriodicalId":54335,"journal":{"name":"Neurophotonics","volume":"11 Suppl 1","pages":"S11506"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10863504/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139731002","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}