Neurophotonics最新文献

{"title":"Obtaining artifact-corrected signals in fiber photometry via isosbestic signals, robust regression, and dF/F calculations.","authors":"Luke J Keevers, Philip Jean-Richard-Dit-Bressel","doi":"10.1117/1.NPh.12.2.025003","DOIUrl":"10.1117/1.NPh.12.2.025003","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Significance: </strong>Fiber photometry is a powerful tool for neuroscience. However, measured biosensor signals are contaminated by various artifacts (photobleaching and movement-related noise) that undermine analysis and interpretation. Currently, no universal pipeline exists to deal with these artifacts.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>We aim to evaluate approaches for obtaining artifact-corrected neural dynamic signals from fiber photometry data and provide recommendations for photometry analysis pipelines.</p><p><strong>Approach: </strong>Using simulated and real photometry data, we tested the effects of three key analytical decisions: choice of regression for fitting isosbestic control signals onto experimental signals [ordinary least squares (OLS) versus iteratively reweighted least squares (IRLS)], low-pass filtering, and dF/F versus dF calculations.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>IRLS surpassed OLS regression for fitting isosbestic control signals to experimental signals. We also demonstrate the efficacy of low-pass filtering signals and baseline normalization via dF/F calculations.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>We conclude that artifact-correcting experimental signals via low-pass filter, IRLS regression, and dF/F calculations is a superior approach to commonly used alternatives. We suggest these as a new standard for preprocessing signals across photometry analysis pipelines.</p>","PeriodicalId":54335,"journal":{"name":"Neurophotonics","volume":"12 2","pages":"025003"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11957252/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143755936","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Foundry-fabricated dual-color nanophotonic neural probes for photostimulation and electrophysiological recording.","authors":"David A Roszko, Fu-Der Chen, John Straguzzi, Hannes Wahn, Alec Xu, Blaine McLaughlin, Xinxin Yin, Hongyao Chua, Xianshu Luo, Guo-Qiang Lo, Joshua H Siegle, Joyce K S Poon, Wesley D Sacher","doi":"10.1117/1.NPh.12.2.025002","DOIUrl":"10.1117/1.NPh.12.2.025002","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Significance: </strong>Compact tools capable of delivering multicolor optogenetic stimulation to deep tissue targets with sufficient span, spatiotemporal resolution, and optical power remain challenging to realize. Here, we demonstrate foundry-fabricated nanophotonic neural probes for blue and red photostimulation and electrophysiological recording, which use a combination of spatial multiplexing and on-shank wavelength demultiplexing to increase the number of on-shank emitters.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>We demonstrate silicon (Si) photonic neural probes with 26 photonic channels and 26 recording sites, which were fabricated on 200-mm diameter wafers at a commercial Si photonics foundry. Each photonic channel consists of an on-shank demultiplexer and separate grating coupler emitters for blue and red light, for a total of 52 emitters.</p><p><strong>Approach: </strong>We evaluate neural probe functionality through bench measurements and <i>in vivo</i> experiments by photostimulating through 16 of the available 26 emitter pairs.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We report neural probe electrode impedances, optical transmission, and beam profiles. We validated a packaged neural probe in optogenetic experiments with mice sensitive to blue or red photostimulation.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our foundry-fabricated nanophotonic neural probe demonstrates dense dual-color emitter integration on a single shank for targeted photostimulation. Given its two emission wavelengths, high emitter density, and long site span, this probe will facilitate experiments involving bidirectional circuit manipulations across both shallow and deep structures simultaneously.</p>","PeriodicalId":54335,"journal":{"name":"Neurophotonics","volume":"12 2","pages":"025002"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11952718/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143755994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Observation of cortical state-based learning in infants in a functional near-infrared spectroscopy paradigm.","authors":"Mohinish Shukla, Anna Martinez-Alvarez, Judit Gervain","doi":"10.1117/1.NPh.12.2.025005","DOIUrl":"10.1117/1.NPh.12.2.025005","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Significance: </strong>Learning can be context-dependent, with better outcomes under some circumstances than others. Adult functional magnetic resonance imaging studies have shown that learning outcomes vary as a function of participants' brain states-patterns of intrinsic neural activity-prior to the learning task. Whether this is also the case in young infants is currently unknown. We report the first functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) study that shows prior brain state-dependent learning in a language task in 6.5-month-old infants. Babies whose functional connectivity was lower in the right hemisphere, but not in the left, during a 2-min period prior to the task learned better a grammatical regularity in an artificial grammar learning task.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>Adult neuroimaging studies have shown that variability in brain states immediately before specific learning tasks is correlated with variability in learning outcomes. Whether the developing infant brain also shows similar state-based learning is currently unknown.</p><p><strong>Approach: </strong>We have explored whether 6.5-month-old infants' ability to learn artificial grammar was related to their brain state during a 2-min baseline period of rest prior to the grammar task. We have asked if functional connectivity, a global metric of the cortical brain state, as measured by fNIRS, is correlated with learning a non-adjacent regularity in the artificial grammar task.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We have found that the overall level of functional connectivity in the 2-min period immediately prior to the learning experience is negatively correlated with the fNIRS measure of learning in the right hemisphere but not in the left.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>We show for the first time that the cortical state of an infant immediately prior to a learning experience determines how well that infant learns and that this can account for some of the variability in learning outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":54335,"journal":{"name":"Neurophotonics","volume":"12 2","pages":"025005"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11971723/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143797023","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study of the brain function characteristics in children with cerebral palsy during walking using functional near-infrared spectroscopy.","authors":"Tengyu Zhang, Gongcheng Xu, Yajie Chang, Zichao Nie, Aiping Sun, Zengyong Li, Ping Xie","doi":"10.1117/1.NPh.12.2.025004","DOIUrl":"10.1117/1.NPh.12.2.025004","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Significance: </strong>Abnormal gait of children with cerebral palsy (CP) is caused by brain damage or developmental defects, exploring the brain's functional characteristics and regulatory mechanisms is essential for rehabilitation.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>We aim to study the brain function characteristics in children with CP during walking.</p><p><strong>Approach: </strong>The cortical activation, functional connectivity, information flow, and dynamic state transitions of 17 children with CP and 13 healthy children (HC) were analyzed in the resting and walking states.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The motor cortex (MC) of HC is significantly activated in the walking state, whereas both the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and MC of children with CP are significantly activated. The resting brain functional connectivity of children with CP decreased and showed higher global efficiency and modularity and lower clustering coefficients and local efficiency. During walking, the brain network of children with CP was difficult to maintain a stable global high-connectivity state so the local high-connectivity state became the main connectivity state. For children with CP, more brain resources were allocated to the non-dominant MC during walking, whereas more brain resources were allocated to the dominant MC in HC.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These indicators reflect the characteristics of brain activation, network connectivity, and information regulation in children with CP, which provide the theoretical basis for targeted rehabilitation treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":54335,"journal":{"name":"Neurophotonics","volume":"12 2","pages":"025004"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11957398/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143755937","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Shallow-angle intracranial cannula for repeated infusion and <i>in vivo</i> imaging with multiphoton microscopy.","authors":"Steven S Hou, Joyce Yang, Yeseo Kwon, Qi Pian, Yijing Tang, Christine A Dauphinais, Maria Calvo-Rodriguez, Mirna El Khatib, Sergei A Vinogradov, Sava Sakadzic, Brian J Bacskai","doi":"10.1117/1.NPh.12.2.025001","DOIUrl":"10.1117/1.NPh.12.2.025001","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Significance: </strong>Multiphoton microscopy serves as an essential tool for high-resolution imaging of the living mouse brain. To facilitate optical access to the brain during imaging, cranial window surgery is commonly used. However, this procedure restricts physical access above the imaging area and hinders the direct delivery of imaging agents and chemical compounds to the brain.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>We aim to develop a method that allows the repeated administration of imaging agents and compounds to the mouse brain while performing <i>in vivo</i> imaging with multiphoton microscopy.</p><p><strong>Approach: </strong>We have developed a cannula delivery system that enables the implantation of a low-profile cannula nearly parallel to the brain surface at angles as shallow as 8 deg while maintaining compatibility with multiphoton microscopy.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>To validate our shallow-angle cannula approach, we performed direct infusion and imaging of various fluorescent cell markers in the brain. In addition, we successfully demonstrated tracking of degenerating neurons over time in Alzheimer's disease mice using Fluoro-Jade C. Furthermore, we showed longitudinal imaging of the partial pressure of oxygen in brain tissue using a phosphorescent oxygen sensor.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our developed technique should enable a wide range of longitudinal imaging studies in the mouse brain.</p>","PeriodicalId":54335,"journal":{"name":"Neurophotonics","volume":"12 2","pages":"025001"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11936427/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143722523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Co-localized optode-electrode design for multimodal functional near infrared spectroscopy and electroencephalography.","authors":"De'Ja Rogers, Walker Joseph O'Brien, Yuanyuan Gao, Bernhard Zimmermann, Shrey Grover, Yiwen Zhang, Anna Kawai Gaona, Sudan Duwadi, Jessica E Anderson, Laura Carlton, Parisa Rahimi, Parya Y Farzam, Alexander von Lühmann, Robert M G Reinhart, David A Boas, Meryem A Yücel","doi":"10.1117/1.NPh.12.2.025006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/1.NPh.12.2.025006","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Significance: </strong>Neuroscience of the everyday world requires continuous mobile brain imaging in real time and in ecologically valid environments, which aids in directly translating research for human benefit. Combined functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) and electroencephalography (EEG) studies have increased in demand, as the combined systems can provide great insights into cortical hemodynamics, neuronal activity, and neurovascular coupling. However, fNIRS-EEG studies remain limited in modularity and portability due to restrictions in combined cap designs, especially for high-density (HD) fNIRS measurements.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>We have built and tested custom fNIRS sources that attach to electrodes without decreasing the overall modularity and portability of the probe.</p><p><strong>Approach: </strong>To demonstrate the design's utility, we screened for any potential interference and performed a HD-fNIRS-EEG measurement with co-located opto-electrode positions during a modified Stroop task.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>No observable interference was present from the fNIRS source optodes in the EEG spectral analysis. The performance, fNIRS, and EEG results of the Stroop task supported the trends from previous research. We observed increased activation with both fNIRS and EEG within the regions of interest.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Overall, these results suggest that the co-localization method is a promising approach to multimodal imaging.</p>","PeriodicalId":54335,"journal":{"name":"Neurophotonics","volume":"12 2","pages":"025006"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11978466/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143812852","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Distribution of spine classes shows intra-neuronal dendritic heterogeneity in mouse cortex.","authors":"Carina C Theobald, Ahmadali Lotfinia, Jan A Knobloch, Yasser Medlej, David R Stevens, Marcel A Lauterbach","doi":"10.1117/1.NPh.12.1.015001","DOIUrl":"10.1117/1.NPh.12.1.015001","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Significance: </strong>Neuronal dendritic spines are central elements for memory and learning. Their morphology correlates with synaptic strength and is a proxy for function. Classic light microscopy cannot resolve spine morphology well, and techniques with higher resolution (electron microscopy and super-resolution light microscopy) typically do not provide spine data in large fields of view, e.g., along entire dendrites. Therefore, it remains unclear if spine types are organized on mesoscopic scales, despite their undisputed importance for understanding the brain.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>Recently, it was shown that the distribution of spine type is dendrite-specific in the turtle cortex, suggesting a mesoscopic organization, but leaving the question open if such a dendrite specificity also exists in mammals. Here, we determine if such a difference in spine-type distribution among dendrites also exists in the mouse brain.</p><p><strong>Approach: </strong>We used super-resolution stimulated emission depletion microscopy of complete dendrites and advanced morphological analysis in three dimensions to decipher morphological differences of spines on different dendrites.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We found that spines of different shapes decorate different dendrites of the same neuron to a varying extent. Significant differences among the dendrites are apparent, based on spine classes as well as based on quantitative descriptors, such as spine length or head size.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our findings may indicate that it is an evolutionarily conserved principle that individual dendrites have distinct distributions of spine types hinting at individual roles.</p>","PeriodicalId":54335,"journal":{"name":"Neurophotonics","volume":"12 1","pages":"015001"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11657875/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142878437","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seizure network characterization by functional connectivity mapping and manipulation.","authors":"James E Niemeyer, Peijuan Luo, Carmen Pons, Shiqiang Wu, Hongtao Ma, Jyun-You Liou, Daniel Surinach, Suhasa B Kodandaramaiah, Theodore H Schwartz","doi":"10.1117/1.NPh.12.S1.S14605","DOIUrl":"10.1117/1.NPh.12.S1.S14605","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Significance: </strong>Despite the availability of various anti-seizure medications, nearly 1/3 of epilepsy patients experience drug-resistant seizures. These patients are left with invasive surgical options that do not guarantee seizure remission. The development of novel treatment options depends on elucidating the complex biology of seizures and brain networks.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>We aimed to develop an experimental paradigm that uses anatomical network information, functional connectivity, and <i>in vivo</i> seizure models to determine how brain networks, and their manipulation, affect seizure propagation.</p><p><strong>Approach: </strong>Guided by a known anatomical network, we applied widefield calcium imaging to determine how neural activity and seizures spread through the network regions, focusing on the primary somatosensory cortex and secondary motor cortex. We used <i>in vivo</i> microstimulation to induce suprathreshold excitatory activation and compared this reproducible stimulus with acute pharmacologically induced spontaneous seizure propagation. In a proof-of-concept experiment, we ablated a single node within this bilateral network and measured the effect on propagation and recruitment. Similar preliminary experiments were repeated in a chronic seizure model.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The microstimulation of the somatosensory cortex propagated in a distinct pattern throughout the bilateral network with sequential reproducible node recruitment. Seizures recapitulated this same pattern, indicating a hijacking of existing pathways. Ablation of a key node in the network in the secondary motor cortex changed contralateral spread. Early chronic cobalt seizure data are presented.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Here, we demonstrate a paradigm for combining widefield calcium imaging with microstimulation, cortical ablation, and seizure mapping to determine how anatomical networks inform the propagation patterns of cortical seizures. These experiments can be extended to long-term tracking of epilepsy to study epileptogenesis in other cortical networks. Our proof-of-concept findings suggest that this paradigm may be useful in the development of novel therapies for drug-resistant epilepsy patients and can be extended to the study of other disorders involving brain networks.</p>","PeriodicalId":54335,"journal":{"name":"Neurophotonics","volume":"12 Suppl 1","pages":"S14605"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11737237/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143016436","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Population imaging of internal state circuits relevant to psychiatric disease: a review.","authors":"Sophia Arruda Da Costa E Silva, Nicholas J McDonald, Arushi Chamaria, Joseph M Stujenske","doi":"10.1117/1.NPh.12.S1.S14607","DOIUrl":"10.1117/1.NPh.12.S1.S14607","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Internal states involve brain-wide changes that subserve coordinated behavioral and physiological responses for adaptation to changing environments and body states. Investigations of single neurons or small populations have yielded exciting discoveries for the field of neuroscience, but it has been increasingly clear that the encoding of internal states involves the simultaneous representation of multiple different variables in distributed neural ensembles. Thus, an understanding of the representation and regulation of internal states requires capturing large population activity and benefits from approaches that allow for parsing intermingled, genetically defined cell populations. We will explain imaging technologies that permit recording from large populations of single neurons in rodents and the unique capabilities of these technologies in comparison to electrophysiological methods. We will focus on findings for appetitive and aversive states given their high relevance to a wide range of psychiatric disorders and briefly explain how these approaches have been applied to models of psychiatric disease in rodents. We discuss challenges for studying internal states which must be addressed with future studies as well as the therapeutic implications of findings from rodents for improving treatments for psychiatric diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":54335,"journal":{"name":"Neurophotonics","volume":"12 Suppl 1","pages":"S14607"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11772092/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143054149","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Portable six-channel laser speckle system for simultaneous measurement of cerebral blood flow and volume with potential applications in characterization of brain injury.","authors":"Simon Mahler, Yu Xi Huang, Max Ismagilov, David Álvarez-Chou, Aidin Abedi, J Michael Tyszka, Yu Tung Lo, Jonathan Russin, Richard L Pantera, Charles Liu, Changhuei Yang","doi":"10.1117/1.NPh.12.1.015003","DOIUrl":"10.1117/1.NPh.12.1.015003","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Significance: </strong>Cerebral blood flow (CBF) and cerebral blood volume (CBV) are key metrics for regional cerebrovascular monitoring. Simultaneous, non-invasive measurement of CBF and CBV at different brain locations would advance cerebrovascular monitoring and pave the way for brain injury detection as current brain injury diagnostic methods are often constrained by high costs, limited sensitivity, and reliance on subjective symptom reporting.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>We aim to develop a multi-channel non-invasive optical system for measuring CBF and CBV at different regions of the brain simultaneously with a cost-effective, reliable, and scalable system capable of detecting potential differences in CBF and CBV across different regions of the brain.</p><p><strong>Approach: </strong>The system is based on speckle contrast optical spectroscopy and consists of laser diodes and board cameras, which have been both tested and investigated for safe use on the human head. Apart from the universal serial bus connection for the camera, the entire system, including its battery power source, is integrated into a wearable headband and is powered by 9-V batteries.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The temporal dynamics of both CBF and CBV in a cohort of five healthy subjects were synchronized and exhibited similar cardiac period waveforms across all six channels. The potential use of our six-channel system for detecting the physiological sequelae of brain injury was explored in two subjects, one with moderate and one with significant structural brain damage, where the six-point CBF and CBV measurements were referenced to structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>We pave the way for a viable multi-point optical instrument for measuring CBF and CBV. Its cost-effectiveness allows for baseline metrics to be established prior to injury in populations at risk for brain injury.</p>","PeriodicalId":54335,"journal":{"name":"Neurophotonics","volume":"12 1","pages":"015003"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11758243/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143048582","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}