Neurophotonics最新文献

{"title":"Two-photon optogenetics-based assessment of neuronal connectivity in healthy and chronic hypoperfusion mice.","authors":"Masaki Yoshioka, Manami Takahashi, Jeff Kershaw, Mariko Handa, Ayaka Takada, Hiroyuki Takuwa","doi":"10.1117/1.NPh.11.3.035009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/1.NPh.11.3.035009","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Significance: </strong>Two-photon optogenetics and simultaneous calcium imaging can be used to visualize the response of surrounding neurons with respect to the activity of an optically stimulated target neuron, providing a direct method to assess neuronal connectivity.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>We aim to develop a two-photon optogenetics-based method for evaluating neuronal connectivity, compare it to the existing indirect resting-state synchrony method, and investigate the application of the method to brain pathophysiology.</p><p><strong>Approach: </strong>C1V1-mScarlet was introduced into GCaMP6s-expressing transgenic mice with an adeno-associated virus. Optical stimulation of a single target neuron and simultaneous calcium imaging of the target and surrounding cells were performed. Neuronal connectivity was evaluated from the correlation between the fluorescence intensity of the target and surrounding cells.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The neuronal connectivity in the living brain was evaluated using two-photon optogenetics. However, resting-state synchrony was not always consistent with two-photon optogenetics-based connectivity. Comparison with neuronal synchrony measured during sensory stimulation suggested that the disagreement was due to external sensory input. Two-photon optogenetics-based connectivity significantly decreased in the common carotid artery occlusion model, whereas there was no significant change in the control group.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>We successfully developed a direct method to evaluate neuronal connectivity in the living brain using two-photon optogenetics. The technique was successful in detecting connectivity impairment in hypoperfusion model mice.</p>","PeriodicalId":54335,"journal":{"name":"Neurophotonics","volume":"11 3","pages":"035009"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11436461/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142332386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Special Section Guest Editorial: Open-source neurophotonic tools for neuroscience.","authors":"Suhasa B Kodandaramaiah, Daniel Aharoni, Emily A Gibson","doi":"10.1117/1.NPh.11.3.034301","DOIUrl":"10.1117/1.NPh.11.3.034301","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The editorial completes the Neurophotonics special series on open-source neurophotonic tools for neuroscience.</p>","PeriodicalId":54335,"journal":{"name":"Neurophotonics","volume":"11 3","pages":"034301"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11441622/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142332385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ninjaCap: a fully customizable and 3D printable headgear for functional near-infrared spectroscopy and electroencephalography brain imaging.","authors":"Alexander von Lühmann, Sreekanth Kura, Walker Joseph O'Brien, Bernhard B Zimmermann, Sudan Duwadi, De'Ja Rogers, Jessica E Anderson, Parya Farzam, Cameron Snow, Anderson Chen, Meryem A Yücel, Nathan Perkins, David A Boas","doi":"10.1117/1.NPh.11.3.036601","DOIUrl":"10.1117/1.NPh.11.3.036601","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Accurate sensor placement is vital for non-invasive brain imaging, particularly for functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) and diffuse optical tomography (DOT), which lack standardized layouts such as those in electroencephalography (EEG). Custom, manually prepared probe layouts on textile caps are often imprecise and labor intensive. We introduce a method for creating personalized, 3D-printed headgear, enabling the accurate translation of 3D brain coordinates to 2D printable panels for custom fNIRS and EEG sensor layouts while reducing costs and manual labor. Our approach uses atlas-based or subject-specific head models and a spring-relaxation algorithm for flattening 3D coordinates onto 2D panels, using 10-5 EEG coordinates for reference. This process ensures geometrical fidelity, crucial for accurate probe placement. Probe geometries and holder types are customizable and printed directly on the cap, making the approach agnostic to instrument manufacturers and probe types. Our ninjaCap method offers <math><mrow><mn>2.7</mn> <mo>±</mo> <mn>1.8</mn> <mtext>  </mtext> <mi>mm</mi></mrow> </math> probe placement accuracy. Over the last five years, we have developed and validated this approach with over 50 cap models and 500 participants. A cloud-based ninjaCap generation pipeline along with detailed instructions is now available at openfnirs.org. The ninjaCap marks a significant advancement in creating individualized neuroimaging caps, reducing costs and labor while improving probe placement accuracy, thereby reducing variability in research.</p>","PeriodicalId":54335,"journal":{"name":"Neurophotonics","volume":"11 3","pages":"036601"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11348010/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142082596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Wide-field imaging in behaving mice as a tool to study cognitive function.","authors":"Ariel Gilad","doi":"10.1117/1.NPh.11.3.033404","DOIUrl":"10.1117/1.NPh.11.3.033404","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cognitive functions are mediated through coordinated and dynamic neuronal responses that involve many different areas across the brain. Therefore, it is of high interest to simultaneously record neuronal activity from as many brain areas as possible while the subject performs a cognitive behavioral task. One of the emerging tools to achieve a mesoscopic field of view is wide-field imaging of cortex-wide dynamics in mice. Wide-field imaging is cost-effective, user-friendly, and enables obtaining cortex-wide signals from mice performing complex and demanding cognitive tasks. Importantly, wide-field imaging offers an unbiased cortex-wide observation that sheds light on overlooked cortical regions and highlights parallel processing circuits. Recent wide-field imaging studies have shown that multi-area cortex-wide patterns, rather than just a single area, are involved in encoding cognitive functions. The optical properties of wide-field imaging enable imaging of different brain signals, such as layer-specific, inhibitory subtypes, or neuromodulation signals. Here, I review the main advantages of wide-field imaging in mice, review the recent literature, and discuss future directions of the field. It is expected that wide-field imaging in behaving mice will continue to gain popularity and aid in understanding the mesoscale dynamics underlying cognitive function.</p>","PeriodicalId":54335,"journal":{"name":"Neurophotonics","volume":"11 3","pages":"033404"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10879934/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139935126","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of cerebral microcirculation in a mouse model of systemic inflammation.","authors":"Cong Zhang, Mohammad Jamshidi, Patrick Delafontaine-Martel, Andreas A Linninger, Frédéric Lesage","doi":"10.1117/1.NPh.11.3.035003","DOIUrl":"10.1117/1.NPh.11.3.035003","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Significance: </strong>Perturbations in the microcirculatory system have been observed in neurological conditions, such as Alzheimer's disease or systemic inflammation. However, changes occurring at the level of the capillary are difficult to translate to biomarkers that could be measured macroscopically.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>We aim to evaluate whether transit time changes reflect capillary stalling and to what degree.</p><p><strong>Approach: </strong>We employ a combined spectral optical coherence tomography (OCT) and fluorescence optical imaging (FOI) system to investigate the relation between capillary stalling and transit time in a mouse model of systemic inflammation induced by intraperitoneal injection of lipopolysaccharide. Angiograms are obtained using OCT, and fluorescence signal images are acquired by the FOI system upon intravenous injection of fluorescein isothiocyanate via a catheter inserted into the tail vein.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Our findings reveal that lipopolysaccharide (LPS) administration significantly increases both the percentage and duration of capillary stalling compared to mice receiving a 0.9% saline injection. Moreover, LPS-induced mice exhibit significantly prolonged arteriovenous transit time compared to control mice.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These observations suggest that capillary stalling, induced by inflammation, modulates cerebral mean transit time, a measure that has translational potential.</p>","PeriodicalId":54335,"journal":{"name":"Neurophotonics","volume":"11 3","pages":"035003"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11249390/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141621780","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"<ArticleTitle xmlns:ns0=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\">Adjusting effective multiplicity ( <ns0:math> <ns0:mrow> <ns0:msub><ns0:mrow><ns0:mi>M</ns0:mi></ns0:mrow> <ns0:mrow><ns0:mi>eff</ns0:mi></ns0:mrow> </ns0:msub> </ns0:mrow> </ns0:math> ) for family-wise error rate in functional near-infrared spectroscopy data with a small sample size.","authors":"Yuki Yamamoto, Wakana Kawai, Tatsuya Hayashi, Minako Uga, Yasushi Kyutoku, Ippeita Dan","doi":"10.1117/1.NPh.11.3.035004","DOIUrl":"10.1117/1.NPh.11.3.035004","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Significance: </strong>The advancement of multichannel functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) has enabled measurements across a wide range of brain regions. This increase in multiplicity necessitates the control of family-wise errors in statistical hypothesis testing. To address this issue, the effective multiplicity ( <math> <mrow><msub><mi>M</mi> <mtext>eff</mtext></msub> </mrow> </math> ) method designed for channel-wise analysis, which considers the correlation between fNIRS channels, was developed. However, this method loses reliability when the sample size is smaller than the number of channels, leading to a rank deficiency in the eigenvalues of the correlation matrix and hindering the accuracy of <math> <mrow><msub><mi>M</mi> <mtext>eff</mtext></msub> </mrow> </math> calculations.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>We aimed to reevaluate the effectiveness of the <math> <mrow><msub><mi>M</mi> <mtext>eff</mtext></msub> </mrow> </math> method for fNIRS data with a small sample size.</p><p><strong>Approach: </strong>In experiment 1, we used resampling simulations to explore the relationship between sample size and <math> <mrow><msub><mi>M</mi> <mtext>eff</mtext></msub> </mrow> </math> values. Based on these results, experiment 2 employed a typical exponential model to investigate whether valid <math> <mrow><msub><mi>M</mi> <mtext>eff</mtext></msub> </mrow> </math> could be predicted from a small sample size.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Experiment 1 revealed that the <math> <mrow><msub><mi>M</mi> <mtext>eff</mtext></msub> </mrow> </math> values were underestimated when the sample size was smaller than the number of channels. However, an exponential pattern was observed. Subsequently, in experiment 2, we found that valid <math> <mrow><msub><mi>M</mi> <mtext>eff</mtext></msub> </mrow> </math> values can be derived from sample sizes of 30 to 40 in datasets with 44 and 52 channels using a typical exponential model.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The findings from these two experiments indicate the potential for the effective application of <math> <mrow><msub><mi>M</mi> <mtext>eff</mtext></msub> </mrow> </math> correction in fNIRS studies with sample sizes smaller than the number of channels.</p>","PeriodicalId":54335,"journal":{"name":"Neurophotonics","volume":"11 3","pages":"035004"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11283272/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141789854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Label-free photoacoustic computed tomography of visually evoked responses in the primary visual cortex and four subcortical retinorecipient nuclei of anesthetized mice.","authors":"Kai-Wei Chang, Xueding Wang, Kwoon Y Wong, Guan Xu","doi":"10.1117/1.NPh.11.3.035005","DOIUrl":"10.1117/1.NPh.11.3.035005","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Significance: </strong>Many techniques exist for screening retinal phenotypes in mouse models in vision research, but significant challenges remain for efficiently probing higher visual centers of the brain. Photoacoustic computed tomography (PACT), with optical sensitivity to hemodynamic response (HR) in brain and ultrasound resolution, provides unique advantages in comprehensively assessing higher visual function in the mouse brain.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>We aim to examine the reliability of PACT in the functional phenotyping of mouse models for vision research.</p><p><strong>Approach: </strong>A PACT-ultrasound (US) parallel imaging system was established with a one-dimensional (1D) US transducer array and a tunable laser. Imaging was performed at three coronal planes of the brain, covering the primary visual cortex and the four subcortical nuclei, including the superior colliculus, the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus, the suprachiasmatic nucleus, and the olivary pretectal nucleus. The visual-evoked HR was isolated from background signals using an impulse-based data processing protocol. <i>rd1</i> mice with rod/cone degeneration, melanopsin-knockout (mel-KO) mice with photoreceptive ganglion cells that lack intrinsic photosensitivity, and wild-type mice as controls were imaged. The quantitative characteristics of the visual-evoked HR were compared.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Quantitative analysis of the HRs shows significant differences among the three mouse strains: (1) <i>rd1</i> mice showed both smaller and slower responses compared with wild type ( <math><mrow><mi>n</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>10,10</mn></mrow> </math> , <math><mrow><mi>p</mi> <mo><</mo> <mn>0.01</mn></mrow> </math> ) and (2) mel-KO mice had lower amplitude but not significantly delayed photoresponses than wild-type mice ( <math><mrow><mi>n</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>10,10</mn></mrow> </math> , <math><mrow><mi>p</mi> <mo><</mo> <mn>0.01</mn></mrow> </math> ). These results agree with the known visual deficits of the mouse strains.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>PACT demonstrated sufficient sensitivity to detecting post-retinal functional deficits.</p>","PeriodicalId":54335,"journal":{"name":"Neurophotonics","volume":"11 3","pages":"035005"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11286379/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141857141","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Implantable photonic nano-modulators open perspectives for advanced optical interfaces with deep brain areas","authors":"Ferruccio Pisanello, Massimo De Vittorio, Filippo Pisano","doi":"10.1117/1.nph.11.s1.s11512","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/1.nph.11.s1.s11512","url":null,"abstract":"An emerging trend at the forefront of optical neural interfaces leverages the optical properties of photonic nanostructures to modulate light delivery and collection patterns in deep brain regions. This perspective article surveys the early works that have spearheaded this promising strategy, and discusses its promise towards the establishment of a class of augmented nano-neurophotonic probes.","PeriodicalId":54335,"journal":{"name":"Neurophotonics","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141257880","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modulation of neuronal dynamics by sustained and activity-dependent continuous-wave near-infrared laser stimulation.","authors":"Alicia Garrido-Peña, Pablo Sanchez-Martin, Manuel Reyes-Sanchez, Rafael Levi, Francisco B Rodriguez, Javier Castilla, Jesus Tornero, Pablo Varona","doi":"10.1117/1.NPh.11.2.024308","DOIUrl":"10.1117/1.NPh.11.2.024308","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Significance: </strong>Near-infrared laser illumination is a non-invasive alternative/complement to classical stimulation methods in neuroscience but the mechanisms underlying its action on neuronal dynamics remain unclear. Most studies deal with high-frequency pulsed protocols and stationary characterizations disregarding the dynamic modulatory effect of sustained and activity-dependent stimulation. The understanding of such modulation and its widespread dissemination can help to develop specific interventions for research applications and treatments for neural disorders.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>We quantified the effect of continuous-wave near-infrared (CW-NIR) laser illumination on single neuron dynamics using sustained stimulation and an open-source activity-dependent protocol to identify the biophysical mechanisms underlying this modulation and its time course.</p><p><strong>Approach: </strong>We characterized the effect by simultaneously performing long intracellular recordings of membrane potential while delivering sustained and closed-loop CW-NIR laser stimulation. We used waveform metrics and conductance-based models to assess the role of specific biophysical candidates on the modulation.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We show that CW-NIR sustained illumination asymmetrically accelerates action potential dynamics and the spiking rate on single neurons, while closed-loop stimulation unveils its action at different phases of the neuron dynamics. Our model study points out the action of CW-NIR on specific ionic-channels and the key role of temperature on channel properties to explain the modulatory effect.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Both sustained and activity-dependent CW-NIR stimulation effectively modulate neuronal dynamics by a combination of biophysical mechanisms. Our open-source protocols can help to disseminate this non-invasive optical stimulation in novel research and clinical applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":54335,"journal":{"name":"Neurophotonics","volume":"11 2","pages":"024308"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11100521/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141065059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Two-dimensional electro-optical multiphoton microscopy.","authors":"Deano M Farinella, Samuel Stanek, Harishankar Jayakumar, Zachary L Newman, Jacob Gable, James Leger, Aaron Kerlin","doi":"10.1117/1.NPh.11.2.025005","DOIUrl":"10.1117/1.NPh.11.2.025005","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Significance: </strong>The development of genetically encoded fluorescent indicators of neural activity with millisecond dynamics has generated demand for ever faster two-photon (2P) imaging systems, but acoustic and mechanical beam scanning technologies are approaching fundamental limits. We demonstrate that potassium tantalate niobate (KTN) electro-optical deflectors (EODs), which are not subject to the same fundamental limits, are capable of ultrafast two-dimensional (2D) 2P imaging <i>in vivo</i>.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>To determine if KTN-EODs are suitable for 2P imaging, compatible with 2D scanning, and capable of ultrafast <i>in vivo</i> imaging of genetically encoded indicators with millisecond dynamics.</p><p><strong>Approach: </strong>The performance of a commercially available KTN-EOD was characterized across a range of drive frequencies and laser parameters relevant to <i>in vivo</i> 2P microscopy. A second KTN-EOD was incorporated into a dual-axis scan module, and the system was validated by imaging signals <i>in vivo</i> from ASAP3, a genetically encoded voltage indicator.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Optimal KTN-EOD deflection of laser light with a central wavelength of 960 nm was obtained up to the highest average powers and pulse intensities tested (power: 350 mW; pulse duration: 118 fs). Up to 32 resolvable spots per line at a 560 kHz line scan rate could be obtained with single-axis deflection. The complete dual-axis EO 2P microscope was capable of imaging a <math><mrow><mn>13</mn><mtext>  </mtext><mi>μ</mi><mi>m</mi></mrow></math> by <math><mrow><mn>13</mn><mtext>  </mtext><mi>μ</mi><mi>m</mi></mrow></math> field-of-view at over 10 kHz frame rate with <math><mrow><mo>∼</mo><mn>0.5</mn><mtext>  </mtext><mi>μ</mi><mi>m</mi></mrow></math> lateral resolution. We demonstrate <i>in vivo</i> imaging of neurons expressing ASAP3 with high temporal resolution.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>We demonstrate the suitability of KTN-EODs for ultrafast 2P cellular imaging <i>in vivo</i>, providing a foundation for future high-performance microscopes to incorporate emerging advances in KTN-based scanning technology.</p>","PeriodicalId":54335,"journal":{"name":"Neurophotonics","volume":"11 2","pages":"025005"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11151658/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141263228","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}