Environmental Earth Sciences最新文献

{"title":"Analysis of the relationship between soil particle fractal dimension and physicochemical properties","authors":"Yongxing Pan,&nbsp;Meng Chen,&nbsp;Yudao Chen","doi":"10.1007/s12665-025-12214-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12665-025-12214-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>By examining the multifractal characteristics of soil particle size distribution (PSD), we can elucidate the distribution patterns of soil particles and identify their primary influencing factors. In this study, soil samples from different areas of a floodplain were analyzed for PSD, physicochemical properties, and heavy metal content. Multifractal parameters were calculated using multifractal theory. Subsequently, the relationships between soil PSD, fractal dimension, and soil physicochemical properties were investigated using correlation analysis, Mantel test, and random forest models. The results indicated that the soil particle size distribution in the study area was dominated by silt (2–20 μm) and sand (20–2000 μm) particles, with average contents ranging from 21.18% to 59.46% and 33.24% to 63.81%, respectively. The mean values of the single fractal dimension (<i>D</i>), which represents overall soil structure complexity rather than an average of <i>D</i>(0), <i>D</i>(1), and <i>D</i>(2), ranged from 2.27 to 2.54, indicating coarser soil particles. The multifractal dimensions revealed that the capacity dimension (<i>D</i>(0)) was greater than the information dimension (<i>D</i>(1)) and the correlation dimension (<i>D</i>(2)), i.e., <i>D</i>(0) &gt; <i>D</i>(1) &gt; <i>D</i>(2), confirming the multifractal nature of soil particle size distribution. The mean values of spectral width (Δ<i>α</i>) ranged from 1.28 to 3.68, indicating a relatively complex soil fractal structure and significant variability in soil PSD inhomogeneity. Significant correlations (<i>P</i> &lt; 0.05, |<i>r</i>| ≥ 0.35) were found between Zn and <i>D</i>, Δ<i>α</i>, <i>D</i>(1), <i>D</i>(2), and <i>D</i>(1)/<i>D</i>(0), as well as between Pb and <i>D</i>(2) and <i>D</i>(1)/<i>D</i>(0), suggesting a relationship between heavy metals and fractal dimensions. Additionally, there was a significant correlation (<i>P</i> &lt; 0.05, |<i>r</i>|≥ 0.35) between soil PSD and fractal dimensions. Mantel Test and RF analyses, with soil PSD and physicochemical properties as independent variables and soil fractal dimensions as the dependent variable, demonstrated the significant influence of soil PSD on soil fractal dimensions. Fractal dimensions reflect soil quality characteristics and weathering intensity, with multifractal dimensions offering more descriptive insights, as demonstrated by their significant correlations with key soil properties such as cation exchange capacity (CEC), amorphous aluminum oxide (Al_o), free iron oxide (Fe_d), and free aluminum oxide (Al_d). These findings highlight the critical role of soil fractal dimensions in representing soil particle composition and its spatial variability. By elucidating these relationships, this study enhances the understanding of soil structural variability, which is critical for informing targeted ecological management and restoration strategies in alluvial fan environments.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":542,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Earth Sciences","volume":"84 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143769804","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rainfall-induced landslide hazard analyses using spatiotemporal retrievals of soil moisture and geomorphologic data","authors":"Daniel M. Francis,&nbsp;L. Sebastian Bryson","doi":"10.1007/s12665-025-12209-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12665-025-12209-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Rainfall-induced landslides threaten residential and civil infrastructure. As extreme rainfall events increase with climatological variability, so does the need to effectively monitor these occurrences. However, physical monitoring of landslide occurrence requires costly instrumentation over vast areas. Therefore, a means for large scale spatial monitoring is desired. This study conducts infinite slope stability analyses on known spatially distributed rainfall-induced shallow colluvial landslides. Infinite slope analyses were chosen due to applicability to the investigated shallow landslides. These analyses were investigated as functions of spatial geomorphologic and spatiotemporal soil moisture data. The underlying assumption of these analyses was that soil moisture would act as a hydro-mechanical precursor for rainfall-induced landslides. A majority of geomorphologic data for these analyses was obtained via web databases. Contrarily, it was observed that measurements of friction angle were not spatially available. To remedy this, an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) machine learning workflow was developed to yield these requisite measurements. For spatiotemporal soil moisture, the Land Information System (LIS) was utilized to conduct assimilation of NOAH 3.6 LSM and NASA SMAP L3SMP_E moisture estimates. The LIS workflow yielded soil moisture estimates at various depths and fine resolutions. With spatial geomorphologic and spatiotemporal soil moisture available, this study moved towards the associated stability analyses. These analyses were focused upon a region of Eastern Kentucky, USA, which experienced an extreme rainfall and subsequent landslide event. Through these analyses, a majority of occurred landslides were able to be detected in areas observed to experience increases in soil moisture. Therefore, this study confirmed the underlying assumption that soil moisture can serve as a hydro-mechanical precursor for rainfall-induced landslide occurrence.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":542,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Earth Sciences","volume":"84 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143769805","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation of hydrogeological structures in carbonate rock with ground penetrating radar","authors":"Anna Rieß,&nbsp;Peter Dietrich","doi":"10.1007/s12665-025-12162-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12665-025-12162-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Carbonate rock aquifers are an important resource in the face of water scarcity. However, groundwater recharge processes are not fully understood in the heterogeneous matrix and fracture system. The shallow epikarst zone is important for drainage, transport and storage and needs to be investigated. Geophysical techniques are promising, particularly ground penetrating radar (GPR) due to its sensitivity to water saturation. To test the potential of GPR, hydrogeological structures were investigated in the Lower Muschelkalk of the Rüdersdorf limestone quarry near Berlin, Germany. A survey field was monitored under three different moisture conditions and the experiments included densely spaced zero offset GPR and common midpoint (CMP) profiles. The analysis focused on EM wave velocities as a proxy for water saturation, which were used for a relative comparison of the results from different methods. The more generic CMP results were significantly higher than the velocities from diffraction hyperbolas, which only represent the very local position. Structural observations from picked reflectors throughout the monitoring contributed to the interpretation. While the matrix appears to be unaffected by water variability, preferential flow paths can be identified. Diffraction hyperbolas may occur at fractured porous zones that preferentially store water and drain towards the bedding planes. Their spatial characteristics suggest that they may be precursors of potential sinkholes. The survey shows how GPR can help to understand hydrological processes in carbonate rock and locate relevant structures for further investigation. The collected dataset provides opportunities for further analysis.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":542,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Earth Sciences","volume":"84 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12665-025-12162-y.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143769937","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Classification of cracking potential for clayey soils based on cyclic wet-dry tests","authors":"Hui-Cong Yu,&nbsp;Ling Zeng,&nbsp;Xin-Yang Wu,&nbsp;Qian-Feng Gao,&nbsp;Han-Bing Bian,&nbsp;Jin-Tao Luo,&nbsp;Jing-Cheng Chen,&nbsp;Hong-Ri Zhang","doi":"10.1007/s12665-025-12210-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12665-025-12210-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The substantial development of desiccation cracks profoundly impacts the mechanical and hydraulic properties of clayey soils, potentially leading to various engineering challenges such as slope failures. Therefore, identifying the soil’s cracking potential is crucial for guiding engineering design and construction processes. The aim of this study was to propose a method for cracking potential classification for clayey soils. To this end, standard cyclic wet-dry tests, capable of maximizing the soil’s cracking potential, were proposed based on an analysis of the cracking behavior of lateritic soils under different wet-dry conditions. Subsequently, the cracking characteristics of several typical clayey soils (i.e., lateritic soil, kaolinite, bentonite, and attapulgite) were examined by standard cyclic wet-dry tests. Finally, a novel method for cracking potential classification of clayey soils was proposed incorporating the entropy weighting method. The results show that the most significant degree of cracking in lateritic soil is observed under vacuum saturation and 60°C oven-drying, which is identified as the standard wet-dry condition. When the crack development stabilizes after multiple standard wet-dry cycles, the cracking potential of the soil is characterized by parameters such as the total crack length, maximum crack width, surface crack rate and the fractal dimension of the cracks. On this basis, a classification method is proposed to categorize the cracking potential of clayey soils into five levels: extremely weak, weak, medium, strong, and extremely strong. The cracking potential of different clayey soils was evaluated using this method, revealing that bentonite exhibited the highest cracking potential, classified as \"extremely strong\".</p></div>","PeriodicalId":542,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Earth Sciences","volume":"84 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143749162","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of measurement methods for assessing vertical velocity in groundwater systems: a case study from Osongji (Osong Pond), Jeonju-si, South Korea","authors":"Hye-Na Ko,&nbsp;Seoyeong Oh,&nbsp;Yunjung Hyun,&nbsp;Hyoun-Tae Hwang,&nbsp;Kang-Kun Lee,&nbsp;Sung-Wook Jeen","doi":"10.1007/s12665-025-12206-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12665-025-12206-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The interaction between groundwater and surface water plays a crucial role in determining water quality and ecological health, highlighting the need for a comprehensive understanding to ensure effective water resource management. In this study, multiple methods—seepage meters, piezometers, and the type-curve fitting method using temperature profile data—were employed to estimate fluxes at the groundwater-surface water interface of a small pond (Osong Pond) in South Korea. Measurements were conducted and compared during the wet season of 2020 (July–August 2020). Additionally, temperature data were collected during the dry seasons of 2021 and 2022 (November 2021–March 2022) to assess the applicability of the type-curve fitting method for long-term monitoring. The average vertical velocity measured by seepage meters was the highest (2.67 × 10⁻⁸ m/s), while the type-curve fitting method estimated the lowest average velocity (2.58 × 10⁻¹⁰ m/s). During the dry seasons of 2021–2022, the type-curve fitting method yielded an average flow velocity of 7.11 × 10⁻¹⁰ m/s, comparable to the dry season values of 2020. Although the lakebed temperature-based method underestimated vertical velocities in this study area, it can be effective for long-term monitoring. We recommend combining multiple measurement techniques tailored to the geological characteristics (e.g., topography and sediment composition) and climatic conditions of study sites. This integrated approach facilitates a more accurate evaluation of groundwater-surface water interactions and enhances understanding of the broader flow system.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":542,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Earth Sciences","volume":"84 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143749161","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Radon hazard mapping: usability of environmental predictors including atmospheric radon and radon flux and knowledge transfer between regions (Belgium and Germany)","authors":"Sebastian Baumann,&nbsp;Eric Petermann,&nbsp;Giorgia Cinelli,&nbsp;Boris Dehandschutter,&nbsp;Igor Čeliković,&nbsp;Eva Lindner-Leschinski,&nbsp;Peter Bossew,&nbsp;Giancarlo Ciotoli,&nbsp;Valeria Gruber","doi":"10.1007/s12665-025-12126-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12665-025-12126-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Radon is a naturally occurring radioactive noble gas. When it accumulates indoors it can be a health hazard. Radon hazard mapping assigns areas to a geogenic radon potential, that reflects the availability and spatial distribution of radon in soil. The possible knowledge transfer from one region to another and the usability of predictors for radon hazard mapping were analysed. Included in the set of predictors were “atmospheric radon” and “radon flux”. A machine learning workflow is outlined using a random forest model to predict the geogenic radon potential in Belgium and Germany. The German data was used as training data and the model performance was evaluated on spatially separated validation data sets in both regions. It was possible to predict the geogenic radon potential for Belgium only using training data from Germany. The evaluation of the model performance on the Belgian validation data set was essential to find this model. The model showing the highest model performance in Belgium differs in main characteristics as number, selection and importance of predictors from the predictive model working best in Germany. The predictions of the geogenic radon potential of these models were accurately in their country but not in the other. The models used different predictors, except the predictor “soil moisture”, which was present in both models. The performance increase for single predictors in Germany is in the range of a few percent, whereas in Belgium a single predictor (“coarse fragments”) can improve the model by over 100%. Among the 30 candidate predictors “radon flux” was present in the best model for Belgium.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":542,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Earth Sciences","volume":"84 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12665-025-12126-2.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143740864","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Macroscopic interwoven textures and their origin of yardangs in the Qaidam Basin, Northern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau","authors":"Yongchong Lin,&nbsp;Haoqi Lai,&nbsp;Guijin Mu,&nbsp;Chunbo Chen,&nbsp;Jifeng Zhang,&nbsp;Liling Chen,&nbsp;Lishuai Xu","doi":"10.1007/s12665-025-12192-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12665-025-12192-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The macroscopic texture characteristics of yardangs can be used for distinguishing the origin of landforms on the Earth’s surface and even on other planetary surfaces. However, few studies have been conducted on them. Generally, yardangs in a region develop one type of texture macroscopically. In this study, we found two textures interwoven on a macro scale in the yardang distribution area in the Qaidam Basin (QB): rectilinear (RL) and arc-shaped (AS). The reason for the development of yardangs into two textures in an area is unclear, and the relationship between them also needs to be elucidated further. Analysis of the regional environment, stratigraphic lithology, and geological structure suggests that the RL texture of yardangs in the study area was also shaped by wind erosion, which is similar to that of the normal yardang texture eroded by a single prevailing wind. However, the folding structures exist widely in the study area, and this causes the outcrops of the wind-eroded strata to be always arc-shaped. The wind-eroded yardangs developed on the AS strata, and are thus arranged along AS outcrops of strata and eventually exhibited an AS texture. The development of the two textures was controlled by different decisive factors, and they developed independently. Conclusively, yardangs tend to be wind-eroded into an RL texture macroscopically under the action of a single prevailing wind, and the anticlinal (synclinal) structures causes the yardangs to be arranged in arc-shaped patterns.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":542,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Earth Sciences","volume":"84 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143740863","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Probing into the geochemical fractionation of rare earth elements (REE) in contrasting soils with black shale outcrops and its environmental implications","authors":"Wei Wei,&nbsp;Sixiang Ling,&nbsp;Xiaoning Li,&nbsp;Chunwei Sun,&nbsp;Yue Jiao,&nbsp;Xiyong Wu","doi":"10.1007/s12665-025-12199-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12665-025-12199-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Geogenic inputs have become a vital source for rare earth elements (REE) in the surrounding environments with black shale outcrops. However, the geochemical fractionation and differential accumulation of REE in the rock-soil system of black shale regions still remain unclear. Therefore, this study performed a typical sampling of paired bedrocks and soils in contrasting topographies in a black shale catchment in southwestern China to characterize the geochemical enrichment and fractionation of REE during black shale weathering and soil formation and evolution. The results indicate that black shale bedrocks have elevated total concentrations of REE compared to the North American Shale Composite and the Upper Continental Crust; while surface soils have total REE concentrations higher than the Chinese soil background value. The contrary REE distribution patterns for upland soils (concave-up) and lowland soils (convex-up), together with a higher (La/Sm)_N value (1.11 ± 0.18) and a lower (Gd/Yb)_N value (1.13 ± 0.11) in the upland soils and a lower (La/Sm)_N value (0.95 ± 0.11) and a higher (Gd/Yb)_N value (1.32 ± 0.31) in the lowland soils, indicate the obvious fractionation of REE between the two soil types and the preferential enrichment of MREE (and HREE) in the lowland soils, which was attributed to the release of MREE (and HREE) from the weathering of upland black shale bedrocks and their downward translocation by water fluxes and subsequent precipitation in lowlands. In addition, the lowland soils are more enriched in LREE than the upland soils, which should be associated with the downward transportation of LREE-rich mineral particles caused by soil erosion on the hillslope. Overall, this study points out that MREE enrichment in the lowland soils of black shale regions and its associated health risks should be noticed.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":542,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Earth Sciences","volume":"84 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143726731","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Variation of 40-year Pb deposition in some conifers grown in the air-polluted-urban area of Düzce, Türkiye","authors":"İsmail Koç,&nbsp;Hatice Cobanoglu,&nbsp;Ugur Canturk,&nbsp;Kubra Key,&nbsp;Hakan Sevik,&nbsp;Semsettin Kulac","doi":"10.1007/s12665-025-12211-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12665-025-12211-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Lead (Pb), one of the most lethal heavy metals (priority contaminant) in environmental and human health, spreads to the air as a metal or compound and has noxious properties. Therefore, tracking and diminishing Pb pollution are urgent and priority research topics. This study aims to contribute to the determination of suitable biomonitor species that can be used to observe Pb pollution shifts over a long period and hyperaccumulator species that can be used to lessen pollution. For this reason, it was selected to use species from Düzce, one of the five most unclean municipalities in Europe, including <i>Pinus pinaster</i>, <i>Pseudotsuga menziesii</i>, <i>Cupressus arizonica</i>, <i>Cedrus atlantica</i>, and <i>Picea orientalis</i>. The Pb concentration variations based on the species, organ, direction, and age range in the last 4 decades were assessed by examining the samples taken from tree species. The highest Pb concentrations were found in the outer bark and the east and north directions (high vehicle density) in almost all the species. These results showed that Pb pollution increases significantly due to vehicles. In conclusion, the displacement of Pb in wood was limited in these species; therefore, they could be used to track the Pb pollution change. <i>C. arizonica</i> and <i>P. menziesii</i> were determined to be suitable for reducing Pb pollution.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":542,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Earth Sciences","volume":"84 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12665-025-12211-6.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143716933","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The black soil region of northeast China shows a warming and drying trend between 1980 and 2100 based on ERA5-land, CMIP6 and GEE","authors":"Jianghan Tian,&nbsp;Yanchen Gao,&nbsp;Changchao Yan,&nbsp;Nasrin Azad,&nbsp;Hailong He","doi":"10.1007/s12665-025-12118-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12665-025-12118-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Global warming has been extensively documented in the twenty-first century, resulting in increased frequency of extreme weather events that pose threats to both agriculture and human welfare worldwide. The black soil region in Northeast China (NEBS) is home to a large region and vulnerable to climate change. NEBS benefits from its fertile soil enriched with soil organic matter and has been serving as one of China’s key commodity grain bases. Great efforts have been made in previous studies evaluating the climate change in NEBS. However, spatiotemporal patterns of climate change remain unknown. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to assess climate differences under different land cover and altitude gradient in NEBS between 1981 and 2020 based on Google Earth Engine (GEE) and ECMWF Reanalysis 5th Generation Land (ERA5-Land) reanalysis dataset. Mann–Kendall (MK) trend analysis was used to conclude the climate change in the NEBS over the past 40 years. The climate differences under different altitude gradients and land cover were then analyzed. In addition, the predicted climate change in NEBS was presented with Climate Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) data. The results indicate a temperature rise across the entire NEBS, while a decrease in precipitation for 98% of this region. A significant effect of altitudinal difference was observed on temperature variation, while its influence on precipitation change was insignificant. The forest exhibited less significant altitude differences compared to croplands and grasslands. The CMIP6 data show that the NEBS would continue to warm but slightly humid. These results highlight the necessity to consider the climate differences under different altitudes and land cover for climate change study in NEBS.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":542,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Earth Sciences","volume":"84 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143716865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}