Environmental Earth Sciences最新文献

{"title":"Hydrochemical evolution and assessment of groundwater quality in an intensively agricultural area: case study of Chengdu plain, Southwestern China","authors":"Rongwen Yao,&nbsp;Jiaqian Xu,&nbsp;Ye Zhou,&nbsp;Sijia Li,&nbsp;Jin Su,&nbsp;Yuting Yan,&nbsp;Yutong Gan,&nbsp;Ming Luo,&nbsp;Yunhui Zhang","doi":"10.1007/s12665-025-12228-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12665-025-12228-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Groundwater protection has become a vital issue due to the rapid development of agriculture. Clarifying hydrochemical characteristics and driving forces of groundwater systems is the key to protecting the groundwater environment. In this study, a total of 53 groundwater samples were collected from Chengdu Plain, an intensively agricultural area in southwest China. Hydrochemical analysis, principal component analysis (PCA), self-organizing mapping (SOM), and inverse geochemical modeling were employed to elucidate hydrochemical characteristics. Inverse geochemical modeling was applied to explore various groundwater flow paths and hydrochemical evolution across the study area. The results displayed that the groundwater was classified as HCO₃-Ca type. The PCA and SOM results indicated that both natural processes and anthropogenic activities influenced hydrochemistry. Ion ratio analysis and mineral saturation indices identified natural processes such as silicate weathering, calcite dissolution, and positive cation exchange. Anthropogenic activities, particularly the use of agricultural fertilizers, were responsible for elevated nitrate concentration. An inverse geochemical model was utilized to investigate various water flow paths and to comprehend the hydrochemical evolution across different locations in the study area. Finally, the water quality index (WQI) revealed that 86.79% were classified as Excellent or Good rank, meeting drinking water standards. This study would offer valuable insights into the management and protection of groundwater resources in agricultural areas.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":542,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Earth Sciences","volume":"84 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143809130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Driving mechanisms and evolutionary characteristics of carbon sink disturbance risk in urban ecosystem: a case study of Ordos","authors":"Xueqing Wang,&nbsp;Shaoliang Zhang,&nbsp;Zhongyi Ding,&nbsp;Huping Hou,&nbsp;Zanxu Chen,&nbsp;Qinyu Wu","doi":"10.1007/s12665-025-12195-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12665-025-12195-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Assessing the changes in carbon sink disturbances is crucial for understanding urban ecosystem stability under climate change and human activities. This study proposed a novel assessment framework for carbon sink disturbance risk (CSDR), integrating the carbon sink loss with disturbance probability and applying Tapio model with Mann–Kendall trend test methods, to reveal the intrinsic driving mechanisms and external evolutionary trends of CSDR in the Ordos during 2002–2022. The results indicated that loss and disturbance probability of carbon sink initially increased, followed by a subsequent decrease. From 2002 to 2012, the proportion of high-value CSDR areas increased from 7.69%, and weak decoupling between carbon sink loss and disturbance probability made up 57.77%. During 2002–2022, the CSDR declined mainly in the eastern and northern regions of Ordos. The results show that multiple factors influence the changes in carbon sinks in the Ordos region, and the carbon sink loss due to human disturbances has been improved. The findings enhance the understanding of human-carbon interactions and contribute to research on carbon sinks and urban sustainable development.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":542,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Earth Sciences","volume":"84 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143809131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring soil health and sustainability in the Northwestern Himalayas: assessing indicators amidst changing land use","authors":"K. Arun Kumar,&nbsp;J. Jayanthi,&nbsp;Raj Deo Singh,&nbsp;Sanjat Kumar Sahu,&nbsp;Azimul Hasan","doi":"10.1007/s12665-025-12223-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12665-025-12223-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Soil quality and health are fundamental to ecosystem sustainability, particularly in the Northwestern Himalayas, where steep slopes, high erosion rates, and land use changes accelerate soil degradation. Unlike stable lowland ecosystems, Himalayan soils are highly vulnerable to nutrient loss, organic matter depletion, and microbial instability due to extreme climatic variations and dynamic land use patterns. This review consolidates research on soil health indicators, emphasizing microbial biomass carbon (MBC), enzyme activity, and organic carbon content as essential metrics for assessing soil quality. These indicators reflect biological, chemical, and physical processes influencing nutrient cycling, microbial diversity, and soil functionality. However, their predictive power varies with land use shifts, seasonal changes, and the inherent variability of Himalayan soils, necessitating region-specific calibration for improved accuracy. Organic matter decomposition is a key indicator of soil health, yet its assessment in rugged terrains is challenging. The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) provides a remote sensing solution, helping identify degraded soil zones and guiding targeted restoration efforts. NDVI alone cannot fully assess soil health, as vegetation cover may not always correspond to soil quality. This review evaluates NDVI’s effectiveness across various land use systems for distinguishing vegetated from non-vegetated areas, facilitating reforestation and land use monitoring. Given the region’s ecological sensitivity, a single indicator approach is insufficient. We advocate for a composite soil health assessment framework incorporating biochemical indicators such as enzyme activity, phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) profiles, DNA profiling, carbon pools, and nitrogen levels. A gradient-based soil sampling strategy, rather than random sampling, is recommended to capture altitude and slope effects on microbial dynamics and soil function. While these approaches are tailored for the Northwestern Himalayas, similar challenges exist in mountain ecosystems worldwide. Integrating remote sensing with biochemical assessments can enhance soil management strategies, ensuring long-term sustainability and ecological resilience in both the Himalayas and other vulnerable mountain regions.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":542,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Earth Sciences","volume":"84 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143809129","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Damage behaviour of MX80 bentonite pellet in mixture under suction-controlled oedometer compression","authors":"Jin-Wen Yang,&nbsp;Yu-Jun Cui,&nbsp;Nadia Mokni,&nbsp;Hao Wang","doi":"10.1007/s12665-025-12218-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12665-025-12218-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In order to investigate the damage behaviour of MX80 bentonite pellet in mixture, suction-controlled oedometer tests were conducted using vapor equilibrium technique (VET). After wetted to different suctions (113 to 4.2 MPa) at a given vertical stress <i>σ</i>_v of 0.1 MPa, MX80 bentonite pellet/powder mixtures were loaded in steps till different <i>σ</i>_v values (0.1, 3.2 and 12.8 MPa), then instantaneously unloaded. The damage behaviour was studied on pellets using Micro-Computed Tomography (micro-CT) and Mercury Intrusion Porosimetry (MIP), due to the difficulty of extruding loose bentonite mixture as a whole at high suctions. MIP results showed that significant cracks occurred during wetting (suction decreasing), while cracking evolution during loading was more complex due to the coupled effects of suction and loading. At high suctions (<i>s</i> ≥ 57 MPa), cracks continuously propagated during loading, as opposed to the consistent crack closure at low suction (4.2 MPa). For intermediate suctions between 38 and 9 MPa, cracks propagated in the low stress range (0.1 to 3.2 MPa), while closed in the low stress range (3.2 to 12.8 MPa). In addition, micro-CT images revealed that due to wetting thin cracks preferentially occurred in the marginal area of pellets because wetting started from this area. By contrast, loading mainly generated extended cracks in pellets, which propagated from the centre to the border. Based on the experimental results, a damage coefficient <i>D</i> proposed to quantify the wetting- and loading-induced damage. This coefficient was defined as the ratio of the macro-pore volume to the total volume in pellet. It appears that <i>D</i> increased with the decrease of suction. During loading, <i>D</i> consistently increased at high suctions (<i>s</i> ≥ 57 MPa), as opposed to the lowest suction (4.2 MPa). However, at medium suctions (38 to 9 MPa), <i>D</i> increased at the low stress level, but decreased at the high stress level.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":542,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Earth Sciences","volume":"84 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143786477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dual impacts of urbanization and precipitation on subsidence in Chongqing revealed by SBAS-InSAR","authors":"Jinlai Zhang,&nbsp;Yuxiang Tao,&nbsp;Pinglang Kou,&nbsp;Zhao Jin,&nbsp;Yijian Huang,&nbsp;Jinhu Cui,&nbsp;Wenli Liang,&nbsp;Rui Liu","doi":"10.1007/s12665-025-12230-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12665-025-12230-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Southwest China’s rapid urbanization has intensified ground subsidence, threatening infrastructure and the environment. However, the complex mechanisms behind urban subsidence are still poorly understood. This study harnesses 44 Sentinel-1 A images and InSAR to gauge spatiotemporal patterns of urbanized subsidence in Chongqing from 2021 to 2022. Results reveal subsidence up to 8 mm/yr across 26 km², with hotspots near subway lines, construction sites, and agricultural regions. Subsidence along metro lines likely stems from excavation and vibrations during operation. The proliferation of high-rise buildings has sharply increased loading, accelerating consolidation and deformation. Agricultural land experiences substantial subsidence due to groundwater extraction. Moreover, precipitation demonstrates a negative correlation with subsidence. Heavy rainfall during spring and summer replenishes soil moisture, alleviating consolidation. Meanwhile, reduced precipitation in fall and winter diminishes support from bedrock, aggravating subsidence. These findings underscore anthropogenic activities as primary drivers of urban subsidence. Monitoring infrastructure and minimizing land conversion is critical for mitigation. This study demonstrates InSAR’s prowess in unveiling subsidence mechanisms, guiding sustainable urban development.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":542,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Earth Sciences","volume":"84 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143786548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical investigation of the influence of fractal characteristics on grouting diffusion process in soil-rock mixture","authors":"Jinsheng Lei,&nbsp;Yuanyuan Zhou,&nbsp;Xinghua Chen","doi":"10.1007/s12665-025-12204-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12665-025-12204-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The examination of pore fractal characteristics and tortuosity fractal characteristics in soil-rock mixtures, along with the consolidation process through grouting, is crucial for accurately predicting the mechanical behavior of soil after grouting. The current investigation explores the fractal attributes of soil-rock mixtures, with a specific focus on the fractal features of porosity and tortuosity. A field equation has been developed to couple the seepage field and stress field, incorporating the concept of tortuosity. A diffusion model is subsequently formulated for grouting within strata, employing soil-rock mixtures as the grouting medium. A comparison was conducted to assess the diffusion range of grouting at different time intervals, and an investigation was carried out to examine the self-similarity of the diffusion boundary of cement slurry within the soil-rock mixture. Moreover, the study examines the influence of the fractal characteristics of the soil-rock composite on the grouting diffusion process. The study investigates the relationship between the fractal dimension and the maximum radius of grouting diffusion. The research findings suggest that the porosity and tortuosity features of soil-rock mixtures have a substantial impact on the diffusion behavior of grout within porous media and offer theoretical backing for the implementation of grouting in soil-rock mixture formations.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":542,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Earth Sciences","volume":"84 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143786443","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Deciphering the site effect as one of reasons causing severe building damages in Kahramanmaraş and Antakya in February 6 2023 earthquakes, Turkey","authors":"Quan Song,&nbsp;Yefei Ren,&nbsp;Baofeng Zhou,&nbsp;Yongqiang Yang,&nbsp;Aiwen Liu,&nbsp;Ruizhi Wen,&nbsp;Jiale Lv,&nbsp;Yingxin Hui","doi":"10.1007/s12665-025-12103-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12665-025-12103-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The impact of site effects on ground motion is a critical factor for earthquake disaster prevention and mitigation, as these effects can amplify ground motion and affect building fragility. On February 6, 2023, southeastern Turkey was struck by two strong earthquakes, with magnitudes of <i>M</i>_w7.7 and <i>M</i>_w7.6, followed by numerous aftershocks. These events resulted in severe casualties and substantial economic losses. Field investigations revealed severe damage to mid-rise and high-rise buildings in Kahramanmaraş and Antakya. Both cities are located in valley regions, which are particularly susceptible to earthquake damage due to the amplification of ground motion caused by soft soil conditions and valley topography. In this paper, Horizontal-to-Vertical Spectral Ratio (H/V) technique is used to decipher how site effects affect ground motion and damage using the strong motion records. The analysis revealed that the predominant frequency of ground motion decreases near the valley areas and increases toward the hill slopes. These spatial variations in predominant frequency have significant implications for building safety. Structures located in areas where the predominant frequency matches their natural frequency are more prone to resonance effects, significantly increasing the risk of damage during seismic events. Additionally, the study found that the nonlinearity of the site conditions amplified the acceleration response spectrum at a period of 1 s. This amplification exceeded the local structural design capacity. The findings indicate that site effects can significantly intensify earthquake damage in Kahramanmaraş and Antakya by amplifying ground motion and increasing the vulnerability of mid-rise and high-rise structures.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":542,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Earth Sciences","volume":"84 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143786517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of thinning on soil microbial community and carbon fractions and their relationships in coastal protected forests","authors":"Jiarun Xu,&nbsp;Wenli Zhu,&nbsp;Shuhan Yu,&nbsp;Xingjian Dun,&nbsp;Dingmeng Hu,&nbsp;Dongxi Liao,&nbsp;Ming Hao,&nbsp;Fengjie Lian,&nbsp;Zixu Zhang,&nbsp;Peng Gao","doi":"10.1007/s12665-025-12202-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12665-025-12202-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Thinning plays a critical role in soil carbon (C) sequestration by influencing forest density, soil microbial properties, and other factors. However, the relationship between soil microorganisms and soil organic carbon (SOC) fractions in coastal shelterbelts under thinning remains weak, especially regarding the effects of microbial-rich taxa on SOC fractions. This study examined <i>Pinus thunbergii Parlatore</i> (PTP) and <i>Quercus acutissima Carruth.</i> (QAC) forests after four years of thinning, analyzing changes in soil microbial communities and SOC fractions in the 0–20 cm surface layer. Besides, the SOC fractions affected by different abundance taxa of soil microbes during thinning were also analyzed. Thinning reduced Chao1 and ACE indices for soil bacterial communities in PTP and QAC forests, while fungal communities significantly increased. The relative abundance of abundant soil bacterial taxa rose by 3.33% (<i>P</i> &lt; 0.05) in QAC, whereas abundant fungal taxa decreased by 7.22% (<i>P</i> &lt; 0.05). Abundant fungal taxa, including Ascomycota and Basidiomycota, affected particulate organic carbon (POC), while bacterial taxa, such as Acidobacteriota and Proteobacteria, positively impacted mineral-associated organic carbon (MAOC). SOC fractions showed preferential changes, with POC decreasing by 21.61% (<i>P</i> &lt; 0.05) in PTP and 24.41% (<i>P</i> &lt; 0.05) in QAC, while MAOC rose by 22.95% (<i>P</i> &lt; 0.05) in PTP and 6.53% (<i>P</i> &gt; 0.05) in QAC. The carbon quality index (CQI) significantly increased by 56.76% (<i>P</i> &lt; 0.05) in PTP and 38.89% (<i>P</i> &lt; 0.05) in QAC. These findings demonstrate that thinning influences the active SOC fractions by altering the composition of the abundant soil microbial taxa, thereby promoting the stability of the soil carbon pool in protected coastal forests.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":542,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Earth Sciences","volume":"84 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143786466","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A geospatial approach to understanding sinkhole formation in Akgöl Wetland, Türkiye","authors":"Muhammed Zeynel Öztürk,&nbsp;Murat Poyraz,&nbsp;Hüseyin Duman,&nbsp;Enes Taşoğlu","doi":"10.1007/s12665-025-12225-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12665-025-12225-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The over-extraction of groundwater for agricultural purposes in the Konya Closed Basin (KCB) has led to land subsidence and new cover collapse sinkholes (CCS) in regions like the Akgöl Wetland (AW), where such occurrences were previously absent. InSAR data from 2014 to 2023 indicate that the average annual subsidence in AW varies between 15 mm/year and 30 mm/year. Alarmingly, in specific locations, the cumulative subsidence has reached 230 mm over nine years. The significant subsidence observed in the southern region of the study area aligns with a fault line between limestone and alluvial deposits. Furthermore, several bedrock collapse sinkholes (BCS) are seen in the limestone south of the lake. The orientations and alignments of the long axes of these dolines are pointed towards the region where recent CCS has developed. This may suggest the existence of an ancient bedrock collapse structure beneath the alluvium. During intense rainfall, the former lake region experiences transient flooding, with surface water draining southward, converging at the fault line and concealed BCS beneath the alluvium. This flow has induced CCS formation due to the concentration of groundwater flow within the intersection zone. The results of this study emphasise that it is necessary to develop integrated hazard mitigation plans, considering hydrology, lithology, structural geology, remote sensing, and geomorphology to address issues such as the KCB and other global problems.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":542,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Earth Sciences","volume":"84 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12665-025-12225-0.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143793124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment and trends of temporal‐spatial changes in land use and slope on soil erosion dynamics: a case study in the Qianhe Graben, China","authors":"Zhiheng Liu,&nbsp;Wenjie Zhang,&nbsp;Chenyang Li,&nbsp;Tingting Wu,&nbsp;Jianhua Guo,&nbsp;Zongwei Wang,&nbsp;Suiping Zhou,&nbsp;Ling Han","doi":"10.1007/s12665-025-12093-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12665-025-12093-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Soil erosion is a process triggered by natural forces such as water and wind that strips away the soil layer from the Earth's surface and transports it elsewhere, posing a significant threat to agricultural production and human habitats. To quantify the temporal‐spatial response of surface soil erosion to land use/land cover (LULC) and slope changes in Qianhe Graben during 2003–2018, remote sensing and DEM data were integrated to estimate by using Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) model. Our results showed that the surface soil erosion in the study area was at a slight or low level and decreased with a rate of 0.74 t ha⁻¹ year⁻¹. The mean erosion rates of different LULC in Qianhe Graben followed by sloping cropland &gt; barelands and residential areas &gt; flat cropland &gt; grasslands &gt; woodland, which is related to the LULC transformation process. Finally, the total soil loss amounts are mainly distributed at the slope zones of 8°–15° and 15°–25°, particularly for cropland in hilly and gully areas. Overall, these results not only give evidence for the effectiveness of the “Grain‐to‐Green” Project but also give significant assistance for the implementation of soil and water conservation measures.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":542,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Earth Sciences","volume":"84 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143769936","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}