Environmental Earth Sciences最新文献

{"title":"Comparative assessment of classical and machine learning approaches for rainfall data restoration","authors":"Alireza Borhani Dariane,&nbsp;Matineh Imani Borhan","doi":"10.1007/s12665-025-12255-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12665-025-12255-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Incorporating a comprehensive long-term hydrological data is a crucial aspect of conducting water resource management studies. This approach enhances the precision of hydrological models. This article aims to investigate and compare various classical and machine learning (ML) methods for recovering missing rainfall data. The study focuses on five mountainous basins in the Central Alborz Ranges in Iran, utilizing 30 years of data. The classical methods used in the study include arithmetic average (AA), linear regression (LR), multiple linear regression (MLR), inverse distance weighting (IDW), kriging with three different semi-variogram and normal ratio (NR) models, and a suggested linear regression-arithmetic average (LR-AA) method. The ultimate goal is to identify suitable methods for accurately recovering missing rainfall data in the studied region. Several machine learning methods were employed to restore precipitation data, such as artificial neural networks (ANN), support vector regression (SVR), M5 trees, and, as a novel approach, two types of adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference systems (ANFIS). To ensure that the selected duration does not have any potential impact, three intervals of artificial gaps have been incorporated to minimize the uncertainties in recovery period. These periods include 1990–1993, 2002–2005, and 2011–2014. In addition, a Social Choice method was coupled with the evaluation criteria to enhance the comparison process. In general, the results indicate that machine learning methods outperform than the classical approaches. For example, during the gap of 2002–2005 in the Karaj basin, the SVR method is the most effective method with RMSE, NSE and <span>({text{R}}^{2})</span> criteria of 7.31 mm, 0.97, and 0.97, respectively. The proposed AA-LR method was found to perform better than AA or LR as well as most other classical methods. All methods have been thoroughly evaluated and compared using various criteria and aspects, making them a valuable reference for hydrological studies involving rainfall data recovery.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":542,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Earth Sciences","volume":"84 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143938389","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hydrochemical characteristics and source identification of nitrate in surface water and shallow groundwater in the Poyang Lake Basin, China","authors":"Yihui Dong,&nbsp;Shiyi Zhu,&nbsp;Jiale Li,&nbsp;Wenwen Liu,&nbsp;Zebing Li,&nbsp;Zhanxue Sun,&nbsp;Chunhuang Liu","doi":"10.1007/s12665-025-12277-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12665-025-12277-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The hydrochemical characteristics and nitrate nitrogen–oxygen isotopes of lake water systems provide critical insights for identifying nitrate pollution sources and elucidating their formation mechanisms. This study investigated the Poyang Lake Basin using an integrated approach combining graphical analysis, statistical modeling, and Bayesian inference, based on 26 surface water and 31 groundwater samples collected in November 2019. The results revealed complex hydrochemical diversity in the study area, with HCO₃-Ca type water dominating both surface water (92.3%) and shallow groundwater (83.9%). While surface water originated primarily from atmospheric precipitation, shallow groundwater showed additional influences from water–rock interactions and cation exchange. Carbonate rocks, evaporites, and silicates constituted the primary anion sources for groundwater. Surface water nitrate exhibited strong positive correlations (r = 0.54–0.93) with TDS, HCO₃⁻, Cl⁻, SO₄²⁻, and major cations (K⁺, Ca²⁺, Na⁺, Mg²⁺). In contrast, groundwater nitrate demonstrated weaker correlations (r = 0.31–0.63) with these parameters, suggesting more intricate formation processes. Neither nitrification nor denitrification significantly influenced basin water chemistry. Source apportionment analysis identified soil nitrogen (45.2%) as the dominant nitrate contributor in surface water, followed by atmospheric deposition (28.1%), agricultural fertilizers (19.7%), and domestic waste (7.0%). These findings establish a theoretical foundation for ecological management and nitrate pollution control through comprehensive hydrochemical characterization and pollution source identification.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":542,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Earth Sciences","volume":"84 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143938190","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Resilience-based assessment of seismic risk by investigating the socioeconomic and structural earthquake engineering factors","authors":"Peyman Narjabadifam,&nbsp;Farshad Karazmay,&nbsp;Mohammad Noori,&nbsp;Donatello Cardone,&nbsp;Ehsan Noroozinejad Farsangi,&nbsp;Tao Wang,&nbsp;Fabio Orlando Stirnimann,&nbsp;Reza Hajizadeh,&nbsp;Marco Domaneschi,&nbsp;Dipanjan Basu,&nbsp;Wael A. Altabey,&nbsp;Raffaele Cucuzza,&nbsp;Ji Dang","doi":"10.1007/s12665-025-12274-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12665-025-12274-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Various impacts of earthquakes in different countries with distinct social and economic conditions (SEC) indicate that seismic risk is affected by SEC. It is also well accepted that seismic risk depends, through the quality of structures in built environments, on structural earthquake engineering (SEE) actions. The consequences of earthquakes correspondingly affect SEC and the status of SEE, at least by attracting attention to engineering solutions that aim to overcome the continuing challenge of safety against earthquakes. SEC and SEE are therefore two fundamental dimensions of sustainable seismic resilience, which is the key earthquake disaster risk reduction strategy. This paper explores resilience-related interactions between SEC and SEE to help humanity more effectively cope with the earthquake challenge. Ten earthquake-prone countries are selected as case studies. SEC are statistically evaluated based on some related criteria, including migration rate and monetary flow. The status of SEE is thoroughly investigated by considering both direct and indirect factors. The application of seismic isolation, the well-known SEE solution, and completeness of open street map projects are the studied direct factors. Death tolls and economic losses are considered as the indirect factors relating to inappropriate and inadequate preparedness against earthquakes. Interactions between SEC and SEE are discussed through detailed comparisons of the studied measures, and seismic risk is assessed based on resilience. It is shown that disaster risk reduction essentially requires economic support by the government and this can occur if the society is aware of the need for implementing effective SEE techniques in civil engineering practice.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":542,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Earth Sciences","volume":"84 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143930111","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"First insights into the Late Quaternary fluvial history of the Nan River, northern Thailand","authors":"Prapawadee Srisunthon,&nbsp;Mubarak Abdulkarim,&nbsp;Alexander Berger,&nbsp;Damien Ertlen,&nbsp;Alexander Fülling,&nbsp;Lea Kirch,&nbsp;Daniela Mueller,&nbsp;Meike Reubold,&nbsp;Frank Preusser","doi":"10.1007/s12665-025-12243-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12665-025-12243-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Reconstructing fluvial dynamics is a fundamental requirement for understating the interaction between past environmental changes and human adaptation. This study focuses on the central part of the floodplain of the Nan River in northern Thailand that likely played a role in the catastrophic flood of 1818 CE, which damaged the ancient of Nan city and forced its relocation. We investigated nine sediment cores from the floodplain and from the eastern tributaries of the Nan River, to identify the potential source of floods in the past. By combining the analyses of sedimentary characteristics and provenance, the study reveals that the eastern tributaries were the dominant sediment source for most areas, with the Nan River only influencing areas close to its channel. According to optically stimulated luminescence dating, the highest sediment accumulation occurred during the eleventh to thirteenth centuries CE, coinciding with agricultural expansion and deforestation, suggesting increased erosion in the catchment of the tributaries. These findings challenge the assumption that the main Nan River has been the primary contributor to flooding catastrophes in the region and highlights the potential crucial role of smaller tributaries in similar settings in other parts of the globe.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":542,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Earth Sciences","volume":"84 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12665-025-12243-y.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143925524","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Timescales and solute breakthrough distances of diffusive radionuclide transport in low-permeability porous media","authors":"Aaron Peche,&nbsp;Tuong Vi Tran,&nbsp;Theresa Hennig,&nbsp;Vinay Kumar,&nbsp;Robert Kringel,&nbsp;Sven Altfelder","doi":"10.1007/s12665-025-12182-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12665-025-12182-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The calculation of radionuclide transport in the subsurface is an important part of analyses to evaluate safety of nuclear waste disposal sites. Such calculations often emphasize on the solute breakthrough in space and time. In this context, unfractured low-permeability porous media represent effective radionuclide retention because diffusion becomes the dominant mode of transport. Under such conditions and for safe containment, diffusion is desired to be smallest, optimally in combination with large retardation by e.g. sorption. The present study investigates timescales and solute breakthrough distances for selected radionuclides in low-permeability porous media. The used mathematical model is the solute transport equation incorporating the processes of diffusion, sorption, and decay. Firstly, published physical through-diffusion experiments are recalculated in order to validate the transport parameters using a numerical simulator. Secondly, timescales and distances of radionuclide breakthrough are calculated using an analytical model. The simulation results indicate that solute breakthrough converges at a certain distance as decay becomes the dominant process limiting transport. For example, the migration of <span>(^{36})</span>Cl in Opalinus Clay converges at a solute breakthrough distance of approximately 162 m for timescales beyond 10 Mio years. Based on the results, an expression based on the <span>(2{text {nd}})</span> Damköhler number is introduced and its accuracy is demonstrated. With this simple equation, maximum solute breakthrough distances can be calculated based solely on the input of a dimensionsless number, the effective diffusion coefficient, the effective porosity or capacity factor, and the physical half-life. That expression is accurate (<span>(R^2=1.00)</span>) for non-sorbing radionuclides acting as inert tracers. For sorbing radionuclides, that equation deviates more from simulation results (<span>(R^2=0.77)</span>). Results of the present study contribute to long term safety analyses of nuclear waste disposal sites.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":542,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Earth Sciences","volume":"84 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12665-025-12182-8.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143930121","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spatio-temporal characteristics and factors influencing groundwater recharge in a large agricultural drainage lake basin, northwest China","authors":"Keyi Zhang,&nbsp;Shen Qu,&nbsp;Jiaming Zhou,&nbsp;Yuanzhen Zhao,&nbsp;Hairu Mao,&nbsp;Zilong Liao,&nbsp;Xiangqian Yu,&nbsp;Ruihong Yu","doi":"10.1007/s12665-025-12188-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12665-025-12188-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The Ulansuhai Lake basin is a key agricultural region in northwest China. However, the impact of climate change and human activities on groundwater recharge patterns is not understood well. Herein, water samples during different seasons were analysed for δD and δ¹⁸O. Based on HYSPLIT and statistical methods, the results show that groundwater recharge primarily comes from agricultural irrigation return flow and precipitation. During monsoon seasons, precipitation infiltrates and recharges shallow groundwater, while in the autumn irrigation period, evaporated water recharges shallow groundwater via soil infiltration. Spatially, the eastern basin experiences more rainfall recharge, leading to heavy isotope depletion, while irrigation activities in the western basin result in isotopic enrichment. Factors including elevation, evapotranspiration, salinity, and irrigation influence the isotopic composition of groundwater, demonstrating significant regional and seasonal variations. Recharge from high-altitude areas usually leads to isotope depletion, while an increase in potential evapotranspiration enhances the enrichment of δ¹⁸O and δD. Additionally, the rise in salinity caused by evaporation is closely associated with isotope enrichment, and the infiltration of high-phosphorus concentration irrigation water further promotes isotope enrichment. This study provides new insights into the groundwater recharge characteristics in the Ulansuhai Lake basin and encourages the management of groundwater resources.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":542,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Earth Sciences","volume":"84 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143925525","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Research progress on the static and dynamic strength of cement solidified coastal soft clay in China: a review","authors":"Deluan Feng,&nbsp;Yang Yu,&nbsp;Zixin Lin,&nbsp;Shihua Liang","doi":"10.1007/s12665-025-12252-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12665-025-12252-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Coastal regions are typically characterized by extensive deposits of soft clay, which are notable for their high water content, high compressibility, high organic matter content, low bearing capacity, low permeability, and prolonged stabilization time, collectively referred to as “three highs, two lows, and one long”. Solidification treatment stands out as a prevalent and effective method for enhancing the properties of this soft clay. An in-depth understanding of the static and dynamic characteristics of cement-solidified soft clay is essential to ensure the long-term safety and stability of coastal foundations. This paper reviews the static and dynamic properties and durability of cement-solidified coastal soft clay, elucidates the multi-scale coupling mechanism of cement solidification in coastal soft clay, addresses the existing research gaps, and proposes future research directions. The findings of this study offer valuable insights for the advancement of both scientific research and practical engineering applications.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":542,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Earth Sciences","volume":"84 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143919212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Environmental and health risk assessment of potentially toxic elements and spatial distribution in soils of lavrio mining area, Greece: A meta-synthesis","authors":"Ourania Daferera,&nbsp;Konstantinos X. Soulis,&nbsp;Orestis Kairis,&nbsp;Dionisios Gasparatos","doi":"10.1007/s12665-025-12280-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12665-025-12280-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The Lavrio mining district, well known for its millennia of mining and metallurgical activity, has attracted increasing attention due to its polymetallic pollution. The present pollution can possibly pose a threat not only to the environment but also to the local population. In this study, utilizing geochemical data collected and screened from the latest published articles (2018–2022), environmental, non-carcinogenic, and carcinogenic risks were assessed using advanced pollution indices. The objective is to evaluate the environmental and health risks and to produce hazard maps corresponding to Cadmium, Lead, Zinc and Arsenic elements. The data underwent statistical analysis to examine the possible effect of the metallurgical processing waste zones on the studied Potentially Toxic Elements-PTEs. Findings reveal that risk is highest across all the applied environmental indices except for Zn according to the Er index. Cadmium, Pb, and As may pose non-carcinogenic risks, while As has a cancerous effect on adults and children and Pb is dangerous solely in the case of children. All PTEs show a positive correlation between them with Cd and Zn displaying a significantly positive correlation, while a negative correlation is observed between PTEs’ content and the distance of the sampling points from the mines. The distribution fit of the PTEs’ concentration was not normal, and the waste zones were identified as a pollution source for Cd and As. The results underscore the necessity for further study in the area with a new dense grid sampling and new measures to rehabilitate the polluted soil.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":542,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Earth Sciences","volume":"84 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12665-025-12280-7.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143919213","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advancing soil temperature forecasts: an integrated evaluation of input variable selection techniques and their synergistic potential in predictive modelling","authors":"Seyed Mostafa Biazar,&nbsp;Golmar Golmohammadi,&nbsp;Rohith Nehunuri,&nbsp;Amartya Saha,&nbsp;Kourosh Mohammadi","doi":"10.1007/s12665-025-12254-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12665-025-12254-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Soil temperature is a critical factor influencing plant growth, crop yield, and ecological processes. This study evaluates feature selection techniques to improve soil temperature forecasting. We applied these techniques to 39 weather stations across Florida, using meteorological data spanning 2000 to 2022, with 13 input variables, including evapotranspiration and minimum temperature. Three models, namely Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP) Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), and Neural Basis Expansion Analysis for Time series (N-BEATS), are used. Moreover, three optimization algorithms are applied to improve the MLP model’s accuracy: Adam, RangerAdaBelief, and AdaBelief. When integrated with the innovative SS_MLP_AdaBelief model, the standout method, Stability Selection demonstrated significant predictive accuracy, underscoring the importance of evapotranspiration and minimum temperature as key variables. The model achieved an RMSE of 0.328, an NSE of 0.873, and a CC of 0.95 at the Alachua station, demonstrating strong predictive performance. Similar trends were observed across multiple locations, indicating the model’s consistency and reliability in soil temperature forecasting. Despite the N-Beats model’s limitations, our comparative analysis, visualized through Taylor diagrams, emphasizes the necessity for precise feature selection and the synergistic application of variables and models. This research not only advances the field of soil temperature prediction but also offers valuable insights for future applications, highlighting the potential of methodical feature selection and model integration in overcoming the challenges of traditional deep learning approaches. Future research should explore hybrid deep learning architectures, larger datasets, and real-time predictive applications. This study advances soil temperature forecasting by demonstrating the synergistic impact of feature selection and optimization techniques, contributing to precision agriculture, climate change adaptation, and environmental sustainability.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":542,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Earth Sciences","volume":"84 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143913909","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrated approach to investigate groundwater nitrate nitrogen pollution and remediation simulation in Shimabara Peninsula, Nagasaki, Japan","authors":"Kei Nakagawa,&nbsp;Hiroki Amano,&nbsp;Fumiaki Shinkai,&nbsp;Ai Wakasa,&nbsp;Ronny Berndtsson","doi":"10.1007/s12665-025-12279-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12665-025-12279-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Groundwater is the general source of drinking water in the Shimabara Peninsula, Nagasaki, Japan, and consequently, occurring nitrate nitrogen (NO₃-N) pollution in the groundwater is a significant problem. Although various countermeasures have been implemented, nitrate nitrogen concentrations remain serious. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate effects of different potentially effective countermeasures by simulating various remediation processes using numerical calculations. First, to determine the status of nitrate nitrogen pollution and groundwater quality, we sampled and analyzed 179 groundwater and spring water samples from 2011 to 2021. Principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) were used to characterize the water quality. A trilinear diagram classified most groundwater samples into Ca-HCO₃ and Ca–(SO₄ + NO₃) types. A small number of samples were classified as Na-HCO₃ type. PCA extracted three principal components, accounting for 82% of the total variance. The extracted principal components indicated that mineral dissolution with water–rock interaction, nitrate nitrogen pollution, denitrification, and seawater pollution control the water chemistry in the study area. HCA classified 179 samples into five clusters. The combination of PCA and HCA results revealed that each cluster had markedly different ion concentrations depending on the degree of influence of each principal component. The nitrate nitrogen concentration ranged from 0.1 to 42.8 mg/L, and the average was 4.5 mg/L. Compared with the Japanese drinking water standard of 10 mg/L, 23 sites (13%) exceeded the standard. The spatial distribution of nitrate nitrogen concentration showed that nitrate nitrogen pollution is particularly severe in the northeastern region. Therefore, a numerical model of groundwater flow and nitrate nitrogen transport was developed to simulate nitrate nitrogen behavior in the northeastern region. To simulate the remediation process from nitrate nitrogen pollution, the reduction in nitrate nitrogen supply from agricultural land (fertilizer) and livestock facilities was assumed to be between 0 and 80% in 20 cases. The simulation results showed that the current pollution situation is a result achieved over the past 44 years. To reduce pollution in the most effective way, a 40% reduction in fertilizer applied to agricultural land is necessary. This is likely to reduce the nitrate nitrogen level in groundwater to permissible levels after approximately 50 years. These simulations of the remediation process are important for the determination of reduction target of the pollutants and necessary administrative decision-making.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":542,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Earth Sciences","volume":"84 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143913925","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}