Impact of the 2023 earthquake in Türkiye on air quality using Sentinel-5P satellite data: a comparative analysis

Abstract

This study examines how the February 6, 2023, earthquake in Türkiye affected air quality and vertical column densities using Sentinel-5P satellite data. It focuses on changes in six air quality parameters: ozone (O₃), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide (NO₂), sulfur dioxide (SO₂), formaldehyde (HCHO), and ultraviolet aerosol index (UVAI). The analysis compares data from before and after the earthquake across ten affected provinces. Paired t-tests and comparative methods were used to assess spatial and temporal changes. The results show a decline in NO₂, SO₂, HCHO, and UVAI levels, likely due to lower industrial and vehicle emissions. In contrast, CO and O₃ levels rose initially, possibly due to combustion from temporary shelters and other activities, before decreasing over time. Year-over-year comparisons indicate broader reductions in CO, NO₂, and O₃, while SO₂, HCHO, and UVAI levels increased, influenced by regional factors and weather conditions. The findings highlight the effects of seismic events on air quality and the need for region-specific environmental strategies after disasters. The study also shows how satellite data can help monitor these changes and suggests long-term tracking for a better understanding of disaster impacts.