{"title":"Analysis of karst groundwater evolution and strontium sources in xujiagou: A hydrochemical and strontium isotope analysis","authors":"Yun Lin, Yi-meng He, Ya-zun Wu","doi":"10.1007/s12665-025-12553-1","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study integrates hydrochemical analysis with strontium isotope tracing to investigate strontium sources and enrichment mechanisms in the Xujiagou karst system, North China. Groundwater samples (<i>n</i> = 36) across exposed, covered, and buried area were analyzed for spatiotemporal Sr²⁺ concentrations variations and isotopic signatures. Results reveal distinct spatial zoning: Sr²⁺ concentrations increase from southwest recharge zones to northeast discharge zones, correlating with longer flow paths and enhanced groundwater-rock interaction. Temporally, dry season Sr²⁺ concentration was higher than wet season in 2018, but extreme rainfall in 2021 reversed this trend in confined zones due to accelerated carbonate dissolution. Strong Sr/Ca–Sr/Mg correlations (R²=0.45) confirm carbonate weathering as the primary strontium source. However, the <sup>87</sup>Sr/<sup>86</sup>Sr ratios of samples exceeding typical carbonate values, coupled with elevated Cl⁻ and depressed Sr²⁺/(K⁺+Na⁺) in coal-mining areas, demonstrate significant anthropogenic inputs from agriculture and sewage. Through the analysis of different nitrate sources, it is found that the Sr²⁺ concentrations is influenced by manure and sewage, while the <sup>87</sup>Sr/<sup>86</sup>Sr ratio is affected by fertilizers, further supporting the presence of diverse anthropogenic impacts. The research results show that karst groundwater in the Xujiagou Spring area has been contaminated to varying degrees by human activities. It is imperative to strengthen the protection of karst groundwater to ensure sustainable development of the regional economy, society, and ecology.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":542,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Earth Sciences","volume":"84 19","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8000,"publicationDate":"2025-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Environmental Earth Sciences","FirstCategoryId":"93","ListUrlMain":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12665-025-12553-1","RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q3","JCRName":"ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
This study integrates hydrochemical analysis with strontium isotope tracing to investigate strontium sources and enrichment mechanisms in the Xujiagou karst system, North China. Groundwater samples (n = 36) across exposed, covered, and buried area were analyzed for spatiotemporal Sr²⁺ concentrations variations and isotopic signatures. Results reveal distinct spatial zoning: Sr²⁺ concentrations increase from southwest recharge zones to northeast discharge zones, correlating with longer flow paths and enhanced groundwater-rock interaction. Temporally, dry season Sr²⁺ concentration was higher than wet season in 2018, but extreme rainfall in 2021 reversed this trend in confined zones due to accelerated carbonate dissolution. Strong Sr/Ca–Sr/Mg correlations (R²=0.45) confirm carbonate weathering as the primary strontium source. However, the 87Sr/86Sr ratios of samples exceeding typical carbonate values, coupled with elevated Cl⁻ and depressed Sr²⁺/(K⁺+Na⁺) in coal-mining areas, demonstrate significant anthropogenic inputs from agriculture and sewage. Through the analysis of different nitrate sources, it is found that the Sr²⁺ concentrations is influenced by manure and sewage, while the 87Sr/86Sr ratio is affected by fertilizers, further supporting the presence of diverse anthropogenic impacts. The research results show that karst groundwater in the Xujiagou Spring area has been contaminated to varying degrees by human activities. It is imperative to strengthen the protection of karst groundwater to ensure sustainable development of the regional economy, society, and ecology.
期刊介绍：
Environmental Earth Sciences is an international multidisciplinary journal concerned with all aspects of interaction between humans, natural resources, ecosystems, special climates or unique geographic zones, and the earth:
Water and soil contamination caused by waste management and disposal practices
Environmental problems associated with transportation by land, air, or water
Geological processes that may impact biosystems or humans
Man-made or naturally occurring geological or hydrological hazards
Environmental problems associated with the recovery of materials from the earth
Environmental problems caused by extraction of minerals, coal, and ores, as well as oil and gas, water and alternative energy sources
Environmental impacts of exploration and recultivation – Environmental impacts of hazardous materials
Management of environmental data and information in data banks and information systems
Dissemination of knowledge on techniques, methods, approaches and experiences to improve and remediate the environment
In pursuit of these topics, the geoscientific disciplines are invited to contribute their knowledge and experience. Major disciplines include: hydrogeology, hydrochemistry, geochemistry, geophysics, engineering geology, remediation science, natural resources management, environmental climatology and biota, environmental geography, soil science and geomicrobiology.
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