Gm Crops & Food-Biotechnology in Agriculture and the Food Chain最新文献

{"title":"Pyramiding of <i>cry</i> toxins and methanol producing genes to increase insect resistance in cotton.","authors":"Abdul Razzaq,&nbsp;Arfan Ali,&nbsp;Muhammad Mubashar Zafar,&nbsp;Aisha Nawaz,&nbsp;Deng Xiaoying,&nbsp;Li Pengtao,&nbsp;Ge Qun,&nbsp;Muhammad Ashraf,&nbsp;Maozhi Ren,&nbsp;Wankui Gong,&nbsp;Yuan Youlu","doi":"10.1080/21645698.2021.1944013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21645698.2021.1944013","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The idea of enhanced methanol production from cell wall by pectin methyl esterase enzymes (PME) combined with expression of <i>cry</i> genes from <i>Bacillus thuringiensis</i> as a strategy to improve insect pest control in cotton is presented. We constructed a cassette containing two <i>cry</i> genes (<i>cry1Fa</i> and <i>Cry32Aa</i>) and two <i>pme</i> genes, one from <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i> (<i>AtPME</i>), and other from <i>Aspergillus. niger</i> (<i>AnPME</i>) in pCAMBIA1301 plant expression vector using CAMV-35S promoter. This construction was transformed in Eagle-2 cotton variety by using shoot apex-cut <i>Agrobacterium</i>-mediated transformation. Expression of <i>cry</i> genes and <i>pme</i> genes was confirmed by qPCR. Methanol production was measured in control and in the <i>cry</i> and <i>pme</i> transformed plants showing methanol production only in transformed plants, in contrast to the non-transgenic cotton plants. Finally, insect bioassays performed with transgenic plants expressing <i>cry</i> and <i>pme</i> genes showed 100% mortality for <i>Helicoverpa armigera</i> (cotton bollworm) larvae, 70% mortality for <i>Pectinophora gossypiella</i> (pink bollworm) larvae and 95% mortality of <i>Earias fabia</i>, (spotted bollworm) larvae, that was higher than the transgenic plants expressing only <i>cry</i> genes that showed 84%, 49% and 79% mortality, respectively. These results demonstrate that Bt. <i>cry</i>-genes coupled with <i>pme</i> genes are an effective strategy to improve the control of different insect pests.</p>","PeriodicalId":54282,"journal":{"name":"Gm Crops & Food-Biotechnology in Agriculture and the Food Chain","volume":"12 1","pages":"382-395"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2021-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/21645698.2021.1944013","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39125787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Swedish consumers´ attitudes and values to genetic modification and conventional plant breeding - The case of fruit and vegetables.","authors":"Sara Spendrup,&nbsp;Dennis Eriksson,&nbsp;Fredrik Fernqvist","doi":"10.1080/21645698.2021.1921544","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21645698.2021.1921544","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study examined public attitudes to genetic modification (GM) and conventional plant breeding and explored general differences in attitudes to these two types of breeding concepts, including the effect of individual personal characteristics such as gender and age. It also sought to identify the influence of personal values linked to attitudes to GM crops and conventional plant breeding, following Schwartz value theory. Relations between specific values and attitudes to GM organisms (GMOs) have been studied previously, but not gender- and age-specific relations between specific values and attitudes to conventional plant breeding. Data were collected in this study using a questionnaire completed on-line by 1500 Swedish consumers in 2019. The questionnaire covered three different aspects: 1) sociodemographic data, including gender and age; 2) attitudes to GMO/conventional plant breeding; and 3) values, measured using the human values scale. It was found that consumers expressed more positive attitudes to conventional plant breeding than to GMO, men expressed more positive attitudes to both conventional plant breeding and GMO than women did, and younger consumers expressed more positive attitudes to GMO than older consumers did. A negative correlation between attitudes to conventional plant breeding and the value 'tradition', but no correlation to 'universalism', 'benevolence', 'power' or 'achievement', was identified for men. For women, correlations between attitudes to conventional plant breeding and 'benevolence' (neg.) and 'achievement' (pos.) were found. For both men and women, attitudes to GMO were negatively influenced by 'universalism' and 'benevolence', and positively influenced by 'power' and 'achievement'. The implications of these results are discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":54282,"journal":{"name":"Gm Crops & Food-Biotechnology in Agriculture and the Food Chain","volume":"12 1","pages":"342-360"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2021-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/21645698.2021.1921544","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38886778","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identification, methylation profiling, and expression analysis of stress-responsive cytochrome P450 genes in rice under abiotic and phytohormones stresses.","authors":"Muhammad Waseem,&nbsp;Feiyan Huang,&nbsp;Qiyu Wang,&nbsp;Mehtab Muhammad Aslam,&nbsp;Farhat Abbas,&nbsp;Fiaz Ahmad,&nbsp;Umair Ashraf,&nbsp;Waseem Hassan,&nbsp;Sajid Fiaz,&nbsp;Xianwen Ye,&nbsp;Lei Yu,&nbsp;Yanguo Ke","doi":"10.1080/21645698.2021.1908813","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21645698.2021.1908813","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The cytochrome P450 (CYP) is a large and complex eukaryotic gene superfamily with enzymatic activities involved in several physiological and regulatory processes. As an objective, an <i>in-silico</i> genome-wide DNA methylation (5mC) analysis was performed in rice (<i>Oryza sativa</i> cv. Zhonghua11), and the epigenetic role of CYPs in two abiotic stresses was observed. Being a stable representative mark, DNA-methylation alters the gene expression under stressful environmental conditions. Rice plants under salinity and drought stresses were analyzed through MeDIP-chip hybridization, and 14 unique genes of the CYP family were identified in the rice genome with varying degrees of methylation. The gene structure, promoter sequences, and phylogenetic analysis were performed. Furthermore, the responses of CYPs to various abiotic stresses, including salinity, drought, and cold were revealed. Similarly, the expression profile of potential CYPs was also investigated under various phytohormone stresses, which revealed the potential involvement of CYPs to hormone regulations. Overall, the current study provides evidence for CYP's stress regulation and fundamental for further characterization and understanding their epigenetic roles in gene expression regulation and environmental stress regulation in higher plants.</p>","PeriodicalId":54282,"journal":{"name":"Gm Crops & Food-Biotechnology in Agriculture and the Food Chain","volume":"12 1","pages":"551-563"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2021-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/21645698.2021.1908813","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38891001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring potential of copper and silver nano particles to establish efficient callogenesis and regeneration system for wheat (<i>Triticum aestivum</i> L.).","authors":"Waqar Afzal Malik,&nbsp;Imran Mahmood,&nbsp;Abdul Razzaq,&nbsp;Maria Afzal,&nbsp;Ghulam Abbas Shah,&nbsp;Asif Iqbal,&nbsp;Muhammad Zain,&nbsp;Allah Ditta,&nbsp;Saeed Ahmed Asad,&nbsp;Ishfaq Ahmad,&nbsp;Naimatullah Mangi,&nbsp;Wuwei Ye","doi":"10.1080/21645698.2021.1917975","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21645698.2021.1917975","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;In vitro&lt;/i&gt; recalcitrance of wheat to regeneration is the major bottleneck for its improvement through callus-based genetic transformation. Nanotechnology is one of the most dynamic areas of research, which can transform agriculture and biotechnology to ensure food security on sustainable basis. Present study was designed to investigate effects of CuSO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;, AgNO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; and their nanoparticles on tissue culture responses of mature embryo culture of wheat genotypes (AS-2002 and Wafaq-2001). Initially, MS-based callus induction and regeneration medium were optimized for both genotypes using various concentrations of auxin (2,4-D, IAA) and cytokinins (BAP, kinetin). The genotypes differed for embryogenic callus induction and regeneration potential. Genotype AS-2002 yielded maximum embryogenic calli in response to 3.0 mg/l 2,4-D, whereas Wafaq-2001 offered the highest embryogenic calli against 3.5 mg/l 2,4-D supplemented in the induction medium. Genotype AS-2002 showed maximum regeneration (59.33%) in response to regeneration protocol comprising 0.5 mg/l IAA, 0.3 mg/l BAP and 1.0 mg/l Kin, while Wafaq-2001 performed best in response to 0.5 mg/l IAA, 0.3 mg/l BAP and 1.5 mg/l Kin with 55.33% regeneration efficiency. The same optimized basal induction and regeneration medium for both genotypes were further used to study effects of CuSO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;, AgNO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; and their nano-particles employing independent experiments. The optimized induction medium fortified with various concentrations of CuSO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; or CuNPs confirmed significant effects on frequency of embryogenic callus. Addition of either 0.020 mg/l or 0.025 mg/l CuSO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;, or 0.015 mg/l CNPs showed comparable results for embryogenic callus induction and were statistically at par with embryogenic callus induction of 74.00%, 75.67% and 76.83%, respectively. Significantly higher regeneration was achieved from MS-based regeneration medium supplemented with 0.015 mg/l or 0.020 mg/l CuNPs than standard 0.025 mg/l CuSO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;. In another study, the basal induction and regeneration medium were fortified with AgNO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; or AgNPs ranging from 1 to 7 mg/l along with basal regeneration media devoid of AgNO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; or AgNPs (control). The maximum embryogenic calli were witnessed from medium fortified with 3.0 mg/l or 4.0 mg/l AgNPs compared with control and rest of the treatments. The standardized regeneration medium fortified with 5.0 mg/l AgNO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; or 3.0 mg/l AgNPs showed pronounced effect on regeneration of wheat genotypes and offered maximum regeneration compared with control. The individual and combined effect of Cu and Ag nanoparticles along with control (basal regeneration media of each genotype) was also tested. Surprisingly, co-application of metallic NPs showed a significant increase in embryogenic callus formation of genotypes. Induction medium supplemented with 0.015 mg/l CuNPs + 4.0 mg/l AgNPs or 0.020 mg/l CuNPs + 2.0 mg/l AgNPs showe","PeriodicalId":54282,"journal":{"name":"Gm Crops & Food-Biotechnology in Agriculture and the Food Chain","volume":"12 1","pages":"564-585"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2021-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/21645698.2021.1917975","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38942095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The DUF221 domain-containing (DDP) genes identification and expression analysis in tomato under abiotic and phytohormone stress.","authors":"Muhammad Waseem,&nbsp;Mehtab Muhammad Aslam,&nbsp;Iffat Shaheen","doi":"10.1080/21645698.2021.1962207","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21645698.2021.1962207","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The domain of unknown function (DUF221 domain-containing) proteins regulates various aspects of plant growth, development, responses to abiotic stresses, and hormone transduction pathways. To understand the role of DDP proteins in tomato, a comprehensive genome-wide analysis was performed in the tomato genome. A total of 12 DDP genes were identified and distributed in 8 chromosomes in the tomato genome. Phylogenetically all SlDDPs were clustered into four clades, subsequently supported by their gene structure and conserved motifs distribution. The SlDDPs contained various cis-acting elements involved in plant responses to abiotic and various phytohormones stresses. The tissue-specific expression profile analysis revealed the constitutive expression of <i>SlDDPs</i> in roots, leaves, and developmental phases of fruit. It was found that <i>SlDDP1, SlDDP3, SlDDP4, SlDDP9, SlDDP10</i>, and <i>SlDDP12</i> exhibited high expression levels in fruits at different development stages. Of these genes, <i>SlDDP12</i> contained ethylene (ERE) responsive elements in their promoter regions, suggesting its role in ethylene-dependent fruit ripening. It was found that a single SlDDP induced by two or more abiotic and phytohormone stresses. These include, <i>SlDDP1, SlDDP2, SlDDP3, SlDDP4, SlDDP7, SlDDP8</i>, and <i>SlDDP10</i> was induced under salt, drought, ABA, and IAA stresses. Moreover, tomato SlDDPs were targeted by multiple miRNA gene families as well. In conclusion, this study predicted that the putative DDP genes might help improve abiotic and phytohormone tolerance in plants, particularly tomato, rice, and other economically important crop plant species.</p>","PeriodicalId":54282,"journal":{"name":"Gm Crops & Food-Biotechnology in Agriculture and the Food Chain","volume":"12 1","pages":"586-599"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2021-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8820248/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39300311","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The prohibitins (PHB) gene family in tomato: Bioinformatic identification and expression analysis under abiotic and phytohormone stresses.","authors":"Feiyan Huang,&nbsp;Xianwen Ye,&nbsp;Zhijiang Wang,&nbsp;Yan Ding,&nbsp;Xianjie Cai,&nbsp;Lei Yu,&nbsp;Muhammad Waseem,&nbsp;Farhat Abbas,&nbsp;Umair Ashraf,&nbsp;Xiaolong Chen,&nbsp;Yanguo Ke","doi":"10.1080/21645698.2021.1872333","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21645698.2021.1872333","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The prohibitins (PHB) are SPFH domain-containing proteins found in the prokaryotes to eukaryotes. The plant PHBs are associated with a wide range of biological processes, including senescence, development, and responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. The PHB proteins are identified and characterized in the number of plant species, such as <i>Arabidopsis</i>, rice, maize, and soybean. However, no systematic identification of PHB proteins was performed in <i>Solanum lycopersicum</i>. In this study, we identified 16 PHB proteins in the tomato genome. The analysis of conserved motifs and gene structure validated the phylogenetic classification of tomato PHB proteins. It was observed that various members of tomato PHB proteins undergo purifying selection based on the Ka/Ks ratio and are targeted by four families of miRNAs. Moreover, SlPHB proteins displayed a very unique expression pattern in different plant parts including fruits at various development stages. It was found that SlPHBs processed various development-related and phytohormone responsive <i>cis</i>-regulatory elements in their promoter regions. Furthermore, the exogenous phytohormones treatments (Abscisic acid, indole-3-acetic acid, gibberellic acid, methyl jasmonate) salt and drought stresses induce the expression of SlPHB. Moreover, the subcellular localization assay revealed that SlPHB5 and SlPHB10 were located in the mitochondria. This study systematically summarized the general characterization of SlPHBs in the tomato genome and provides a foundation for the functional characterization of PHB genes in tomato and other plant species.</p>","PeriodicalId":54282,"journal":{"name":"Gm Crops & Food-Biotechnology in Agriculture and the Food Chain","volume":"12 1","pages":"535-550"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2021-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/21645698.2021.1872333","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25444449","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Compositional equivalence assessment of insect-resistant genetically modified rice using multiple statistical analyses.","authors":"Seon-Woo Oh,&nbsp;Eun-Ha Kim,&nbsp;So-Young Lee,&nbsp;Da-Young Baek,&nbsp;Sang-Gu Lee,&nbsp;Hyeon-Jung Kang,&nbsp;Young-Soo Chung,&nbsp;Soon-Ki Park,&nbsp;Tae-Hun Ryu","doi":"10.1080/21645698.2021.1893624","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21645698.2021.1893624","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The safety of transgenic Bt rice containing bacteria-derived <i>mCry1Ac</i> gene from <i>Bacillus thuringiensis</i> (Bt) was assessed by conducting field trials at two locations for two consecutive years in South Korea, using the near-isogenic line comparator rice cultivar ('Ilmi', non-Bt rice) and four commercial cultivars as references. Compositional analyses included measurement of proximates, minerals, amino acids, fatty acids, vitamins, and antinutrients. Significant differences between Bt rice and non-Bt rice were detected; however, all differences were within the reference range. The statistical analyses, including analysis of % variability, analysis of similarities (ANOISM), similarity percentage (SIMPER) analysis, and permutational multivariate analysis of variance (PERMANOVA) were performed to study factors contributing to compositional variability. The multivariate analyses revealed that environmental factors more influenced rice components' variability than by genetic factors. This approach was shown to be a powerful method to provide meaningful evaluations between Bt rice and its comparators. In this study, Bt rice was proved to be compositionally equivalent to conventional rice varieties through multiple statistical methods.</p>","PeriodicalId":54282,"journal":{"name":"Gm Crops & Food-Biotechnology in Agriculture and the Food Chain","volume":"12 1","pages":"303-314"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2021-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/21645698.2021.1893624","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25417853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Potato improvement through genetic engineering.","authors":"María Del Mar Martínez-Prada,&nbsp;Shaun J Curtin,&nbsp;Juan J Gutiérrez-González","doi":"10.1080/21645698.2021.1993688","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21645698.2021.1993688","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Potato (<i>Solanum tuberosum</i> L.) is the third most important crop worldwide and a staple food for many people worldwide. Genetically, it poses many challenges for traditional breeding due to its autotetraploid nature and its tendency toward inbreeding depression. Breeding programs have focused on productivity, nutritional quality, and disease resistance. Some of these traits exist in wild potato relatives but their introgression into elite cultivars can take many years and, for traits such as pest resistance, their effect is often short-lasting. These problems can be addressed by genetic modification (GM) or gene editing (GE) and open a wide horizon for potato crop improvement. Current genetically modified and gene edited varieties include those with Colorado potato beetle and late blight resistance, reduction in acrylamide, and modified starch content. RNAi hairpin technology can be used to silence the haplo-alleles of multiple genes simultaneously, whereas optimization of newer gene editing technologies such as base and prime editing will facilitate the routine generation of advanced edits across the genome. These technologies will likely gain further relevance as increased target specificity and decreased off-target effects are demonstrated. In this Review, we discuss recent work related to these technologies in potato improvement.</p>","PeriodicalId":54282,"journal":{"name":"Gm Crops & Food-Biotechnology in Agriculture and the Food Chain","volume":"12 1","pages":"479-496"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2021-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9208627/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39879976","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dominance and fitness costs of insect resistance to genetically modified <i>Bacillus thuringiensis</i> crops.","authors":"Fangneng Huang","doi":"10.1080/21645698.2020.1852065","DOIUrl":"10.1080/21645698.2020.1852065","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Evolution of resistance to genetically modified <i>Bacillus thuringiensis</i> (Bt) crops in pest populations is a major threat to the sustainability of the technology. Incidents of field resistance that have led to control problems of Bt crops or significantly reduced susceptibility of individual Bt proteins in pyramided plants have increased dramatically across the world, especially in recent years. Analysis of globally published data showed that 61.5% and 60.0% of the cases of resistance with major alleles that allowed homozygous resistant genotypes to survival on Bt crops were functionally non-recessive and did not involve fitness costs, respectively. Dominance levels (D_FLs) measured on Bt plants ranged from -0.02 to 1.56 with a mean (± sem) of 0.35 ± 0.13 for the 13 cases of single-gene resistance to Bt plants that have been evaluated. Among these, all six cases with field control problems were functionally non-recessive with a mean D_FL of 0.63 ± 0.24, which was significantly greater than the D_FL (0.11 ± 0.07) of the seven cases without field resistance. In addition, index of fitness costs (IFC) of major resistance was calculated for each case based on the fitness of resistant (R'R') and heterozygous (R'S') genotypes on non-Bt plants divided by the fitness of their susceptible (S'S') counterparts. The estimated IFCs for 15 cases of single-gene resistance were similar for R'R' and R'S', and for the cases with and without field resistance; and the values averaged 1.10 ± 0.12 for R'R' and 1.20 ± 0.18 for R'S'. Limited published data suggest that resistance of insects to dual/multiple-gene Bt crops is likely to be more recessive than the related single-gene resistance, but their IFCs are similar. The quantitative analysis of the global data documents that the prevalence of non-recessive resistance has played an essential role in the widespread evolution of resistance to Bt crops, while the lack of fitness costs is apparently not as critical as the non-recessive resistance. The results suggest that planting of 'high dose' traits is an effective method for Bt crop IRM and more comprehensive management strategies that are also effective for functionally non-recessive resistance should be deployed.</p>","PeriodicalId":54282,"journal":{"name":"Gm Crops & Food-Biotechnology in Agriculture and the Food Chain","volume":"12 1","pages":"192-211"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2021-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7781549/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38766725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transparency in risk-disproportionate regulation of modern crop-breeding techniques.","authors":"Rod A Herman,&nbsp;Nicholas P Storer,&nbsp;Jennifer A Anderson,&nbsp;Firoz Amijee,&nbsp;Filip Cnudde,&nbsp;Alan Raybould","doi":"10.1080/21645698.2021.1934353","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21645698.2021.1934353","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Despite over 25 years of safe deployment of genetically engineered crops, the number, complexity, and scope of regulatory studies required for global approvals continue to increase devoid of adequate scientific justification. Recently, there have been calls to further expand the scope of study and data requirements to improve public acceptance. However, increased regulation can actually generate consumer distrust due to the misperception that risks are high. We believe risk-disproportionate regulation as a means to advocate for acceptance of technology is counterproductive, even though some regulatory authorities believe it part of their mandate. To help avoid public distrust, the concept of regulatory transparency to demystify regulatory decision-making should be extended to clearly justifying specific regulatory requirements as: 1) risk-driven (i.e., proportionately addressing increased risk compared with traditional breeding), or 2) advocacy-driven (i.e., primarily addressing consumer concerns and acceptance). Such transparency in the motivation for requiring risk-disproportionate studies would: 1) lessen over-prescriptive regulation, 2) save public and private resources, 3) make beneficial products and technologies available to society sooner, 4) reduce needless animal sacrifice, 5) improve regulatory decision-making regarding safety, and 6) lessen public distrust that is generated by risk-disproportionate regulation.</p>","PeriodicalId":54282,"journal":{"name":"Gm Crops & Food-Biotechnology in Agriculture and the Food Chain","volume":"12 1","pages":"376-381"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2021-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/21645698.2021.1934353","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39010647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}