Gm Crops & Food-Biotechnology in Agriculture and the Food Chain最新文献

{"title":"The DUF221 domain-containing (DDP) genes identification and expression analysis in tomato under abiotic and phytohormone stress.","authors":"Muhammad Waseem,&nbsp;Mehtab Muhammad Aslam,&nbsp;Iffat Shaheen","doi":"10.1080/21645698.2021.1962207","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21645698.2021.1962207","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The domain of unknown function (DUF221 domain-containing) proteins regulates various aspects of plant growth, development, responses to abiotic stresses, and hormone transduction pathways. To understand the role of DDP proteins in tomato, a comprehensive genome-wide analysis was performed in the tomato genome. A total of 12 DDP genes were identified and distributed in 8 chromosomes in the tomato genome. Phylogenetically all SlDDPs were clustered into four clades, subsequently supported by their gene structure and conserved motifs distribution. The SlDDPs contained various cis-acting elements involved in plant responses to abiotic and various phytohormones stresses. The tissue-specific expression profile analysis revealed the constitutive expression of <i>SlDDPs</i> in roots, leaves, and developmental phases of fruit. It was found that <i>SlDDP1, SlDDP3, SlDDP4, SlDDP9, SlDDP10</i>, and <i>SlDDP12</i> exhibited high expression levels in fruits at different development stages. Of these genes, <i>SlDDP12</i> contained ethylene (ERE) responsive elements in their promoter regions, suggesting its role in ethylene-dependent fruit ripening. It was found that a single SlDDP induced by two or more abiotic and phytohormone stresses. These include, <i>SlDDP1, SlDDP2, SlDDP3, SlDDP4, SlDDP7, SlDDP8</i>, and <i>SlDDP10</i> was induced under salt, drought, ABA, and IAA stresses. Moreover, tomato SlDDPs were targeted by multiple miRNA gene families as well. In conclusion, this study predicted that the putative DDP genes might help improve abiotic and phytohormone tolerance in plants, particularly tomato, rice, and other economically important crop plant species.</p>","PeriodicalId":54282,"journal":{"name":"Gm Crops & Food-Biotechnology in Agriculture and the Food Chain","volume":"12 1","pages":"586-599"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2021-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8820248/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39300311","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The prohibitins (PHB) gene family in tomato: Bioinformatic identification and expression analysis under abiotic and phytohormone stresses.","authors":"Feiyan Huang,&nbsp;Xianwen Ye,&nbsp;Zhijiang Wang,&nbsp;Yan Ding,&nbsp;Xianjie Cai,&nbsp;Lei Yu,&nbsp;Muhammad Waseem,&nbsp;Farhat Abbas,&nbsp;Umair Ashraf,&nbsp;Xiaolong Chen,&nbsp;Yanguo Ke","doi":"10.1080/21645698.2021.1872333","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21645698.2021.1872333","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The prohibitins (PHB) are SPFH domain-containing proteins found in the prokaryotes to eukaryotes. The plant PHBs are associated with a wide range of biological processes, including senescence, development, and responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. The PHB proteins are identified and characterized in the number of plant species, such as <i>Arabidopsis</i>, rice, maize, and soybean. However, no systematic identification of PHB proteins was performed in <i>Solanum lycopersicum</i>. In this study, we identified 16 PHB proteins in the tomato genome. The analysis of conserved motifs and gene structure validated the phylogenetic classification of tomato PHB proteins. It was observed that various members of tomato PHB proteins undergo purifying selection based on the Ka/Ks ratio and are targeted by four families of miRNAs. Moreover, SlPHB proteins displayed a very unique expression pattern in different plant parts including fruits at various development stages. It was found that SlPHBs processed various development-related and phytohormone responsive <i>cis</i>-regulatory elements in their promoter regions. Furthermore, the exogenous phytohormones treatments (Abscisic acid, indole-3-acetic acid, gibberellic acid, methyl jasmonate) salt and drought stresses induce the expression of SlPHB. Moreover, the subcellular localization assay revealed that SlPHB5 and SlPHB10 were located in the mitochondria. This study systematically summarized the general characterization of SlPHBs in the tomato genome and provides a foundation for the functional characterization of PHB genes in tomato and other plant species.</p>","PeriodicalId":54282,"journal":{"name":"Gm Crops & Food-Biotechnology in Agriculture and the Food Chain","volume":"12 1","pages":"535-550"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2021-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/21645698.2021.1872333","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25444449","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Compositional equivalence assessment of insect-resistant genetically modified rice using multiple statistical analyses.","authors":"Seon-Woo Oh,&nbsp;Eun-Ha Kim,&nbsp;So-Young Lee,&nbsp;Da-Young Baek,&nbsp;Sang-Gu Lee,&nbsp;Hyeon-Jung Kang,&nbsp;Young-Soo Chung,&nbsp;Soon-Ki Park,&nbsp;Tae-Hun Ryu","doi":"10.1080/21645698.2021.1893624","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21645698.2021.1893624","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The safety of transgenic Bt rice containing bacteria-derived <i>mCry1Ac</i> gene from <i>Bacillus thuringiensis</i> (Bt) was assessed by conducting field trials at two locations for two consecutive years in South Korea, using the near-isogenic line comparator rice cultivar ('Ilmi', non-Bt rice) and four commercial cultivars as references. Compositional analyses included measurement of proximates, minerals, amino acids, fatty acids, vitamins, and antinutrients. Significant differences between Bt rice and non-Bt rice were detected; however, all differences were within the reference range. The statistical analyses, including analysis of % variability, analysis of similarities (ANOISM), similarity percentage (SIMPER) analysis, and permutational multivariate analysis of variance (PERMANOVA) were performed to study factors contributing to compositional variability. The multivariate analyses revealed that environmental factors more influenced rice components' variability than by genetic factors. This approach was shown to be a powerful method to provide meaningful evaluations between Bt rice and its comparators. In this study, Bt rice was proved to be compositionally equivalent to conventional rice varieties through multiple statistical methods.</p>","PeriodicalId":54282,"journal":{"name":"Gm Crops & Food-Biotechnology in Agriculture and the Food Chain","volume":"12 1","pages":"303-314"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2021-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/21645698.2021.1893624","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25417853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Potato improvement through genetic engineering.","authors":"María Del Mar Martínez-Prada,&nbsp;Shaun J Curtin,&nbsp;Juan J Gutiérrez-González","doi":"10.1080/21645698.2021.1993688","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21645698.2021.1993688","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Potato (<i>Solanum tuberosum</i> L.) is the third most important crop worldwide and a staple food for many people worldwide. Genetically, it poses many challenges for traditional breeding due to its autotetraploid nature and its tendency toward inbreeding depression. Breeding programs have focused on productivity, nutritional quality, and disease resistance. Some of these traits exist in wild potato relatives but their introgression into elite cultivars can take many years and, for traits such as pest resistance, their effect is often short-lasting. These problems can be addressed by genetic modification (GM) or gene editing (GE) and open a wide horizon for potato crop improvement. Current genetically modified and gene edited varieties include those with Colorado potato beetle and late blight resistance, reduction in acrylamide, and modified starch content. RNAi hairpin technology can be used to silence the haplo-alleles of multiple genes simultaneously, whereas optimization of newer gene editing technologies such as base and prime editing will facilitate the routine generation of advanced edits across the genome. These technologies will likely gain further relevance as increased target specificity and decreased off-target effects are demonstrated. In this Review, we discuss recent work related to these technologies in potato improvement.</p>","PeriodicalId":54282,"journal":{"name":"Gm Crops & Food-Biotechnology in Agriculture and the Food Chain","volume":"12 1","pages":"479-496"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2021-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9208627/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39879976","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dominance and fitness costs of insect resistance to genetically modified <i>Bacillus thuringiensis</i> crops.","authors":"Fangneng Huang","doi":"10.1080/21645698.2020.1852065","DOIUrl":"10.1080/21645698.2020.1852065","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Evolution of resistance to genetically modified <i>Bacillus thuringiensis</i> (Bt) crops in pest populations is a major threat to the sustainability of the technology. Incidents of field resistance that have led to control problems of Bt crops or significantly reduced susceptibility of individual Bt proteins in pyramided plants have increased dramatically across the world, especially in recent years. Analysis of globally published data showed that 61.5% and 60.0% of the cases of resistance with major alleles that allowed homozygous resistant genotypes to survival on Bt crops were functionally non-recessive and did not involve fitness costs, respectively. Dominance levels (D_FLs) measured on Bt plants ranged from -0.02 to 1.56 with a mean (± sem) of 0.35 ± 0.13 for the 13 cases of single-gene resistance to Bt plants that have been evaluated. Among these, all six cases with field control problems were functionally non-recessive with a mean D_FL of 0.63 ± 0.24, which was significantly greater than the D_FL (0.11 ± 0.07) of the seven cases without field resistance. In addition, index of fitness costs (IFC) of major resistance was calculated for each case based on the fitness of resistant (R'R') and heterozygous (R'S') genotypes on non-Bt plants divided by the fitness of their susceptible (S'S') counterparts. The estimated IFCs for 15 cases of single-gene resistance were similar for R'R' and R'S', and for the cases with and without field resistance; and the values averaged 1.10 ± 0.12 for R'R' and 1.20 ± 0.18 for R'S'. Limited published data suggest that resistance of insects to dual/multiple-gene Bt crops is likely to be more recessive than the related single-gene resistance, but their IFCs are similar. The quantitative analysis of the global data documents that the prevalence of non-recessive resistance has played an essential role in the widespread evolution of resistance to Bt crops, while the lack of fitness costs is apparently not as critical as the non-recessive resistance. The results suggest that planting of 'high dose' traits is an effective method for Bt crop IRM and more comprehensive management strategies that are also effective for functionally non-recessive resistance should be deployed.</p>","PeriodicalId":54282,"journal":{"name":"Gm Crops & Food-Biotechnology in Agriculture and the Food Chain","volume":"12 1","pages":"192-211"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2021-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7781549/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38766725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transparency in risk-disproportionate regulation of modern crop-breeding techniques.","authors":"Rod A Herman,&nbsp;Nicholas P Storer,&nbsp;Jennifer A Anderson,&nbsp;Firoz Amijee,&nbsp;Filip Cnudde,&nbsp;Alan Raybould","doi":"10.1080/21645698.2021.1934353","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21645698.2021.1934353","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Despite over 25 years of safe deployment of genetically engineered crops, the number, complexity, and scope of regulatory studies required for global approvals continue to increase devoid of adequate scientific justification. Recently, there have been calls to further expand the scope of study and data requirements to improve public acceptance. However, increased regulation can actually generate consumer distrust due to the misperception that risks are high. We believe risk-disproportionate regulation as a means to advocate for acceptance of technology is counterproductive, even though some regulatory authorities believe it part of their mandate. To help avoid public distrust, the concept of regulatory transparency to demystify regulatory decision-making should be extended to clearly justifying specific regulatory requirements as: 1) risk-driven (i.e., proportionately addressing increased risk compared with traditional breeding), or 2) advocacy-driven (i.e., primarily addressing consumer concerns and acceptance). Such transparency in the motivation for requiring risk-disproportionate studies would: 1) lessen over-prescriptive regulation, 2) save public and private resources, 3) make beneficial products and technologies available to society sooner, 4) reduce needless animal sacrifice, 5) improve regulatory decision-making regarding safety, and 6) lessen public distrust that is generated by risk-disproportionate regulation.</p>","PeriodicalId":54282,"journal":{"name":"Gm Crops & Food-Biotechnology in Agriculture and the Food Chain","volume":"12 1","pages":"376-381"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2021-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/21645698.2021.1934353","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39010647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Environmental risk assessment of the DvSSJ1 dsRNA and the IPD072Aa protein to non-target organisms.","authors":"Chad J Boeckman, Jennifer A Anderson, Christopher Linderblood, Taylor Olson, Jason Roper, Kristine Sturtz, Carl Walker, Rachel Woods","doi":"10.1080/21645698.2021.1982348","DOIUrl":"10.1080/21645698.2021.1982348","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Event DP-Ø23211-2 (hereafter referred to as DP23211) maize expresses the DvSSJ1 double-stranded RNA (DvSSJ1 dsRNA) and the IPD072Aa protein, encoded by the <i>ipd072Aa</i> gene. DvSSJ1 dsRNA and the IPD072Aa protein each provide control of corn rootworms (<i>Diabrotica</i> spp.) when expressed in plants. As part of the environmental risk assessment (ERA), the potential hazard to non-target organisms (NTOs) exposed to the DvSSJ1 dsRNA and the IPD072Aa protein expressed in DP23211 maize was assessed. Worst-case estimated environmental concentrations (EECs) for different NTO functional groups (pollinators and pollen feeders, soil dwelling detritivores, predators and parasitoids, aquatic detritivores, insectivorous birds, and wild mammals) were calculated using worst-case assumptions. Several factors that reduce exposure to NTOs under more realistic environmental conditions were applied, when needed to provide more environmentally relevant EECs. Laboratory bioassays were conducted to assess the activity of DvSSJ1 dsRNA or the IPD072Aa protein against selected surrogate species, and margins of exposure (MOEs) were calculated by comparing the Tier I hazard study results to worst-case or refined EECs. Based on specificity and MOE values, DvSSJ1 dsRNA and the IPD072Aa protein expressed in DP23211 maize are not expected to be harmful to NTO populations at environmentally relevant concentrations.</p>","PeriodicalId":54282,"journal":{"name":"Gm Crops & Food-Biotechnology in Agriculture and the Food Chain","volume":"12 1","pages":"459-478"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2021-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8820247/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39724033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrated proteomics and metabolomics analysis of transgenic and gene-stacked maize line seeds.","authors":"Weixiao Liu,&nbsp;Haiming Zhao,&nbsp;Chaohua Miao,&nbsp;Wujun Jin","doi":"10.1080/21645698.2021.1934351","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21645698.2021.1934351","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Unintended effects of genetically modified (GM) crops may pose safety issues. Omics techniques provide researchers with useful tools to assess such unintended effects. Proteomics and metabolomics analyses were performed for three GM maize varieties, 2A-7, CC-2, and 2A-7×CC-2 stacked transgenic maize, and the corresponding non-GM parent Zheng58.Proteomics revealed 120, 271 and 135 maize differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) in the 2A-7/Zheng58, CC-2/Zheng58 and 2A-7×CC-2/Zheng58 comparisons, respectively. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis showed that most DEPs participated in metabolic pathways and the biosynthesis of secondary metabolite. Metabolomics revealed 179, 135 and 131 differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs) in the 2A-7/Zheng58, CC-2/Zheng58 and 2A-7×CC-2/Zheng58 comparisons, respectively. Based on KEGG enrichment analysis, most DAMs are involved in the biosynthesis of secondary metabolite and metabolic pathways. According to integrated proteomics and metabolomics analysis, the introduction of exogenous EPSPS did not affect the expression levels of six other enzymes or the abundance of seven metabolites involved in the shikimic acid pathway in CC-2 and 2A-7×CC-2 seeds. Six co-DEPs annotated by integrated proteomics and metabolomics pathway analysis were further analyzed by qRT-PCR.This study successfully employed integrated proteomic and metabolomic technology to assess unintended changes in maize varieties. The results suggest that GM and gene stacking do not cause significantly unintended effects.</p>","PeriodicalId":54282,"journal":{"name":"Gm Crops & Food-Biotechnology in Agriculture and the Food Chain","volume":"12 1","pages":"361-375"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2021-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/21645698.2021.1934351","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39069981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Proteomics analysis reveals that foreign <i>cp4-epsps</i> gene regulates the levels of shikimate and branched pathways in genetically modified soybean line H06-698.","authors":"Longguo Jin, Daoping Wang, Yongying Mu, Yong Guo, Yangjie Lin, Lijuan Qiu, Yinghong Pan","doi":"10.1080/21645698.2021.2000320","DOIUrl":"10.1080/21645698.2021.2000320","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Although genetically modified (GM) glyphosate-resistant soybeans with <i>cp4-epsps</i> gene have been widely planted all over the world, their proteomic characteristics are not very clear. In this study, the soybean seeds of a GM soybean line H06-698 (H) with <i>cp4-epsps</i> gene and its non-transgenic counterpart Mengdou12 (M), which were collected from two experiment fields in two years and used as 4 sample groups, were analyzed with label-free proteomics technique. A total of 1706 proteins were identified quantitatively by label-free quantification, and a total of 293 proteins were detected as common differential abundance proteins (DAPs, FC is not less than 1.5) both in two groups or more. Functional enrichment analysis of common DAPs identified from four groups, shows that most up-regulated proteins were clustered into stress response, carbon and energy metabolism, and genetic information processing. Further documentary analysis shows that 15 proteins play important roles in shikimate pathways, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and stress response. These results indicated that the change of protein abundance in different samples were affected by various factors, but except shikimate and branched pathways related proteins, only ROS and stress-related proteins were found to be stably regulated by <i>cp4-epsps</i> gene, and no unexpected and safety-related proteins such as antinutritional factors, allergenic proteins, and toxic proteins were found as DAPs. The influence of foreign genes in genetically modified plants is worthy of attention and this work provides new clues for exploring the regulated proteins and pathways in GM plants.</p>","PeriodicalId":54282,"journal":{"name":"Gm Crops & Food-Biotechnology in Agriculture and the Food Chain","volume":"12 1","pages":"497-508"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2021-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/d9/f1/KGMC_12_2000320.PMC9208623.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39898840","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The level of Cry1Ac endotoxin and its efficacy against <i>H. armigera</i> in Bt cotton at large scale in Pakistan.","authors":"Shakra Jamil,&nbsp;Rahil Shahzad,&nbsp;Sajid Ur Rahman,&nbsp;Muhammad Zaffar Iqbal,&nbsp;Muhammad Yaseen,&nbsp;Shakeel Ahmad,&nbsp;Rida Fatima","doi":"10.1080/21645698.2020.1799644","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21645698.2020.1799644","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A biophysical survey was conducted in 15 cotton-growing districts of Pakistan. Four hundred cotton growers were approached and inquired about the production technology of Bt cotton. Further, 25 strip tests using combo strips (<i>Cry1Ac, Cry2Ab, Vip3Aa</i> and <i>Cp4, EPSPS</i> gene) were performed at each farmer's field. Out of 10,000 total-tested samples, farmers claimed 9682 samples as Bt and 318 samples as non-Bt. After performing a strip test, 1009 and 87 samples were found false negative and false positive, respectively. Only 53 samples were found positive for <i>Cry2Ab</i>, 214 for <i>EPSPS</i> and none for <i>Vip3Aa</i> gene. Quantification of Cry endotoxin and bioassay studies were performed by taking leaves from upper, middle, and lower canopies, and fruiting parts at approximately 80 days after sowing from 89 varieties. Expression was highly variable among different canopies and fruiting parts. Moreover, Cry endotoxin expression and insect mortality varied significantly among varieties from 0.26 µg g^-1 to 3.54 µg g^-1 with mortality ranging from 28 to 97%, respectively. Highest <i>Cry1Ac</i> expression (3.54 µg g^-1) and insect mortality (97%) were observed for variety FH-142 from DG Khan. Cry endotoxin expression varied significantly across various plant parts, i.e., IUB-13 variety from upper canopy documented 0.34 µg g^-1 expression with 37% insect mortality in Layyah to 3.42 µg g^-1 expression and 96% insect mortality from DG Khan. Lethal dose, LD95 (2.20 µg g^-1) of Cry1Ac endotoxin was optimized for effective control of <i>H. armigera</i>. Our results provided evidence of practical resistance in <i>H. armigera</i> and way forward.</p>","PeriodicalId":54282,"journal":{"name":"Gm Crops & Food-Biotechnology in Agriculture and the Food Chain","volume":"12 1","pages":"1-17"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/21645698.2020.1799644","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38245135","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}