Elementa-Science of the Anthropocene最新文献

{"title":"Overview of the MOSAiC expedition","authors":"M. Nicolaus, D. Perovich, G. Spreen, M. Granskog, Luisa von Albedyll, M. Angelopoulos, P. Anhaus, Stefanie Arndt, H. J. Belter, V. Bessonov, G. Birnbaum, J. Brauchle, Radiance Calmer, E. Cardellach, B. Cheng, D. Clemens-Sewall, R. Dadić, E. Damm, G. de Boer, O. Demir, K. Dethloff, D. Divine, A. Fong, S. Fons, M. Frey, Niels Fuchs, C. Gabarró, S. Gerland, H. Goessling, R. Gradinger, J. Haapala, C. Haas, Jonathan Hamilton, Henna-Reetta Hannula, S. Hendricks, A. Herber, C. Heuzé, M. Hoppmann, K. Høyland, M. Huntemann, J. Hutchings, B. Hwang, P. Itkin, H. Jacobi, Matthias Jaggi, Arttu Jutila, L. Kaleschke, C. Katlein, Nikolai Kolabutin, D. Krampe, S. Kristensen, T. Krumpen, N. Kurtz, A. Lampert, B. Lange, R. Lei, B. Light, F. Linhardt, G. Liston, B. Loose, Amy R. Macfarlane, Mallik S. Mahmud, I. Matero, S. Maus, A. Morgenstern, R. Naderpour, V. Nandan, Alexey Niubom, M. Oggier, N. Oppelt, F. Pätzold, Christophe Perron, Tomasz Petrovsky, R. Pirazzini, C. Polashenski, B. Rabe, Ian A. Raphael, J. Regnery, M. Rex","doi":"10.1525/elementa.2021.000046","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.2021.000046","url":null,"abstract":"Year-round observations of the physical snow and ice properties and processes that govern the ice pack evolution and its interaction with the atmosphere and the ocean were conducted during the Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC) expedition of the research vessel Polarstern in the Arctic Ocean from October 2019 to September 2020. This work was embedded into the interdisciplinary design of the 5 MOSAiC teams, studying the atmosphere, the sea ice, the ocean, the ecosystem, and biogeochemical processes. The overall aim of the snow and sea ice observations during MOSAiC was to characterize the physical properties of the snow and ice cover comprehensively in the central Arctic over an entire annual cycle. This objective was achieved by detailed observations of physical properties and of energy and mass balance of snow and ice. By studying snow and sea ice dynamics over nested spatial scales from centimeters to tens of kilometers, the variability across scales can be considered. On-ice observations of in situ and remote sensing properties of the different surface types over all seasons will help to improve numerical process and climate models and to establish and validate novel satellite remote sensing methods; the linkages to accompanying airborne measurements, satellite observations, and results of numerical models are discussed. We found large spatial variabilities of snow metamorphism and thermal regimes impacting sea ice growth. We conclude that the highly variable snow cover needs to be considered in more detail (in observations, remote sensing, and models) to better understand snow-related feedback processes. The ice pack revealed rapid transformations and motions along the drift in all seasons. The number of coupled ice–ocean interface processes observed in detail are expected to guide upcoming research with respect to the changing Arctic sea ice.","PeriodicalId":54279,"journal":{"name":"Elementa-Science of the Anthropocene","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66940352","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Soil surface flux measurements are a reliable means for assessing fugitive gas migration across soils and seasons","authors":"Mark Argento, F. Henderson, R. Lewis, D. Mallyon, D. Risk, N. Nickerson","doi":"10.1525/elementa.2021.00010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.2021.00010","url":null,"abstract":"As oil and gas wells age and the number of wells drilled increases to meet demand, we may see more instances of fugitive soil gas migration (GM) and associated methane (CH4) emissions. Due to the immense spatiotemporal variability of soils and uncertainty in measurement practice, the detection and quantification of GM emissions is a challenge. Two common measurement techniques include the shallow in-soil gas concentration approach and soil surface flux measurements using flux chambers. In this numerical modeling study, both methods were compared to determine how soil texture, environmental conditions (water content, temperature), and CH4 leak rates into the soil profile influenced in-soil CH4 concentration and surface CH4 flux rates. We observed that in-soil CH4 concentration was strongly controlled by soil texture and environmental conditions, whereas surface CH4 flux rates were far less sensitive to those same parameters. Flux measurements were more useful for determining severity of the CH4 leak into the soil and allowed us to differentiate between leak and nonleak scenarios in soils with biological CH4 production which could complicate a GM assessment. We also evaluated field measurements of carbon dioxide from an enhanced oil recovery site to demonstrate how seasonal conditions can influence concentrations of trace gases in shallow soil. Based on our model results and supplemental field measurements, we propose that flux chamber measurements present a more reliable tool to assess the incidence and severity of fugitive GM.","PeriodicalId":54279,"journal":{"name":"Elementa-Science of the Anthropocene","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66940375","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bacterioplankton response to physical stratification following deep convection","authors":"Nicholas Baetge, Luis M. Bolaños, A. Penna, P. Gaube, Shuting Liu, Keri Opalk, Jason R. Graff, S. Giovannoni, M. Behrenfeld, C. Carlson","doi":"10.1525/elementa.2021.00078","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.2021.00078","url":null,"abstract":"Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) produced by primary production in the sunlit ocean can be physically transported to the mesopelagic zone. The majority of DOC exported to this zone is remineralized by heterotrophic microbes over a range of timescales. Capturing a deep convective mixing event is rare, as is observing how microbes respond in situ to the exported DOC. Here, we report ship and Argo float observations from hydrostation North Atlantic Aerosols and Marine Ecosystems Study (NAAMES) 2 Station 4 (N2S4; 47.46°N, 38.72°W), a retentive anticyclonic eddy in the subtropical region of the western North Atlantic. Changes in biogeochemistry and bacterioplankton responses were tracked as the water column mixed to approximately 230 m and restratified over the subsequent 3 days. Over this period, rapid changes in bacterioplankton production (BP) and cell abundance were observed throughout the water column. BP increased by 91% in the euphotic zone (0–100 m) and 55% in the upper mesopelagic zone (100–200 m), corresponding to 33% and 103% increases in cell abundance, respectively. Within the upper mesopelagic, BP upon the occupation of N2S4 (20 ± 4.7 nmol C L–1 d–1) was significantly greater than the average upper mesopelagic BP rate (2.0 ± 1.6 nmol C L–1 h–1) at other stations that had been stratified for longer periods of time. BP continued to increase to 31 ± 3.0 nmol C L–1 d–1 over the 3-day occupation of N2S4. The rapid changes in BP in the upper mesopelagic did not coincide with rapid changes in community composition, but the taxa that increased in their relative contribution included those typically observed in the epipelagic zone. We interpret the subtle but significant community structure dynamics at N2S4 to reflect how injection of labile organic matter into the upper mesopelagic zone by physical mixing supports continued growth of euphotic zone-associated bacterioplankton lineages on a timescale of days.","PeriodicalId":54279,"journal":{"name":"Elementa-Science of the Anthropocene","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66941770","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diversity and biogeography of planktonic diatoms in Svalbard fjords: The role of dispersal and Arctic endemism in phytoplankton community structuring","authors":"L. Šupraha, K. Klemm, Sandra Gran-Stadniczeñko, C. Hörstmann, D. Vaulot, B. Edvardsen, U. John","doi":"10.1525/elementa.2021.00117","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.2021.00117","url":null,"abstract":"Understanding the processes that shape the community structure of Arctic phytoplankton is crucial for predicting responses of Arctic ecosystems to the ongoing ocean warming. In particular, little is known about the importance of phytoplankton dispersal by the North Atlantic Current and the prevalence and maintenance of Arctic endemism. We investigated the diversity and biogeography of diatoms from five Svalbard fjords and the Hausgarten observatory (Fram Strait) by combining diatom cultivation and 18S rRNA gene metabarcoding. In total, 50 diatom strains were isolated from the area during the HE492 cruise in August 2017. The strains were identified taxonomically using molecular and morphological approaches, and their biogeographic distribution was mapped using the local metabarcoding dataset and a global compilation of published metabarcoding datasets. Biogeographic analysis was also conducted for the locally most abundant diatom metabarcoding amplicon sequence variants. The biogeographic analyses demonstrated that Arctic diatoms exhibit three general biogeographic distribution types: Arctic, Arctic-temperate, and cosmopolitan. At Hausgarten and in outer Isfjorden on the west coast of Svalbard, the communities were dominated by genotypes with Arctic-temperate and cosmopolitan distribution. Diatom communities in nearby Van Mijenfjorden, inner Isfjorden and Kongsfjorden were dominated by genotypes with Arctic-temperate distribution, and cosmopolitan species were less abundant. The genotypes endemic to the Arctic had lower abundance on the west coast of Svalbard. The two northernmost fjords (Woodfjorden and Wijdefjorden) had a higher abundance of genotypes endemic to the Arctic. Our results demonstrate that the diatom communities in the Svalbard area consist of genotypes endemic to the Arctic, and genotypes with broader biogeographic distribution, all of which are further structured by local environmental gradients. Finer biogeographic patterns observed within Arctic-temperate and cosmopolitan genotypes suggest that certain genotypes can be used as indicators of increasing influence of Atlantic waters on the phytoplankton community structure in the Svalbard area.","PeriodicalId":54279,"journal":{"name":"Elementa-Science of the Anthropocene","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66942770","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An investigation of petrochemical emissions during KORUS-AQ: Ozone production, reactive nitrogen evolution, and aerosol production","authors":"Young Ro Lee, L. G. Huey, D. Tanner, M. Takeuchi, H. Qu, Xiaoxi Liu, N. Ng, J. Crawford, A. Fried, D. Richter, I. Simpson, D. Blake, N. Blake, S. Meinardi, Saewung Kim, G. Diskin, J. Digangi, Yonghoon Choi, S. Pusede, P. Wennberg, Michelle J. Kim, J. Crounse, A. Teng, R. Cohen, P. Romer, W. Brune, A. Wisthaler, T. Mikoviny, J. Jimenez, P. Campuzano‐Jost, B. Nault, A. Weinheimer, S. Hall, K. Ullmann","doi":"10.1525/elementa.2022.00079","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.2022.00079","url":null,"abstract":"Emissions and secondary photochemical products from the Daesan petrochemical complex (DPCC), on the west coast of South Korea, were measured from the NASA DC-8 research aircraft during the Korea-United States Air Quality campaign in 2016. The chemical evolution of petrochemical emissions was examined utilizing near-source and downwind plume transects. Small alkenes, such as ethene (C2H4), propene (C3H6), and 1,3-butadiene (C4H6), dominated the hydroxyl (OH) radical reactivity near the source region. The oxidation of these alkenes in the petrochemical plumes led to efficient conversion of nitrogen oxides (NOx) to nitric acid (HNO3), peroxycarboxylic nitric anhydrides (PANs), and alkyl nitrates (ANs), where the sum of the speciated reactive nitrogen contributes more than 80% of NOy within a few hours. Large enhancements of short-lived NOx oxidation products, such as hydroxy nitrates (HNs) and peroxyacrylic nitric anhydride, were observed, in conjunction with high ozone levels of up to 250 ppb, which are attributed to oxidation of alkenes such as 1,3-butadiene. Instantaneous ozone production rates, P(O3), near and downwind of the DPCC ranged from 9 to 24 ppb h−1, which were higher than those over Seoul. Ozone production efficiencies ranged from 6 to 10 downwind of the DPCC and were lower than 10 over Seoul. The contributions of alkenes to the instantaneous secondary organic aerosol (SOA) production rate, P(SOA), were estimated to be comparable to those of more common SOA precursors such as aromatics at intermediate distances from the DPCC. A model case study constrained to an extensive set of observations provided a diagnostic of petrochemical plume chemistry. The simulated plume chemistry reproduced the observed evolution of ozone and short-lived reactive nitrogen compounds, such as PANs and HNs as well as the rate and efficiency of ozone production. The simulated peroxy nitrates (PNs) budget included large contributions (approximately 30%) from unmeasured PNs including peroxyhydroxyacetic nitric anhydride and peroxybenzoic nitric anhydride. The large, predicted levels of these PAN compounds suggest their potential importance in chemical evolution of petrochemical plumes. One unique feature of the DPCC plumes is the substantial contribution of 1,3-butadiene to ozone and potentially SOA production. This work suggests that reductions in small alkene, especially 1,3-butadiene, emissions from the DPCC should be a priority for reducing downwind ozone.","PeriodicalId":54279,"journal":{"name":"Elementa-Science of the Anthropocene","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66944380","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Insights on sources and formation mechanisms of liquid-bearing clouds over MOSAiC examined from a Lagrangian framework","authors":"I. Silber, M. Shupe","doi":"10.1525/elementa.2021.000071","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.2021.000071","url":null,"abstract":"Understanding Arctic stratiform liquid-bearing cloud life cycles and properly representing these life cycles in models is crucial for evaluations of cloud feedbacks as well as the faithfulness of climate projections for this rapidly warming region. Examination of cloud life cycles typically requires analyses of cloud evolution and origins on short time scales, on the order of hours to several days. Measurements from the recent Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC) expedition provide a unique view of the current state of the central Arctic over an annual cycle. Here, we use the MOSAiC radiosonde measurements to detect liquid-bearing cloud layers over full atmospheric columns and to examine the cloud-generating air masses’ properties. We perform 5-day (120 h) back-trajectory calculations for every detected cloud and cluster them using a unique set of variables extracted from these trajectories informed by ERA5 reanalysis data. This clustering method enables us to separate between the air mass source regions such as ice-covered Arctic and midlatitude open water. We find that moisture intrusions into the central Arctic typically result in multilayer liquid-bearing cloud structures and that more than half of multilayer profiles include overlying liquid-bearing clouds originating in different types of air masses. Finally, we conclude that Arctic cloud formation via prolonged radiative cooling of elevated stable subsaturated air masses circulating over the Arctic can occur frequently (up to 20% of detected clouds in the sounding data set) and may lead to a significant impact of ensuing clouds on the surface energy budget, including net surface warming in some cases.","PeriodicalId":54279,"journal":{"name":"Elementa-Science of the Anthropocene","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66940273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Holistic environmental monitoring in ports as an opportunity to advance sustainable development, marine science, and social inclusiveness","authors":"F. Ferrario, C. Araujo, S. Bélanger, D. Bourgault, J. Carrière, Charlotte Carrier‐Belleau, Elliot Dreujou, L. Johnson, S. Juniper, Raphael Mabit, C. McKindsey, Lindsey Ogston, Manon M. M. Picard, Richard Saint-Louis, Émilie Saulnier‐Talbot, Jean-Luc Shaw, N. Templeman, T. Therriault, J. Tremblay, P. Archambault","doi":"10.1525/elementa.2021.00061","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.2021.00061","url":null,"abstract":"Ports play a central role in our society, but they entail potential environmental risks and stressors that may cause detrimental impacts to both neighboring natural ecosystems and human health. Port managers face multiple challenges to mitigate risks and avoid ecosystem impacts and should recognize that ports are embedded in the wider regional coastal ecosystem. Cumulative impacts of anthropogenic stressors have the potential to further burden the existing suite of natural stressors, particularly where ports are located in embayments and estuaries. Environmental monitoring in ports should thus develop a comprehensive, holistic, multilayered approach integrated in the wider ecosystem that will help managers better achieve sustainable development, a major goal of the United Nations’ 2030 agenda and Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development (2021–2030). This practice bridge showcases the experience of the second Canadian Healthy Ocean Network (CHONe2) in Baie des Sept Îles (BSI, Quebec; the fourth largest industrial port in Canada) laying the foundations of holistic environmental monitoring in ports. We describe the partnership model (i.e., engaging scientists, local authorities, an independent organization, and local industries), synthesize the multidisciplinary studies that turned environmental monitoring into a systemic investigation of the biological and physical components of BSI, integrate the developed scientific knowledge into a social–ecological–environmental system, present an innovative near real-time monitoring approach, and discuss implications for management and policy. The CHONe2 experience in BSI aligns with the decade’s road map for sustainable development and provides elements that could be adapted to other commercial ports. By suggesting a set of best practices (e.g., multidisciplinarity, transparency, inclusivity, participatory modeling), we hope to spark new interest in environmental monitoring as a path to conciliate development and sustainability of ports and other high-use marine areas.","PeriodicalId":54279,"journal":{"name":"Elementa-Science of the Anthropocene","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66941309","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thermodynamic and dynamic contributions to seasonal Arctic sea ice thickness distributions from airborne observations","authors":"Luisa von Albedyll, S. Hendricks, Raphael Grodofzig, T. Krumpen, Stefanie Arndt, H. J. Belter, G. Birnbaum, B. Cheng, M. Hoppmann, J. Hutchings, P. Itkin, R. Lei, M. Nicolaus, R. Ricker, J. Rohde, Mira Suhrhoff, A. Timofeeva, D. Watkins, M. Webster, C. Haas","doi":"10.1525/elementa.2021.00074","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.2021.00074","url":null,"abstract":"Sea ice thickness is a key parameter in the polar climate and ecosystem. Thermodynamic and dynamic processes alter the sea ice thickness. The Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC) expedition provided a unique opportunity to study seasonal sea ice thickness changes of the same sea ice. We analyzed 11 large-scale (∼50 km) airborne electromagnetic sea thickness and surface roughness surveys from October 2019 to September 2020. Data from ice mass balance and position buoys provided additional information. We found that thermodynamic growth and decay dominated the seasonal cycle with a total mean sea ice thickness increase of 1.4 m (October 2019 to June 2020) and decay of 1.2 m (June 2020 to September 2020). Ice dynamics and deformation-related processes, such as thin ice formation in leads and subsequent ridging, broadened the ice thickness distribution and contributed 30% to the increase in mean thickness. These processes caused a 1-month delay between maximum thermodynamic sea ice thickness and maximum mean ice thickness. The airborne EM measurements bridged the scales from local floe-scale measurements to Arctic-wide satellite observations and model grid cells. The spatial differences in mean sea ice thickness between the Central Observatory (<10 km) of MOSAiC and the Distributed Network (<50 km) were negligible in fall and only 0.2 m in late winter, but the relative abundance of thin and thick ice varied. One unexpected outcome was the large dynamic thickening in a regime where divergence prevailed on average in the western Nansen Basin in spring. We suggest that the large dynamic thickening was due to the mobile, unconsolidated sea ice pack and periodic, sub-daily motion. We demonstrate that this Lagrangian sea ice thickness data set is well suited for validating the existing redistribution theory in sea ice models. Our comprehensive description of seasonal changes of the sea ice thickness distribution is valuable for interpreting MOSAiC time series across disciplines and can be used as a reference to advance sea ice thickness modeling.","PeriodicalId":54279,"journal":{"name":"Elementa-Science of the Anthropocene","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66942161","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Elements of agroecological pest and disease management","authors":"S. Belmain, Y. Tembo, Angela G. Mkindi, Sarah E. J. Arnold, P. Stevenson","doi":"10.1525/elementa.2021.00099","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.2021.00099","url":null,"abstract":"The development of large-scale monocropped agrisystems has facilitated increased problems with pests and diseases, perpetuating the reliance of farmers on synthetic pesticides. The economic success of synthetic inputs has, however, been achieved at a high cost to the environment through the loss of biodiversity, depletion of soil quality, greenhouse gas emissions, and disrupting the ecosystem services that can otherwise help mitigate losses caused by pests and diseases. Environmentally benign alternatives for pest and disease management are urgently needed and are now widely recognized as essential for sustainable food and agriculture. The Food and Agriculture Organization, for example, has published the 10 elements of agroecology as a framework for the transformation of agriculture. Agroecology combines ecological and social concepts and principles to develop sustainable food and agricultural systems by harnessing nature-based solutions that are tailored to farmers’ needs. Plant-based biopesticides, for example, offer an alternative to synthetic pesticides that are less harmful to the environment and nonpersistent, yet effective at managing pests and have a long tradition of use among farmers so are more socially acceptable. Here, we provide a critical assessment of how nature-based approaches to pest and disease management comply with the 10 elements of agroecology and show how they integrate with other ecosystem services through farmer participatory research. We conclude that the adoption of nature-based solutions for pest management addresses all 10 elements of agroecology and provides an entry point to promote sustainable farming practices among farmers more widely.","PeriodicalId":54279,"journal":{"name":"Elementa-Science of the Anthropocene","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66942333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fisheries-enhanced pressure on Mediterranean regions and pelagic species already impacted by climate change","authors":"Jazel Ouled-Cheikh, M. Coll, L. Cardona, J. Steenbeek, F. Ramírez","doi":"10.1525/elementa.2022.00028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.2022.00028","url":null,"abstract":"Marine species are widely threatened by anthropogenic activities, including fishing and human-induced climate change. However, geographically broad and spatially explicit assessments of the simultaneous impacts of these major threats at regional scales are mostly lacking due to the practical challenges of surveying vast geographical areas and obtaining adequately resolved data. Yet, these assessments are key for identifying highly and cumulatively impacted areas and species that should be prioritized for conservation through knowledge-based management strategies. Here, we analysed a 26-year (1993–2018) time series of highly resolved remotely sensed environmental data to evaluate changes in optimal habitat availability (i.e., extent of marine areas encompassing optimal environmental conditions) for 15 species representative of small, medium and large pelagic fish inhabiting the Mediterranean Sea Large Marine Ecosystem. We then combined spatial and temporal data on fishing pressure and changes in optimal habitats to identify areas of high risk of cumulative impacts. Overall, results show how most of the studied Mediterranean pelagic species experienced a reduction in optimal habitat availability over the past decades. The few species that showed positive trends in optimal habitat availability expanded only to a small degree and hence were unlikely to compensate for the loss of key functional roles at the group level. Habitat loss concentrated in the western and central regions. Similarly, fishing pressure was found to be higher in these regions, thus overlapping with the areas experiencing a higher reduction of optimal habitat. Small and large pelagic fish were the most impacted groups, having a larger proportion of their distributions in highly, cumulative impacted areas. Redistributing fishing pressure and reducing it in highly impacted areas may alleviate the overall cumulative pressure on pelagic stocks, contributing to the necessary shift to sustainable and resilient fisheries that would ensure food security and a healthy ecosystem in this highly impacted basin.","PeriodicalId":54279,"journal":{"name":"Elementa-Science of the Anthropocene","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66943483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}