{"title":"Stakeholders and ESG disclosure strategies adoption: The role of goals compatibility and resources dependence","authors":"Zhiyang Liu, Ruoyu Zheng, Zhenyu Qiu, Xiaodong Jiang","doi":"10.1525/elementa.2022.00044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.2022.00044","url":null,"abstract":"Environmental, social, and governance (ESG) disclosure plays a critical role in promoting corporations’ abilities to achieve sustainable development. Previous research has focused on the concept, antecedents, and consequences of ESG disclosure, ignoring that there are significant differences in ESG disclosure strategies of corporations and providing even less understanding of how corporations adopt ESG disclosure strategies. Therefore, we identify the factors and mechanisms of ESG disclosure strategy adoption in context of stakeholders. Using new institutional theory (NIT) and resource dependence theory (RDT), we suggest that goals compatibility and resources dependence are the 2 critical factors that affect a corporation’s ESG disclosure strategy adoption. Accordingly, we construct a framework of corporations’ ESG disclosure strategies adoption. We address the gaps in understanding of ESG disclosure strategies adoption of corporations, expand NIT and RDT, and provide rich practical guidance to promote the healthy development of ESG disclosure strategies.","PeriodicalId":54279,"journal":{"name":"Elementa-Science of the Anthropocene","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66944049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hyeonmin Kim, R. Park, Saewung Kim, W. Brune, G. Diskin, A. Fried, S. Hall, A. Weinheimer, P. Wennberg, A. Wisthaler, D. Blake, K. Ullmann
{"title":"Observed versus simulated OH reactivity during KORUS-AQ campaign: Implications for emission inventory and chemical environment in East Asia","authors":"Hyeonmin Kim, R. Park, Saewung Kim, W. Brune, G. Diskin, A. Fried, S. Hall, A. Weinheimer, P. Wennberg, A. Wisthaler, D. Blake, K. Ullmann","doi":"10.1525/elementa.2022.00030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.2022.00030","url":null,"abstract":"We present a holistic examination of tropospheric OH reactivity (OHR) in South Korea using comprehensive NASA DC-8 airborne measurements collected during the Korea–United States Air Quality field study and chemical transport models. The observed total OHR (tOHR) averaged in the planetary boundary layer (PBL, <2.0 km) and free troposphere was 5.2 s−1 and 2.0 s−1 during the campaign, respectively. These values were higher than the calculated OHR (cOHR, 3.4 s−1, 1.0 s−1) derived from trace-gas observations, indicating missing OHR fractions in the PBL and free troposphere of 35% and 50%, respectively. Incorporating nonobserved secondary species from the observationally constrained box model increased cOHR to 4.0 s−1 in the PBL and 1.3 s−1 in the free troposphere. Simulated OHR (sOHR, 2.7 s−1, 0.8 s−1) was substantially lower than both tOHR and cOHR by as much as 60%. This underestimate was substantial in the free troposphere and marine boundary layer of the marginal sea (Yellow Sea). We then discuss the potential causes of unaccounted OHR. First, we suggest improving the accuracy of tropospheric reaction kinetics, which vary significantly in the available literature. Second, underestimated emissions of anthropogenic CO and oxygenated volatile organic compounds in East Asia contributed to the discrepancy between tOHR and sOHR. In addition, oxygenated and biogenic volatile organic compounds emitted from the marginal sea may contribute substantially to the regional OHR. Typical chemical transport models underestimate these sources, leading to a large missing OHR fraction. Despite this discrepancy, we found that simulated OH concentrations were comparable with those observed during the campaign because of slow OH recycling rates in the models; therefore, the models predicted less formation of photochemical oxidation products such as ozone.","PeriodicalId":54279,"journal":{"name":"Elementa-Science of the Anthropocene","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66944179","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
K. Sobocinski, C. Harvell, Natalie J. K. Baloy, Ginny Broadhurst, M. Dethier, A. Flower, J. Delaney
{"title":"Urban seas as hotspots of stress in the Anthropocene ocean: The Salish Sea example","authors":"K. Sobocinski, C. Harvell, Natalie J. K. Baloy, Ginny Broadhurst, M. Dethier, A. Flower, J. Delaney","doi":"10.1525/elementa.2022.00055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.2022.00055","url":null,"abstract":"Coastal seas and estuaries are among the most productive ecosystems on Earth and have long attracted human activity. Yet, urbanization pressures are intense and are compounded by accelerating climate stresses. Urban seas are now hotspots of stress in the Anthropocene ocean. The Salish Sea stands out as one of a few highly functioning urban seas in the world, boasting ecological riches and thriving coastal communities and industries, including tourism. For over 10,000 years the region has supported Indigenous peoples; now it is home to a growing population of almost nine million people, concentrated in and near the major cities of Seattle, Washington, and Vancouver, British Columbia. Increasing urbanization combined with intensifying climate stress is degrading the Salish Sea and acutely affecting communities already experiencing marginalization. Current environmental impacts include acidifying waters, hypoxia, and intense heat waves, all of which have had measurable impacts within the ecosystem. A recent synthesis of this system identified key domains for solutions, which we generalize here for invoking positive change in global urban seas: 1) innovation in data collection, curation, and integration using a systems approach in science and management; 2) sharing place-based knowledge to sustain community-based action; and 3) aligning science and policy with ecosystem boundaries. The differing governance and socio-political settings across two countries and numerous Indigenous nations creates a complex challenge in ecosystem management. Developing actionable solutions for people and the biota of the Salish Sea can create a global example of a sustainably managed urban sea with transferable insights to other urban seas in need of revitalization around the world.","PeriodicalId":54279,"journal":{"name":"Elementa-Science of the Anthropocene","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66944494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Catherine M. Liberti, M. Gray, L. Mayer, J. Testa, Wei Liu, D. Brady
{"title":"The impact of oyster aquaculture on the estuarine carbonate system","authors":"Catherine M. Liberti, M. Gray, L. Mayer, J. Testa, Wei Liu, D. Brady","doi":"10.1525/elementa.2020.00057","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.2020.00057","url":null,"abstract":"Many studies have examined the vulnerability of calcifying organisms, such as the eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica), to externally forced ocean acidification, but the opposite interaction whereby oysters alter their local carbonate conditions has received far less attention. We present an exploratory model for isolating the impact that net calcification and respiration of aquacultured eastern oysters can have on calcite and aragonite saturation states, in the context of varying temperature, ocean-estuary mixing, and air-sea gas exchange. We apply the model to the Damariscotta River Estuary in Maine which has experienced rapid expansion of oyster aquaculture in the last decade. Our model uses oyster shell growth over the summer season and a previously derived relationship between net calcification and respiration to quantify impacts of net oyster calcification and gross metabolism on carbonate saturation states in open tidal waters. Under 2018 industry size and climate conditions, we estimate that oysters can lower carbonate saturation states by up to 5% (i.e., 0.17 and 0.11 units on calcite and aragonite saturation states, respectively) per day in late summer, with an average of 3% over the growing season. Perturbations from temperature and air-sea exchange are similar in magnitude. Under 2050 climate conditions and 2018 industry size, calcite saturation state will decrease by up to an additional 0.54 units. If the industry expands 3-fold by 2050, the calcite and aragonite saturation states may decrease by 0.73 and 0.47 units, respectively, on average for the latter half of the growing season when compared to 2018 climate conditions and industry size. Collectively, our results indicate that dense aggregations of oysters can have a significant role on estuarine carbonate chemistry.","PeriodicalId":54279,"journal":{"name":"Elementa-Science of the Anthropocene","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66938284","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Z. Erickson, I. Cetinić, Xiaodong Zhang, E. Boss, P. J. Werdell, S. Freeman, Lianbo Hu, Craig M. Lee, M. Omand, M. Perry
{"title":"Alignment of optical backscatter measurements from the EXPORTS Northeast Pacific Field Deployment","authors":"Z. Erickson, I. Cetinić, Xiaodong Zhang, E. Boss, P. J. Werdell, S. Freeman, Lianbo Hu, Craig M. Lee, M. Omand, M. Perry","doi":"10.1525/elementa.2021.00021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.2021.00021","url":null,"abstract":"Backscattering of light is commonly measured by ocean observing systems, including ships and autonomous platforms, and is used as a proxy for the concentration of water column constituents such as phytoplankton and particulate carbon. Multiple on-going projects involve large numbers of independent measurements of backscatter, as well as other biologically relevant parameters, to understand how biology is changing in time and space throughout the global ocean. Rarely are there sufficient measurements to test how well these instruments are inter-calibrated in real-world deployment conditions. This paper develops a procedure to align multiple independently calibrated backscatter instruments to each other using nearby profiling casts and applies this method to nine instruments deployed during a recent field campaign in the North Pacific during August–September of 2018. This process revealed several incorrect calibrations; post-alignment, all nine instruments aligned extremely well with each other. We also tested an alignment to a deep-water reference and found that this method is generally sufficient but has significant limitations; this procedure lacks the ability to correct instruments measuring only shallow profiles and can only account for additive offsets, not multiplicative changes. These findings highlight the utility of process studies involving several independent measurements of similar parameters in the same area.","PeriodicalId":54279,"journal":{"name":"Elementa-Science of the Anthropocene","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66940667","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. V. van Leeuwe, M. Fenton, Emily Davey, Janne-Markus Rintala, E. Jones, M. Meredith, J. Stefels
{"title":"On the phenology and seeding potential of sea-ice microalgal species","authors":"M. V. van Leeuwe, M. Fenton, Emily Davey, Janne-Markus Rintala, E. Jones, M. Meredith, J. Stefels","doi":"10.1525/elementa.2021.00029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.2021.00029","url":null,"abstract":"Sea ice is an important habitat for a wide variety of microalgal species. Depending on the species composition, sea ice can be a seeding source for pelagic phytoplankton blooms after ice melt in spring. Sea-ice algal communities were studied over 2 full winter seasons in 2014 and 2016 at Rothera Research Station, situated at the Western Antarctic Peninsula (WAP). Algal pigment patterns and microscopic observations were combined with photophysiological studies based on fluorescence analyses to monitor and explain the phenology of ice-algal species. Clear patterns in species succession were identified. Young sea ice contained a mixture of algal species including dinoflagellates, cryptophytes and diatoms like Chaetoceros spp. and Fragillariopsis spp. In winter, severe environmental conditions resulted in a decline in species diversity and selection towards heterotrophy. Pennate diatoms like Amphiprora kufferathii and Berkeleya adeliensis were the first to dominate the nutrient-enriched bottom-ice layers in early spring. The bottom communities exhibited a remarkably stable value for the photoadaptation parameter, Ek, of circa 25 µmol photons m–2 s–1. Whereas pennate diatoms were most abundant in spring ice, the initial seeding event linked to ice melt was associated with flagellate species. Haptophyte species like Phaeocystis antarctica and prymnesiophytes like Pyramimonas spp. best sustained the transition from sea ice to seawater. Comparison with previous studies shows that the seeding patterns observed in Ryder Bay were characteristic over the wider sea-ice domain, Arctic and Antarctic. Over the course of this century, the WAP is predicted to experience continuing thinning and decline in sea-ice cover. For the near future, we expect that especially microalgal communities of haptophytes and chlorophytes will benefit from the changes, with yet unknown implications for carbon fluxes and higher trophic levels.","PeriodicalId":54279,"journal":{"name":"Elementa-Science of the Anthropocene","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66940924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kenisha M. Shipley, T. Martz, P. Bresnahan, Taylor S. Wirth
{"title":"Metabolic rates in the Agua Hedionda Lagoon during the 2020 Southern California red tide event","authors":"Kenisha M. Shipley, T. Martz, P. Bresnahan, Taylor S. Wirth","doi":"10.1525/elementa.2022.00018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.2022.00018","url":null,"abstract":"A standing time series from autonomous sensors (pH, dissolved oxygen, salinity, temperature) in the Agua Hedionda Lagoon, Carlsbad, CA, captured the effects of a massive red tide occurring along the Southern and Baja California coast during the spring of 2020. Biogeochemical data (pH and dissolved oxygen) were examined using an open-source weighted regression model designed to filter out the influence of tides and estimate net ecosystem metabolism. Contemporaneous pH and dissolved oxygen observations allowed simultaneous, independent evaluations of production, respiration, and net ecosystem metabolism. Under normal conditions, the Agua Hedionda Lagoon tends toward net heterotrophy, averaging 10 mmol C m–2 d–1. During a 2-month period, centered around the peak of the event, trophic status in the lagoon shifted multiple times between net heterotrophic and net autotrophic, with a pronounced period of anoxia. Fueled by the intense local bloom, at its peak, respiration reached rates of 140 mmol C m–2d–1. We found that the co-location of pH and oxygen sensors affords independent assessment of metabolic rates, which often agree, as expected under baseline (oxic) conditions, but diverge during an extreme event. This observation allowed us to identify non-Redfieldian behavior and speculate on the source of anoxic reactions. Similar to many coastal environments, the Agua Hedionda Lagoon serves a multitude of functions (including a natural habitat for hundreds of marine and avian species, and several commercial and recreational activities), which makes characterizing the dominant mechanisms controlling the ecosystem state (such as metabolic rate) of great interest to scientists, stakeholders, decision-makers, and regulators alike.","PeriodicalId":54279,"journal":{"name":"Elementa-Science of the Anthropocene","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66943244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Romero-Olivares, C. Davie-Martin, M. Kramshøj, R. Rinnan, S. Frey
{"title":"Soil volatile organic compound emissions in response to soil warming and nitrogen deposition","authors":"A. Romero-Olivares, C. Davie-Martin, M. Kramshøj, R. Rinnan, S. Frey","doi":"10.1525/elementa.2021.00065","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.2021.00065","url":null,"abstract":"Biogenic volatile organic compounds (VOCs) play crucial roles in ecosystems at multiple scales, ranging from mediating soil microbial interactions to contributing to atmospheric chemistry. However, soil VOCs and how they respond to environmental change remains understudied. We aimed to assess how 2 abiotic global change drivers, soil warming and simulated nitrogen (N) deposition, impact soil VOC emissions over time in a temperate forest. We characterized the effect of warming, N deposition, and their interaction on the composition and emissions of soil VOCs during the growing season of 2 consecutive years. We found that chronic warming and N deposition enhanced total VOC emissions at certain times of the year (as high as 332.78 µg m–2 h–1), but that overall VOC composition was not strongly affected by these global change treatments. However, certain compounds, particularly sesquiterpenoids and alkanes, were sensitive to these treatments, with their emissions increasing under both chronic warming and N deposition. Moreover, specific signature VOCs—α-pinene, β-thujone, β-caryophyllene, and 2,4-dimethylheptane—were consistently found under chronic warming and N deposition. This suggests that emissions of specific VOC classes/compounds may increase under global change.","PeriodicalId":54279,"journal":{"name":"Elementa-Science of the Anthropocene","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66941427","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Vanessa Engelhardt, T. Perez, L. Donoso, T. Müller, A. Wiedensohler
{"title":"Black carbon and particulate matter mass concentrations in the Metropolitan District of Caracas, Venezuela: An assessment of temporal variation and contributing sources","authors":"Vanessa Engelhardt, T. Perez, L. Donoso, T. Müller, A. Wiedensohler","doi":"10.1525/elementa.2022.00024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.2022.00024","url":null,"abstract":"Atmospheric aerosols play an important role in atmospheric processes and human health. Characterizing atmospheric aerosols and identifying their sources in large cities is relevant to propose site-specific air pollution mitigation strategies. In this study, we measured the mass concentration of atmospheric aerosols with an aerodynamic diameter smaller than 2.5 µm (PM2.5) in the city of Caracas (urban) and in a tropical montane cloud forest (suburban site, located in a mountainous area 11 km far from Caracas) between June 2018 and October 2019. We also measured equivalent black carbon (eBC) mass concentration in PM2.5 in Caracas during the same period. Our goal is to assess PM2.5 and eBC temporal variation and identify their major sources in the area. eBC showed a pronounced diurnal cycle in the urban site, mainly modulated by traffic circulation and the diurnal changes of the mixing layer height. In contrast, PM2.5 showed stable median values during the day with slight variations like that of eBC. In the forest site, PM2.5 values were higher in the afternoons due to the convective transport of aerosols from Caracas and other surrounding urban areas located in adjacent valleys. The annual median for eBC and PM2.5 was 1.6 and 9.2 µg m–3, respectively, in the urban site, while PM2.5 in the forest site was 6.6 µg m–3. To our knowledge, these are the first measurements of this type in the northernmost area of South America. eBC and PM2.5 sources identification during wet and dry seasons was obtained by percentiles of the conditional bivariate probability function (CBPF). CBPF showed seasonal variations of eBC and PM2.5 sources and that their contributions are higher during the dry season. Biomass burning events are a relevant contributing source of aerosols for both sites of measurements inferred by fire pixels from satellite data, the national fire department’s statistics data, and backward trajectories. Our results indicate that biomass burning might affect the atmosphere on a regional scale, contribute to regional warming, and have implications for local and regional air quality and, therefore, human health.","PeriodicalId":54279,"journal":{"name":"Elementa-Science of the Anthropocene","volume":"57 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66943411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Shanru Tian, K. Smits, Younki Cho, S. Riddick, D. Zimmerle, Aidan Duggan
{"title":"Estimating methane emissions from underground natural gas pipelines using an atmospheric dispersion-based method","authors":"Shanru Tian, K. Smits, Younki Cho, S. Riddick, D. Zimmerle, Aidan Duggan","doi":"10.1525/elementa.2022.00045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.2022.00045","url":null,"abstract":"Methane (CH4) leakage from natural gas (NG) pipelines poses an environmental, safety, and economic threat to the public. While previous leak detection and quantification studies focus on the aboveground infrastructure, the analysis of underground NG pipeline leak scenarios is scarce. Furthermore, no data from controlled release experiments have been published on the accuracy of methods used to (1) quantify emissions from an area source and (2) use these emissions to quantify the size of a subsurface leak. This proof-of-concept work uses CH4 mole fraction, as measured by a single gas sensor, as an input to a simple dispersion-based model (WindTrax) under ideal conditions (i.e., in a field) and compares the calculated emissions to the known controlled NG release rates. The aboveground and surface CH4 mole fractions were measured for 5 days at a field testbed using controlled underground release rates ranging from 0.08 to 0.52 kg hr–1 (3.83–24.94 ft3 hr–1). Results confirmed that the mean normalized CH4 mole fraction increases as the atmosphere transitions from the Pasquill–Gifford (PG) stability class A (extremely unstable) to G (extremely stable). The estimated surface CH4 emissions showed large temporal variability, and for the emission rates tested, at least 6 h of data are needed to have a representative estimate from subsurface pipeline leaks (±27% of the controlled release rate on average). The probability that the emission estimate is within ±50% of the controlled release rate (P±50%) is approximately 50% when 1 h of data is collected; the probability approaches 100% with 3–4 h of data. Findings demonstrate the importance of providing enough data over time for accurate estimation of belowground leak scenarios. By adopting the estimation method described in this study, operators can better estimate leakage rates and identify and repair the largest leaks, thereby optimizing annual greenhouse gas emissions reductions and improving public safety.","PeriodicalId":54279,"journal":{"name":"Elementa-Science of the Anthropocene","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66943732","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}