Forest Ecosystems最新文献

{"title":"Adaptive optimisation of the management of Korean pine plantation","authors":"Qianping Tong ,&nbsp;Xingji Jin ,&nbsp;Timo Pukkala ,&nbsp;Lihu Dong ,&nbsp;Fengri Li","doi":"10.1016/j.fecs.2025.100326","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fecs.2025.100326","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Forest management planning faces uncertainties regarding future timber prices, tree growth, and survival. Future seed production is an additional source of uncertainty in Korean pine stands managed for the joint production of timber and edible seeds. Modern forest planning uses optimisation to determine the best possible cutting schedule. Optimisation can accommodate uncertainty by using decision rules for adaptive forest management instead of optimising cutting years and intensities. In this study, we optimised two adaptive decision rules for managing Korean pine plantations for the joint production of timber and pinecones when timber prices, tree growth, and seed production are stochastic. The first rule indicated the minimum price to sell timber, i.e., the reservation price, as a function of the mean tree diameter and stand basal area. The second adaptive rule expressed the mean tree diameter at which cutting is optimal as a function of timber price and stand basal area. Both decision rules resulted in nearly the same mean net present value when the optimised rule was applied to 100 stochastic scenarios for future timber prices, tree growth, and seed production. The net present values were over 20% higher than those for the deterministically optimised cutting schedules under the same scenarios. Therefore, the expected economic gain from switching from deterministic to adaptive stochastic optimisation was at least 20%. The cutting years of the adaptive optima were frequently later than those indicated by the deterministic optima, and optimal adaptive harvesting often involved waiting for high timber prices. The minimum price or minimum mean diameter to sell timber was higher when the income from seeds was considered in the optimisation. The cuttings were later, and the rotations were longer in the joint production of timber and pinecones than in timber production alone.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54270,"journal":{"name":"Forest Ecosystems","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 100326"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143834486","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Long-term leaf nitrogen and phosphorus dynamics and drivers in China's forests under global change","authors":"Chenxi Li ,&nbsp;Honglin He ,&nbsp;Xinyu Zhang ,&nbsp;Xiaoli Ren ,&nbsp;Liang Shi ,&nbsp;Li Zhang ,&nbsp;Qian Xu ,&nbsp;Mengyu Zhang ,&nbsp;Yonghong Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.fecs.2025.100325","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fecs.2025.100325","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The leaf nitrogen (N) to phosphorus (P) ratio (N:P) is a critical indicator of nutrient dynamics and ecosystem function. Investigating temporal variations in leaf N:P can provide valuable insights into how plants adapt to environmental changes and nutrient availability. However, limited research has been conducted on long-term temporal leaf N:P variation over a range of temperature zones. Using long-term monitoring data from the Chinese Ecosystem Research Network (CERN), we investigated temporal changes in leaf N and P stoichiometry for 50 dominant tree species from 10 typical forest sites across temperate and subtropical regions, and identified the underlying mechanisms driving these changes. For both regions combined, leaf P concentration of the 50 dominant tree species decreased (20.6%), whereas leaf N:P increased (52.0%) from 2005 to 2020. Leaf P decreased and leaf N:P increased in 67% and 69% of the tree species, respectively. The leaf N:P increase was primarily driven by the tree species in eastern subtropical forests, where global change factors and soil nutrients explained 68% of leaf N:P variation. The P limitation exhibited by tree species in eastern subtropical forest ecosystems intensified over time, and elevated temperature and CO₂ levels, coupled with decreased soil available P concentrations, appear to be the main factors driving long-term leaf N:P increases in these forests. Investigating long-term variations in soil nutrients together with global change factors will improve our understanding of the nutrient status of forest ecosystems in the context of global change and will support effective forest ecosystem management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54270,"journal":{"name":"Forest Ecosystems","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 100325"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143791159","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Endemic threatened tree species in the Mediterranean forests of central Chile are highly sensitive to ENSO-driven water availability and drought","authors":"Tania Gipoulou-Zúñiga ,&nbsp;Moisés Rojas-Badilla ,&nbsp;Carlos LeQuesne ,&nbsp;Vicente Rozas","doi":"10.1016/j.fecs.2025.100324","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fecs.2025.100324","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Mediterranean region in central Chile is experiencing a significant decrease in precipitation due to climate change and the dynamics of the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Droughts have increased in recent decades, with the most severe and longest drought of the last millennium occurring since 2010 in central Chile. The impact of ongoing water scarcity is leading to significant drought-related declines in tree growth and forest dieback in the Mediterranean region. A deep understanding of how tree species respond to climate is crucial to accurately predict how forests will respond to climate change. We examined the growth responses to climate of three endemic and threatened tree species of the Mediterranean forests of central Chile, <em>Nothofagus macrocarpa</em>, <em>Cryptocarya alba</em> and <em>Persea lingue</em>, in a protected area. We observed that the growth of all three species was highly dependent on water availability and ENSO, and that the evergreen species <em>C</em>. <em>alba</em> and <em>P</em>. <em>lingue</em> increased their sensitivity to hydroclimate more than the deciduous species <em>N</em>. <em>macrocarpa</em>. These relationships were consistent across much of southern South America, highlighting the dependence of these species on water availability at large geographic scales. We found that there is a relationship between local water availability and ENSO that has intensified temporally and expanded geographically in recent decades. The xerophyllous species <em>C</em>. <em>alba</em> showed greater resistance and increasing resilience to severe droughts, while <em>P</em>. <em>lingue</em> and <em>N</em>. <em>macrocarpa</em> showed greater growth decline during droughts, possibly due to their preference for wetter environments. Our results highlight the crucial role of ENSO-driven water availability and drought in limiting tree growth and threatening the conservation of Mediterranean forests in central Chile.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54270,"journal":{"name":"Forest Ecosystems","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 100324"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143715158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nonlinear multilevel seemingly unrelated height-diameter and crown length mixed-effects models for the southern Transylvanian forests, Romania","authors":"Albert Ciceu ,&nbsp;Ştefan Leca ,&nbsp;Ovidiu Badea ,&nbsp;Lauri Mehtätalo","doi":"10.1016/j.fecs.2025.100322","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fecs.2025.100322","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, we used an extensive sampling network established in central Romania to develop tree height and crown length models. Our analysis included more than 18,000 tree measurements from five different species. Instead of building univariate models for each response variable, we employed a multivariate approach using seemingly unrelated mixed-effects models. These models incorporated variables related to species mixture, tree and stand size, competition, and stand structure. With the inclusion of additional variables in the multivariate seemingly unrelated mixed-effects models, the accuracy of the height prediction models improved by over 10% for all species, whereas the improvement in the crown length models was considerably smaller. Our findings indicate that trees in mixed stands tend to have shorter heights but longer crowns than those in pure stands. We also observed that trees in homogeneous stand structures have shorter crown lengths than those in heterogeneous stands. By employing a multivariate mixed-effects modelling framework, we were able to perform cross-model random-effect predictions, leading to a significant increase in accuracy when both responses were used to calibrate the model. In contrast, the improvement in accuracy was marginal when only height was used for calibration. We demonstrate how multivariate mixed-effects models can be effectively used to develop multi-response allometric models that can be easily calibrated with a limited number of observations while simultaneously achieving better-aligned projections.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54270,"journal":{"name":"Forest Ecosystems","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 100322"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143800106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Trends in alpha diversity, community composition, and network complexity of rare, intermediate, and abundant bacterial taxa along a latitudinal gradient and their impact on ecosystem multifunctionality","authors":"Rong Tang ,&nbsp;Shuaifeng Li ,&nbsp;Xiaobo Huang ,&nbsp;Rui Zhang ,&nbsp;Cong Li ,&nbsp;Jianrong Su","doi":"10.1016/j.fecs.2025.100323","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fecs.2025.100323","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Soil microbial communities are key factors in maintaining ecosystem multifunctionality (EMF). However, the distribution patterns of bacterial diversity and how the different bacterial taxa and their diversity dimensions affect EMF remain largely unknown. Here, we investigated variation in three measures of diversity (alpha diversity, community composition and network complexity) among rare, intermediate, and abundant taxa across a latitudinal gradient spanning five forest plots in Yunnan Province, China and examined their contributions on EMF. We aimed to characterize the diversity distributions of bacterial groups across latitudes and to assess the differences in the mechanisms underlying their contributions to EMF. We found that multifaceted diversity (i.e., diversity assessed by the three different metrics) of rare, intermediate, and abundant bacteria generally decreased with increasing latitude. More importantly, we found that rare bacterial taxa tended to be more diverse, but they contributed less to EMF than intermediate or abundant bacteria. Among the three dimensions of diversity we assessed, only community composition significantly affected EMF across all locations, while alpha diversity had a negative effect, and network complexity showed no significant impact. Our study further emphasizes the importance of intermediate and abundant bacterial taxa as well as community composition to EMF and provides a theoretical basis for investigating the mechanisms by which belowground microorganisms drive EMF along a latitudinal gradient.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54270,"journal":{"name":"Forest Ecosystems","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 100323"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143697542","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Estimating area, standing carbon stock, and potential carbon stock of degraded forests in China","authors":"Xingrong Yan ,&nbsp;Dongbo Xie ,&nbsp;Linyan Feng ,&nbsp;Chunyan Wu ,&nbsp;Ram P. Sharma ,&nbsp;Wenqiang Gao ,&nbsp;Xiaofang Zhang ,&nbsp;Hongchao Huang ,&nbsp;Zhibo Ma ,&nbsp;Qiao Chen ,&nbsp;Lifeng Pang ,&nbsp;Wenwen Wang ,&nbsp;Qiaolin Ye ,&nbsp;Shouzheng Tang ,&nbsp;Liyong Fu","doi":"10.1016/j.fecs.2025.100321","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fecs.2025.100321","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>With the rapid economic development and continuous expansion of human activities, forest degradation—characterized by reduced forest stock within the forest including declining carbon storage—poses significant threats to ecosystem stability. Understanding the current status of forest degradation and assessing potential carbon stocks in China are of strategic importance for making forest restoration efforts and enhancing carbon sequestration capacity. In this study, we used the national forest inventory data from 2009 to 2018 to develop a set of standard measures for assessing degraded forests across China, based on five key indicators: forest accumulation growth rate (FAGR), forest recruitment rate (FRR), tree species reduction rate (TSRR), forest canopy cover reduction rate (FCCRR), and forest disaster level (FDL). Additionally, we estimated standing carbon stock, potential carbon stock, and theoretical space to grow by developing a stand growth model, which accounts for stand density across different site classes, to evaluate the restoration potential of degraded forests. The results indicate that degraded forest area in China is 36.15 million hectares, accounting for 20.10% of a total forest area. Standing carbon stock and potential carbon stock of degraded forests in China are 23.93 million tons and 61.90 million tons, respectively. Overall, degraded forest varies significantly across different regions. The results highlight the important trade-offs among environmental factors, policy decisions, and forest conditions, providing a robust foundation for developing measures to enhance forest quality.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54270,"journal":{"name":"Forest Ecosystems","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 100321"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143776601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design strategy of advanced generation breeding population of Pinus tabuliformis based on genetic variation and inbreeding level","authors":"Chengcheng Zhou ,&nbsp;Fan Sun ,&nbsp;Zhiyuan Jiao ,&nbsp;Yousry A. El-Kassaby ,&nbsp;Wei Li","doi":"10.1016/j.fecs.2025.100320","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fecs.2025.100320","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The level of genetic variation within a breeding population affects the effectiveness of selection strategies for genetic improvement. The relationship between genetic variation level within <em>Pinus tabuliformis</em> breeding populations and selection strategies or selection effectiveness is not fully investigated. Here, we compared the selection effectiveness of combined and individual direct selection strategies using half- and full-sib families produced from advanced-generation <em>P</em>. <em>tabuliformis</em> seed orchard as our test populations. Our results revealed that, within half-sib families, average diameter at breast height (DBH), tree height, and volume growth of superior individuals selected by the direct selection strategy were higher by 7.72%, 18.56%, and 31.01%, respectively, than those selected by the combined selection strategy. Furthermore, significant differences (<em>P</em> ​&lt; ​0.01) were observed between the two strategies in terms of the expected genetic gains for average tree height and volume. In contrast, within full-sib families, the differences in tree average DBH, height, and volume between the two selection strategies were relatively minor with increase of 0.17%, 2.73%, and 2.21%, respectively, and no significant differences were found in the average expected genetic gains for the studied traits. Half-sib families exhibited greater phenotypic and genetic variation, resulting in improved selection efficiency with the direct selection strategy but also introduced a level of inbreeding risk. Based on genetic distance estimates using molecular markers, our comparative seed orchard design analysis showed that the Improved Adaptive Genetic Programming Algorithm (IAPGA) reduced the average inbreeding coefficient by 14.36% and 14.73% compared to sequential and random designs, respectively. In conclusion, the combination of the direct selection strategy with IAPGA seed orchard design aimed at minimizing inbreeding offered an efficient approach for establishing advanced-generation <em>P</em>. <em>tabuliformis</em> seed orchards.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54270,"journal":{"name":"Forest Ecosystems","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 100320"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143637497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lifespan of tropical trees from seed to 1-cm diameter","authors":"Richard Condit ,&nbsp;Andrés Hernández ,&nbsp;Oswaldo Calderón ,&nbsp;Rolando Pérez ,&nbsp;Salomón Aguilar ,&nbsp;Liza S. Comita ,&nbsp;Stephen P. Hubbell ,&nbsp;S. Joseph Wright","doi":"10.1016/j.fecs.2025.100309","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fecs.2025.100309","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>The full lifespan of long-lived trees includes a seedling phase, during which a seed germinates and grows to a size large enough to be measured in forest inventories. Seedling populations are usually studied separately from adult trees, and the seedling lifespan, from seed to sapling, is poorly known. In the 50-ha Barro Colorado forest plot, we started intensive censuses of seeds and seedlings in 1994 in order to merge seedling and adult demography and document complete lifespans.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>In 17 species abundant in seedling censuses, we subdivided populations into six size classes from seed to 1 ​cm dbh, including seeds plus five seedling stages. The smallest seedling class was subdivided by age. Censuses in two consecutive years provided transition matrices describing the probability that a seedling in one stage moved to another one year later. For each species, we averaged the transition matrix across 25 censuses and used it to project the seedling lifespan, from seed until 1 ​cm dbh or death.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The predicted mean survival rate of seeds to 1 ​cm dbh varied 1000-fold across species, from 2.9 × 10⁻⁶ to 4.4 × 10⁻³; the median was 2.0 × 10⁻⁴. The seedling lifespan, or the average time it takes a seed to grow to 1 ​cm dbh, varied across species from 5.1 to 53.1 years, with a median of 20.3 years. In the median species, the 10% fastest-growing seeds would reach 1 ​cm dbh in 9.0 years, and the slowest 10% in 34.6 years.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Combining seedling results with our previous study of lifespan after 1 ​cm dbh, we estimate that the focal species have full lifespans varying from 41 years in a gap-demanding pioneer to 320 years in one shade-tolerant species. Lifetime demography can contribute precise survival rates and lifespans to forestry models.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54270,"journal":{"name":"Forest Ecosystems","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 100309"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143577580","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corrigendum to “Topographic complexity drives trait composition as well as functional and phylogenetic diversity of understory plant communities in microrefugia: New insights for conservation” [Forest Ecosyst. 12 (2025) 100278]","authors":"Kata Frei ,&nbsp;Anna E-Vojtkó ,&nbsp;Csaba Tölgyesi ,&nbsp;András Vojtkó ,&nbsp;Tünde Farkas ,&nbsp;László Erdős ,&nbsp;Gábor Li ,&nbsp;Ádám Lőrincz ,&nbsp;Zoltán Bátori","doi":"10.1016/j.fecs.2025.100307","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fecs.2025.100307","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":54270,"journal":{"name":"Forest Ecosystems","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 100307"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143488709","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effect of Douglas-fir on biodiversity in European forests – What do we know and what do we not know?","authors":"Marlene Graf ,&nbsp;Rafael Achury ,&nbsp;Isabelle Lanzrein ,&nbsp;Ronja Wenglein ,&nbsp;Peter Annighöfer ,&nbsp;Stefan Scheu ,&nbsp;Wolfgang W. Weisser","doi":"10.1016/j.fecs.2025.100319","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fecs.2025.100319","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>1. In recent years, climate change has led to drought and severe bark beetle infestations, affecting Norway spruce (<em>Picea abies</em>) across Europe, with detrimental consequences for forest owners, the forestry sector and associated industries. As a result, silviculture now faces the challenge of identifying tree species more resilient to these stressors to mitigate the impacts on forest management, forest-dependent economies and rural livelihoods. The North American Douglas-fir (<em>Pseudotsuga menziesii</em>) has emerged as a promising conifer species, better suited to future climate conditions and capable of producing high timber yields.</div><div>2. Non-native tree species may affect native biodiversity, yet the impacts of Douglas-fir on native forest biodiversity are not clear. A comprehensive review evaluating the impact of Douglas-fir on faunal and floral biodiversity in European forests is lacking.</div><div>3. Here, we present the results of a systematic literature review on Douglas-fir effects on native biodiversity, focusing on studies conducted in Europe. For arthropods, sufficient studies were found to do more detailed quantitative assessments. For fungi, birds, plants and soil fauna some studies existed, but only qualitative evaluations could be made. Other taxa were not investigated.</div><div>4. In the present literature, the effects of Douglas-fir inclusion in stands on native biodiversity, compared to stands of solely native tree species, were mostly non-significant (78.6%, based on 32 studies). Positive effects were noted in 12% of cases, while negative effects were observed in 9.4% (total of 1,936 effects). Above-ground fauna was more extensively studied than below-ground fauna. Mechanisms proposed to explain taxa responses were often discussed but not always formally tested. For arthropods, there were varying effects on diversity between studies evaluating different scales (i.e., tree-scale vs. stand-scale). In general, differences in effects depended on a range of factors, including stand composition and structure, season, and sampling site and period.</div><div>5. Our review indicates limited evidence of adverse effects of Douglas-fir on biodiversity in European forests, highlighting a significant knowledge gap due to the scarcity of studies. Douglas-fir's impact on biodiversity likely varies depending on the forest type and management practices. Further research in diverse contexts is crucial to determine optimal levels of admixture and guide forest management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54270,"journal":{"name":"Forest Ecosystems","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 100319"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143637496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}