Forest Ecosystems最新文献

{"title":"Quantifying spatiotemporal inconsistencies in runoff responses to forest logging in a subtropical watershed, China","authors":"Yarui Xu ,&nbsp;Wenfei Liu ,&nbsp;Qiang Li ,&nbsp;Fubo Zhao ,&nbsp;Yiping Hou ,&nbsp;Peng Liu ,&nbsp;Zhipeng Xu ,&nbsp;Ya Sun ,&nbsp;Huanying Fang ,&nbsp;Xiangrong Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.fecs.2025.100337","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fecs.2025.100337","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Global forest cover is undergoing significant transformations due to anthropogenic activities and natural disturbances, profoundly impacting hydrological processes. However, the inherent spatial heterogeneity within watersheds leads to varied hydrological responses across spatiotemporal scales, challenging comprehensive assessment of logging impacts at the watershed scale. Here, we developed multiple forest logging scenarios using the soil and water assessment tool (SWAT) model for the Le'an River watershed, a 5,837 ​km² subtropical watershed in China, to quantify the hydrological effects of forest logging across different spatiotemporal scales. Our results demonstrate that increasing forest logging ratios from 1.54% to 9.25% consistently enhanced ecohydrological sensitivity. However, sensitivity varied across spatiotemporal scales, with the rainy season (15.30%–15.81%) showing higher sensitivity than annual (11.56%–12.07%) and dry season (3.38%–5.57%) periods. Additionally, the ecohydrological sensitivity of logging varied significantly across the watershed, with midstream areas exhibiting the highest sensitivity (13.13%–13.25%), followed by downstream (11.87%–11.98%) and upstream regions (9.96%–10.05%). Furthermore, the whole watershed exhibited greater hydrological resilience to logging compared to upstream areas, with attenuated runoff changes due to scale effects. Scale effects were more pronounced during dry seasons ((−8.13 to −42.13) ​× ​10⁴ ​m³⋅month⁻¹) than in the rainy season ((−11.11 to −26.65) ​× ​10⁴ ​m³⋅month⁻¹). These findings advance understanding of logging impacts on hydrology across different spatiotemporal scales in subtropical regions, providing valuable insights for forest management under increasing anthropogenic activities and climate change.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54270,"journal":{"name":"Forest Ecosystems","volume":"14 ","pages":"Article 100337"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143898457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Contrasting controls on symbiotic and asymbiotic nitrogen fixation rates along altitudinal gradients in subtropical forests","authors":"Xibin Sun ,&nbsp;Zhenchuan Wang ,&nbsp;Chengjin Chu ,&nbsp;Yingming Zhang ,&nbsp;Hao Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.fecs.2025.100335","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fecs.2025.100335","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Symbiotic and asymbiotic nitrogen fixation (SNF and ANF), two forms of biological nitrogen (N) fixation, are the main pathways for external N inputs into natural terrestrial ecosystems. However, the regulatory mechanisms of SNF and ANF, particularly in response to changing environmental conditions, remain poorly understood. Here, we investigated changes in SNF and ANF rates along two altitudinal gradients in two subtropical forests on soils with granite and slate parent materials. Our results revealed distinct patterns for SNF and ANF rates. SNF rates consistently declined with increasing altitude, whereas ANF rates initially increased at lower altitudes but declined at higher altitudes. These contrasting trends were attributed to divergent regulatory mechanisms of SNF and ANF rates. Specifically, the decrease in SNF rates was primarily driven by increased soil N availability and decreased air temperature. However, the drivers of ANF rates shifted from soil properties (e.g., phosphorus, iron, and moisture) at lower altitudes to climatic factors (e.g., air temperature) at higher altitudes. We also observed opposite trends of SNF and ANF between forests on granite and slate, demonstrating that lithology is an important driver of both SNF and ANF. Collectively, our findings highlight the divergent mechanisms regulating SNF and ANF in subtropical forests, which contribute to improving the mechanistic representation of biological N fixation in Earth system models.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54270,"journal":{"name":"Forest Ecosystems","volume":"14 ","pages":"Article 100335"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143886672","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Disentangling drivers of organic layer and charcoal carbon stocks in boreal pine and spruce forests with different fire histories","authors":"Vilde L. Haukenes ,&nbsp;Johan Asplund ,&nbsp;Line Nybakken ,&nbsp;Jørund Rolstad ,&nbsp;Ken Olaf Storaunet ,&nbsp;Mikael Ohlson","doi":"10.1016/j.fecs.2025.100334","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fecs.2025.100334","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A key property of the boreal forest is that it stores huge amounts of carbon (C), especially belowground in the soil. Amounts of C stored in the uppermost organic layer of boreal forest soils vary greatly in space due to an interplay between several variables facilitating or preventing C accumulation. In this study, we split C stocks into the organic layer and charcoal C due to their difference in origin, stability, and ecological properties. We compared organic layer C and charcoal C stocks in two regions of south-central Norway (Trillemarka and Varaldskogen), characterized by Scots pine and Norway spruce forests with varying fire histories. We used structural equation modeling to investigate how vegetation composition, hydrotopography, and soil properties interplay to shape organic layer C and charcoal C stocks. Pine forests consistently contained larger organic layer C stocks than spruce forests. Charcoal stocks, in contrast, were less consistent across both forest types and study regions as pine forests had higher charcoal C stocks than spruce forests in Trillemarka, while the two forest types contained equal charcoal C stocks in Varaldskogen. Charcoal and soil organic layer C stocks increased with higher fire frequencies (number of fire events over the last 600 years), but not with a shorter time since last fire (TSF). Additionally, vegetation composition, terrain slope, and soil moisture were the most important drivers of the organic layer C stocks, while charcoal C stocks were mainly controlled by the depth of the organic layer. Also, microtopography was of importance for organic layer C and charcoal C, since depressions in the forest floor had more charcoal C than well-drained minor hills.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54270,"journal":{"name":"Forest Ecosystems","volume":"14 ","pages":"Article 100334"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143923395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing stem volume estimation for savanna species using variable-exponent taper equation and close-range photogrammetry","authors":"Finagnon Gabin Laly,&nbsp;Gilbert Atindogbe,&nbsp;Gbèdonou Michée Amos Sohou,&nbsp;Hospice Afouda Akpo,&nbsp;Noël Houédougbé Fonton","doi":"10.1016/j.fecs.2025.100331","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fecs.2025.100331","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Stem volume estimation is crucial in forest ecology and management, particularly for timber harvesting strategies and carbon stock assessments. This study aimed to develop a variable-exponent taper equation specifically tailored to savanna tree species using close-range photogrammetry (CRP) data and to evaluate its performance against conventional volume equations for stem volume estimation. A dataset of 30 trees across five dominant savanna species was used to fit the taper model, which was validated using a separate dataset of 322 trees from 14 species. The results demonstrated significant improvements in volume estimation accuracy when using the taper equation. At the tree level, the root mean square error (RMSE) decreased by 47%, from 598 to 319 ​dm³, and the mean absolute bias (MAB) by 48%, from 328 to 172 ​dm³, compared to volume equations. Similarly, at the plot level, RMSE was reduced by 42% and MAB by 40%. The model performed well for species with regular forms. However, species with irregular tapers exhibited higher errors, reflecting the challenges of modeling stem forms of mixed species. The use of CRP proved valuable, providing high-resolution diameter measurements that improved model parameterization. This study underscores the importance of advanced data collection methods for enhancing taper model accuracy and suggests that further species-specific adjustments are needed to improve performance for species with irregular forms. The findings support the broader application of taper equations for improving stem volume estimates in savanna ecosystems, contributing to better forest management and resource monitoring practices.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54270,"journal":{"name":"Forest Ecosystems","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 100331"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143848198","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How to determine the leaf area index (LAI) of forests: A comparison of forest inventory versus satellite-driven estimates","authors":"Muhammed Sinan,&nbsp;Hubert Hasenauer","doi":"10.1016/j.fecs.2025.100332","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fecs.2025.100332","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Leaf area index (LAI) is a key measure of forest stand physiology and biomass production, and is essential within ecosystem modeling. There are two common approaches to obtaining LAI: (i) terrestrial forest inventory-based “bottom–up”, and (ii) satellite-based “top–down” techniques. The purpose of this study is to compare terrestrial LAI from allometric functions applied to more than 30,000 trees of the Austrian National Forest Inventory (NFI) vs. satellite-based LAI estimates obtained from moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) and Sentinel (Sentinel-3 TOC reflectance and PROBA-V) data across Austrian forests. We analyzed a satellite pixel-to-plot aggregation and obtained the full inventory data set for the LAI comparison. The results suggest that terrestrial vs. satellite (MODIS and Sentinel) driven LAI estimates are consistent, but (i) the variation of the terrestrial forest inventory LAI is larger vs. the pixel average LAI from satellite data, and (ii) any satellite LAI estimation needs a forest stand density correction if the crown competition factor (CCF), a measure for stand density, is ​&lt; ​250 to avoid an overestimation in LAI.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54270,"journal":{"name":"Forest Ecosystems","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 100332"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143869648","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Greening of Eurasia's center driven by low-latitude climate warming","authors":"Shijie Wang ,&nbsp;Feng Chen ,&nbsp;Youping Chen ,&nbsp;Max C.A. Torbenson ,&nbsp;Jan Esper ,&nbsp;Xiaoen Zhao ,&nbsp;Mao Hu ,&nbsp;Heli Zhang ,&nbsp;Weipeng Yue ,&nbsp;Honghua Cao","doi":"10.1016/j.fecs.2025.100330","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fecs.2025.100330","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Central Asia, located in the innermost part of the Eurasian continent, has experienced “warming and humidification” in recent decades, with potentially important implications for tree growth in alpine forests, which are critical for regional water reserves. We use nested principal component analysis to assess tree radial growth patterns and reveal significant positive trends since the 20th century across Central Asian alpine forests (0.076 per decade during 1900–2021, <em>p</em> ​= ​0.003). Regional hydroclimatic variations affect the greening of these alpine forests, especially with extreme droughts being the most damaging. Growth acceleration is driven by low-latitude warming, which enhances regional temperatures and precipitation. The warming ocean centers alter atmospheric circulation patterns, leading to more moisture being transported to the Central Asian alpine forests, thereby increasing regional precipitation and promoting tree growth. Our model projections indicate that growth rates will continue to rise in the future. However, unprecedented warming may eventually lead to growth deterioration if negative effects, such as insufficient precipitation, occur due to breakdown signs of positive feedback mechanisms, such as moisture transport driven by low-latitude warming. Our study highlights the beneficial, but not unlimited, influences of climate warming on tree growth in Central Asian alpine forests, with implications for the sustainability of water resources. However, as urban and agricultural demands escalate, a holistic, long-term perspective is recommended to mitigate the adverse effects of temperature increases.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54270,"journal":{"name":"Forest Ecosystems","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 100330"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143854682","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microbial genomic traits and mineral protection jointly regulate the temperature sensitivity of soil carbon decomposition in boreal forests","authors":"Xinyi Zhang ,&nbsp;Zhenglong Lu ,&nbsp;Shuang Yin ,&nbsp;Xuesen Pang ,&nbsp;Yufan Liang ,&nbsp;Zhenghu Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.fecs.2025.100333","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fecs.2025.100333","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Soil organic carbon (SOC) decomposition in high-latitude boreal forests exhibits heightened sensitivity to climate change. However, a comprehensive understanding of the underlying drivers governing soil microbial decomposition responses to warming in these ecosystems remains elusive, especially regarding the roles of mineral protection and microbial genomic traits. In this study, we examined the temperature sensitivity (<em>Q</em>₁₀) and minimum temperature (<em>T</em>_min) of soil microbial respiration across a latitudinal gradient in China's boreal forests. The potential regulators, including climatic factors, soil physicochemical properties, substrate quality, mineral protection, and microbial genomic traits, were also synchronously measured. The results showed a positive correlation between <em>Q</em>₁₀ and <em>T</em>_min, i.e., greater microbial adaptability to low temperatures is associated with lower microbial sensitivity to increasing temperatures. Boreal forest soil with stronger mineral protection exhibited a higher <em>Q</em>₁₀. In addition, microbial communities characterized by a higher abundance of coding genes demonstrated significantly lower <em>Q</em>₁₀ and reduced <em>T</em>_min. These results collectively highlight the pivotal roles of mineral protection and microbial genomic traits in shaping the biogeographic pattern of <em>Q</em>₁₀ across boreal forests.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54270,"journal":{"name":"Forest Ecosystems","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 100333"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143864090","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bark beetle-induced salvage logging cycle is caused by weather patterns linked to the NAO and solar cycle in Central Europe","authors":"Václav Šimůnek ,&nbsp;Zdeněk Vacek ,&nbsp;Stanislav Vacek ,&nbsp;Michal Švanda ,&nbsp;Vilém Podrázský ,&nbsp;Jan Cukor ,&nbsp;Josef Gallo ,&nbsp;Petr Zahradník","doi":"10.1016/j.fecs.2025.100328","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fecs.2025.100328","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Central Europe has faced major disasters causing fluctuations in salvage logging. These events, driven by natural or human factors, have damaged forest. Climate change is a key factor that cyclically affects these patterns. These forest disasters cause billions in financial losses due to lower wood prices and quality, but their regular cycles are poorly understood. The objective of this study is to conduct a comprehensive analysis of salvage logging in Austria, Czechia, and Slovakia. Analyses indicate an upward trend in bark beetle-induced logging over the past five decades, with a notable surge in salvage logging in recent years. Cyclical fluctuations linked to solar activity represented by total solar irradiance (TSI) have been observed across the data. Higher TSI reduces beetle-induced logging to 3%–5%, while lower TSI increases it to 17%–24% near the solar minimum. An increase to higher seasonal temperature and a decrease to low precipitation one year before leads to a peak in beetle-induced logging, caused by drought. Seasonal precipitation and the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) have less impact, but higher precipitation is seen one year after the peak in bark-beetle logging. Droughts regularly occur one year before calamity peaks, confirmed by the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI). Harvests caused by wind and snow events have shorter cycles compared to the longer and more regular cycles of bark beetle-induced harvest. Common wavelet power spectrum analysis revealed a consistent 9- to 12-year cycle across all data sets. Solar cycle significantly impacts forest management through the NAO, precipitation, and temperature. The study suggests the potential for utilizing cyclical relationships in calamity prediction and more effective forest management in Central Europe.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54270,"journal":{"name":"Forest Ecosystems","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 100328"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143860063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Drought limits tree growth more than greenness and reproduction: insights from five case studies in Spain","authors":"J. Julio Camarero ,&nbsp;Álvaro Rubio-Cuadrado ,&nbsp;Ester González de Andrés ,&nbsp;Cristina Valeriano ,&nbsp;Manuel Pizarro ,&nbsp;J. Bosco Imbert ,&nbsp;Yueh-Hsin Lo ,&nbsp;Juan A. Blanco","doi":"10.1016/j.fecs.2025.100329","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fecs.2025.100329","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Droughts impact forests by influencing various processes such as canopy greenness, tree growth, and reproduction, but most studies have only examined a few of these processes. More comprehensive assessments of forest responses to climate variability and water shortages are needed to improve forecasts of post-drought dynamics. Iberian forests are well-suited for evaluating these effects because they experience diverse climatic conditions and are dominated by various conifer and broadleaf species, many of which exhibit masting. We assessed how greenness, evaluated using the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), tree radial growth, and seed or cone production responded to drought in five tree species (three conifers: silver fir (<em>Abies alba</em>), Scots pine (<em>Pinus sylvestris</em>), and stone pine (<em>Pinus pinea</em>); two broadleaves: European beech (<em>Fagus sylvatica</em>) and holm oak (<em>Quercus ilex</em>) inhabiting sites with different aridity. We correlated these data with the standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI) using the climate window analysis (<em>climwin</em>) package, which identifies the most relevant climate window. Drought constrained growth more than greenness and seed or cone production. Dry conditions led to high seed or cone production in species found in cool, moist sites (silver fir, beech, and Scots pine). We also found negative associations of cone production with summer SPEI in the drought-tolerant stone pine, which showed lagged growth−cone negative correlations. However, in the seasonally dry holm oak forests, severe droughts constrained both growth and acorn production, leading to a positive correlation between these variables. Drought impacts on greenness, growth, seed, and cone production depended on species phenology and site aridity. A negative correlation between growth and reproduction does not necessarily indicate trade-offs, as both may be influenced by similar climatic factors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54270,"journal":{"name":"Forest Ecosystems","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 100329"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143815219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Near real-time monitoring of carbon effects from continuous forest change in rapidly urbanizing region of China from 2000 to 2020","authors":"Dou Zhang ,&nbsp;Xiaojing Tang ,&nbsp;Shuaizhi Lu ,&nbsp;Xiaolei Geng ,&nbsp;Zhaowu Yu ,&nbsp;Yujing Xie ,&nbsp;Si Peng ,&nbsp;Xiangrong Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.fecs.2025.100327","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fecs.2025.100327","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Forest carbon sinks are crucial for mitigating urban climate change. Their effectiveness depends on the balance between gross carbon losses and gains. However, quantitative and continuous monitoring of forest change/disturbance carbon fluxes is still insufficient. To address this gap, we integrated an improved spatial carbon bookkeeping (SBK) model with the continuous change detection and classification (CCDC) algorithm, long-term Landsat observations, and ground measurements to track carbon emissions, uptakes, and net changes from forest cover changes in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) of China from 2000 to 2020. The SBK model was refined by incorporating heterogeneous carbon response functions. Our results reveal that carbon emissions (−3.88 ​Tg ​C·year⁻¹) were four times greater than carbon uptakes (0.93 ​Tg ​C·year⁻¹) from forest cover changes in the YRD during 2000–2020, despite a net forest cover gain of 10.95 ​× ​10⁴ ​ha. These findings indicate that the carbon effect per hectare of forest cover loss is approximately 4.5 times that of forest cover gain. The asymmetric carbon effect suggests that forest cover change may act as a carbon source even with net-zero or net-positive forest cover change. Furthermore, carbon uptakes from forest gains in the YRD during 2000–2020 could only offset 0.28% of energy-related carbon emissions from 2000 to 2019. Urban and agricultural expansions accounted for 37% and 10% of carbon emissions, respectively, while the Grain for Green Project contributed to 45% of carbon uptakes. Our findings underscore the necessity of understanding the asymmetric carbon effects of forest cover loss and gain to accurately assess the capacity of forest carbon sinks.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54270,"journal":{"name":"Forest Ecosystems","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 100327"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143882568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}