Forest Ecosystems最新文献

{"title":"Radial growth and its temporal stability of Dahurian larch in the southern boreal forest: Divergent trends during climate warming and warming hiatus","authors":"Zhongtong Peng ,&nbsp;Enzai Du ,&nbsp;Yang Tang ,&nbsp;Tao He ,&nbsp;Yuehan Tian","doi":"10.1016/j.fecs.2025.100418","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fecs.2025.100418","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Climate warming has reshaped the structure and function of global boreal forest with expected negative impacts at its southern margins. A warming hiatus has occurred in many high-latitude regions in recent decades, but its impacts on tree growth in the southern boreal forest remain unclear. We sampled tree rings of Dahurian larch (<em>Larix gmelinii</em>) in the southern boreal forest of the Greater Khingan Mountains (GKM) and examined the trends of tree growth and its temporal stability based on the age-detrended basal area increment (BAI) for the periods of rapid warming (1962–1992) and warming hiatus (1993–2022). The results indicate that age-detrended BAI declined significantly during the warming period, while it showed no further decrease during the period of warming hiatus. Tree growth decline was associated with higher daily maximum air temperature in the main growing season and daily minimum air temperature in the non-growing season, as well as lower precipitation in the early growing season and daily minimum air temperature in the main growing season. During the warming hiatus, tree growth was positively regulated by the precipitation in the non-growing season, daily maximum air temperature in the early growing season, and daily minimum air temperature in the main growing season, but negatively affected by the daily maximum air temperature in the late growing season. Intriguingly, tree growth stability declined significantly during the warming period and recovered rapidly during the period of warming hiatus. The decline in tree growth stability was mainly explained by increasing daily minimum air temperature in the non-growing season. The recovery of tree growth stability was associated with lower precipitation in the non-growing season, higher interannual stability of daily maximum air temperature in the early growing season, higher interannual mean value and stability of daily maximum air temperature in the late growing season, and lower interannual mean value and stability of daily minimum air temperature in the main growing season. Our findings highlight a rapid recovery of tree growth stability instead of growth rate during the warming hiatus following a period of rapid warming and provide new insights into the decadal-scale resilience of the southern boreal forest in response to climate change.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54270,"journal":{"name":"Forest Ecosystems","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 100418"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145813932","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tree community composition modulates early-stage decomposition of standard litter through chemical and physical engineering","authors":"Joachim López ,&nbsp;Karen Vancampenhout ,&nbsp;Bart Muys ,&nbsp;Quentin Ponette","doi":"10.1016/j.fecs.2025.100387","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fecs.2025.100387","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Litter decomposition is an essential ecosystem process influenced by multiple factors, including substrate quality, climate, edaphic environment, and decomposer communities. However, the role of canopy species identity and diversity on leaf litter decomposition in forests remains understudied. By controlling for macroclimate, soil properties, and litter substrate in a mature common garden, we investigated whether a three-month tea bag incubation of standardized green and rooibos tea substrate is driven by canopy tree species characteristics and diversity. Our study hypothesized two primary pathways: a chemical engineering effect, where trees alter soil properties and decomposer communities through litter input, and a physical engineering effect, where tree canopy structure modulates the local microclimate. The results showed that even under uniform macroclimatic and initial soil conditions, mass loss rates varied widely for green tea (27.4%–73.2%) and rooibos tea (6.1%–34.7%), comparable as found in other research between distinct biomes. While substrate quality was the dominant factor, both engineering pathways and, to a minor extent, tree diversity modulated mass losses. For green tea, tree chemical and physical characteristics seemed equally important, while the physical environment showed an increased importance for rooibos. Incubation depth played a key role, where forest floor decomposition rates are more susceptible to temporal climate variations, and soil-layer decomposition rates are less susceptible to climate variations and more determined by tree species identity. Our findings suggest that tea bag experiments focusing solely on topsoil burial may underestimate processes in the forest floor and the mineral-organic boundary layer. This study underscores the critical role of litter substrate quality in decomposition while demonstrating that tree community composition and the associated herbaceous layer, through both chemical and physical engineering pathways, strongly modulate decomposition rates.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54270,"journal":{"name":"Forest Ecosystems","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 100387"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145335169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The overlooked role of individual variability in autumn xylem phenology and carbon sequestration","authors":"Chunsong Wang ,&nbsp;Jean-Daniel Sylvain ,&nbsp;Roberto Silvestro ,&nbsp;Guillaume Drolet ,&nbsp;Keyan Fang ,&nbsp;Sergio Rossi","doi":"10.1016/j.fecs.2025.100414","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fecs.2025.100414","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Accurate modeling of carbon sequestration by forests requires scaling wood formation processes from trees to the landscape. The quantification of growth and carbon dynamics requires deep knowledge of the variability in xylem phenology among individuals. This study presents a comprehensive assessment of seasonal and individual variability in xylem phenology based on more than 800 balsam firs (<em>Abies balsamea</em> (L.) Mill.) monitored weekly across 33 plots from 2018 to 2022 in Montmorency Forest, Quebec, Canada. Wood microcores were collected from April to October to quantify the timings of cambial activity and xylem development on anatomical sections observed at high magnification under the microscope. The first enlarging cells appeared between late May and early June (day of the year (DOY) 153–167), and cell-wall thickening ended in late August (DOY 223–238), resulting in a growing season of 63–79 days. Xylem production ranged from 27.4 to 47.9 radial cells. While the onset of xylogenesis was well synchronized among individuals, within 2 weeks, the cessation of growth showed a greater variability, reaching up to 3 weeks. This autumnal variability was positively correlated with wood production, as higher cambial activity increases the accumulation of xylem cells to be differentiated. Our findings provide empirical evidence that individual variability in growth cessation reflects the underlying heterogeneity in cambial activity among trees of the same stand. Our results demonstrate the role of xylem phenology, especially during the autumn, in shaping forest growth. The assessment of both seasonal and individual variability in phenology is an essential step to improve the representation of autumn processes in forest carbon models, which can help to reduce the uncertainty in predictions of boreal forest growth under current or future climate scenarios.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54270,"journal":{"name":"Forest Ecosystems","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 100414"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145697237","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Editorial – Reflection on a decade of publications at the journal Forest Ecosystems","authors":"Osbert Jianxin Sun ((PhD, Professor, Executive Editor-in-Chief of Forest Ecosystems)),&nbsp;John A. Kershaw Jr. ((PhD, Professor, Executive Editor-in-Chief of Forest Ecosystems))","doi":"10.1016/j.fecs.2026.100429","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fecs.2026.100429","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":54270,"journal":{"name":"Forest Ecosystems","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 100429"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146048066","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"New and established regression techniques to address design-bias trends in fixed populations","authors":"Magnus Ekström,&nbsp;Christoffer Axelsson,&nbsp;Göran Ståhl","doi":"10.1016/j.fecs.2026.100428","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fecs.2026.100428","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In many studies applying remotely sensed data and regression analysis for assessing ecosystem characteristics, such as biomass or growing stock volume in forests, a trend from over-predicting small true values to under-predicting large true values is observed. The reason for this trend often remains elusive, but it can be shown that it is a direct consequence of, deliberately or by mistake, adopting a design-based inference perspective when evaluating the results from model-based predictions. However, the design-bias trend is problematic in many applications, because the real conditions within the ecosystem studied will not be correctly determined. Instead, predictions tend to be shrunk towards the mean value of the target variable in the sample data used for estimating the parameters of the prediction model. Thus, calibration techniques to mitigate the design-bias trend have been proposed by some authors. In this article, we evaluate various regression techniques with respect to bias. The method of evaluation is founded on design-based inference, and thus, with regard to terminology, the regression techniques are used for estimating fixed quantities at the level of population elements rather than for predicting random quantities, as in the case of model-based inference. With aerial laser scanning data or digital aerial photographs, standard ordinary least squares (OLS) regression combined with classical calibration (CC) and the new MAVGAR method performed best in terms of bias, and produced good or reasonably good root mean square error (RMSE) values. The MAVGAR method aims to minimize the mean of the absolute values of groupwise average residuals, which is the origin of its name. None of the evaluated methods performed well in producing estimates with low bias when optical satellite data were used.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54270,"journal":{"name":"Forest Ecosystems","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 100428"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146048067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Temperature determines the biomass of forest floor bryophytes: A cross-regional investigation in 413 sites","authors":"Zhe Wang ,&nbsp;Defeng Feng ,&nbsp;Yanqiang Jin ,&nbsp;Mijun Zou ,&nbsp;Beibei Gao ,&nbsp;Xin Liu ,&nbsp;Weikai Bao","doi":"10.1016/j.fecs.2025.100409","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fecs.2025.100409","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Understory bryophytes play unique and disproportionately important roles in water retention, biogeochemical cycling, and biodiversity conservation, and serve as bioindicators of environmental health in forest ecosystems. However, biogeographical research on the biomass of forest bryophytes is inadequately studied and has been limited to elevational gradients. We conducted a systematic cross-regional survey of bryophyte biomass across 413 forest sites in Sichuan Province, China. We analyzed how each environmental variable, including climatic and atmospheric factors, overstory covers, and soil nutrients, relates to bryophyte biomass and quantified their relative contributions. The results indicate that, largely similar to previous local investigations and experiments, at a large scale, bryophytes are abundant in forests with lower temperature, nitrogen deposition, vapor pressure deficit, and tree and herb covers, as well as higher light availability. Moreover, bryophyte biomass is positively associated with soil carbon and nitrogen content. These environmental variables are closely related and jointly influence bryophyte biomass, with mean annual temperature being the most significant factor (accounting for 83% of the relative contribution). The biogeographical patterns of bryophyte biomass contribute to deepening our understanding of their adaptations to multiple environmental variables and enable us to predict their responses to global climate change. These patterns also provide essential evidence for establishing more accurate terrestrial vegetation ecosystem models.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54270,"journal":{"name":"Forest Ecosystems","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 100409"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145623652","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhanced warming due to afforestation and deforestation driven by both radiative and non-radiative effects in the mid-latitude Greater and Lesser Khingan mountains ecoregion of China","authors":"Wenjuan Shen ,&nbsp;Tongyu Wang ,&nbsp;Zhuang Zuo ,&nbsp;Jiaying He ,&nbsp;Tao He ,&nbsp;Xiangping Hu ,&nbsp;Chengquan Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.fecs.2025.100407","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fecs.2025.100407","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Temperate forests are vital for maintaining ecological security and regulating the global climate. Despite considerable controversy surrounding the biophysical impacts of temperate forests on mid-latitude temperatures, we analyzed the effects of forest cover change on local temperature using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model from 2010 to 2020 in the Greater and Lesser Khingan Mountains (GLKM), Northeastern China, and explored the related driving factors. The conversions between forest and open lands (i.e., cropland and grassland) were predominant. During the growing season, the conversion of cropland and grassland to forest resulted in warming (0.38 ​± ​0.10 and 0.41 ​± ​0.09 ​°C, respectively) in air temperature (Ta), while the reverse conversion caused cooling (−0.31 ​± ​0.08 and −0.24 ​± ​0.07 ​°C, respectively), which was less than the changes observed in land surface temperature (LST). Conversion of forest to impervious land caused warming (1.16 ​± ​0.11 ​°C), and the opposite conversion resulted in cooling (−0.88 ​± ​0.17 ​°C). These results indicate that radiative effects like albedo and net radiation drive the significant net warming effect from afforestation on open lands within the temperate forest ecoregion. Conversely, conversion to impervious land produced the most substantial net warming impacts, driven by non-radiative effects like sensible heat, latent heat, and ground heat flux (GH). In these conversions, temperature can indirectly influence precipitation (Pre) through vapor pressure deficit (VPD), and Pre can also indirectly affect temperature via evapotranspiration (ET). This study highlights the need to thoroughly understand the impacts of afforestation in temperate forests while avoiding deforestation to regulate the climate effectively.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54270,"journal":{"name":"Forest Ecosystems","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 100407"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145536153","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thinning counteracts drought-induced reduction in soil interception capacity during heavy rainfall in a larch plantation","authors":"Jiao Ma ,&nbsp;Xiaomei Sun ,&nbsp;Chunyan Wu ,&nbsp;Dongsheng Chen ,&nbsp;Hongxing Wang ,&nbsp;Xin Ran ,&nbsp;Shougong Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.fecs.2025.100415","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fecs.2025.100415","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Forest management and climate change critically shape forest ecosystem functions. The efficacy of thinning in mitigating drought impacts on forest soil–water conservation remains uncertain. In this study, hydrogen stable isotopes were used to quantify the contribution of rainfall to soil water (CRSW) under a four-year experiment combining precipitation reduction (−30%), thinning (45% of trees removed), and their interaction in a <em>Larix kaempferi</em> plantation. We found that prolonged precipitation reduction significantly reduced the contribution of heavy rainfall to soil water (CHRSW) by 8.15%–9.88%. However, thinning alone or combined with precipitation reduction significantly increased CHRSW by 11.47%–13.27% and 6.52%–8.77%, respectively. Additionally, the influence of canopy, understory vegetation, and litter on CHRSW declined with soil depth, while soil and root properties persistently affected CHRSW across 0–40 ​cm depths. Crucially, the positive effects of thinning on these variables consistently outweighed the negative impacts of precipitation reduction, resulting in a net increase in CHRSW. Therefore, thinning effectively mitigates drought-associated declines in soil interception capacity during heavy rainfall, indicating its potential as a climate-adaptive management strategy for sustaining soil–water conservation functions in managed forests.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54270,"journal":{"name":"Forest Ecosystems","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 100415"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145797014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Old-growth mixed beech-dominated forests continue accumulating carbon with advancing age","authors":"Katarína Markuljaková ,&nbsp;Marek Svitok ,&nbsp;Martin Mikoláš ,&nbsp;Jeňýk Hofmeister ,&nbsp;Wiliam S. Keeton ,&nbsp;Anders Alhström ,&nbsp;Dheeraj Ralhan ,&nbsp;Jakob Pavlin ,&nbsp;Audrey Rose Salerno ,&nbsp;Daniel Kozák ,&nbsp;Daniela Dúhová ,&nbsp;Pavel Janda ,&nbsp;Stjepan Mikac ,&nbsp;Tzvetan Zlatanov ,&nbsp;Momchil Panayotov ,&nbsp;Elvin Toromani ,&nbsp;Srdjan Keren ,&nbsp;Abdulla Dikku ,&nbsp;Cătălin-Constantin Roibu ,&nbsp;Krešimir Begović ,&nbsp;Miroslav Svoboda","doi":"10.1016/j.fecs.2025.100411","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fecs.2025.100411","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Old-growth forests uniquely support biodiversity while serving as some of the planet's most important carbon stocks. The influence of tree and stand age on carbon flux dynamics remains debated—an urgent question as climate-driven disturbances may reshape forest age structures and in situ carbon storage. To clarify these relationships in <em>Fagus sylvatica</em><em>,</em> systems, we examined a unique dataset of 3,503 tree ring series from 190 plots across some of the best preserved old-growth forests from five southern European countries. By employing a dendrochronological approach and integrating key environmental variables, including elevation, slope, temperature, and the presence of large-diameter trees (≥60 ​cm), we analyzed the complex relationships between tree/stand age within a plot (represented by plot-level mean values, hereafter “stand age”) and aboveground carbon stock across live, standing, and lying deadwood pools. The average stand age was 220 years, with 230 tC·ha⁻¹ of carbon stored in aboveground biomass and necromass. We found a positive correlation between age and carbon storage at both the individual tree and plot levels. Notably, the presence of large-diameter trees was the strongest indicator of carbon stock, with carbon accumulation peaking at about 30% large-tree stems proportion before stabilising, while younger beech trees (below 100 years old) had a smaller contribution to carbon storage. We found no evidence of a decline in carbon stock with advancing stand age across the studied sites. Despite the ecological importance of old-growth forests, many of them remain unprotected and are disappearing across Europe. Our findings highlight the importance of preserving old-growth forests to maximize their role as long-term ecosystem carbon reservoirs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54270,"journal":{"name":"Forest Ecosystems","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 100411"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145694174","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Simulating silver fir provenance responses to climate change: A forest modelling approach in the Northern Apennines","authors":"Silvio Daniele Oggioni ,&nbsp;Lorenzo Matteo Walter Rossi ,&nbsp;Silvia Terzago ,&nbsp;Friedrich J. Bohn ,&nbsp;Giorgio Vacchiano","doi":"10.1016/j.fecs.2025.100389","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fecs.2025.100389","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Understanding how genetic variation within forest species influences growth responses under climate change is essential for improving the accuracy of forest models and guiding adaptive management strategies. This study models the dynamics of Italian silver fir (<em>Abies alba</em>) forests under varying climate change scenarios using the forest gap model FORMIND. Focusing on three distinct silver fir provenances (Western Alps, Northern Apennines, and Southern Apennines), the study simulates forest growth in the Tuscan-Emilian Apennine National Park under different representative concentration pathways (RCPs). The individual-based model FORMIND was parameterized and validated with field data for each of the provenances, demonstrating its ability to accurately reproduce key forest metrics and dynamics. Our results reveal significant differences in expected growth patterns, productivity, metabolism, and carbon storage capacity among the silver fir provenances in pure and mixed stands. In the simulations, the Northern Apennines provenance showed higher biomass production (biomass &gt;10% ​± ​1%) and carbon uptake (net primary productivity, NPP &gt;8% ​± ​1%) at the end of the century compared to the Western Alps provenance in the pure provenance (PP) and no regeneration scenario. Conversely, the Southern Apennines provenance showed higher biomass (biomass &gt;5%–10%) and NPP (&gt;15%–18%) in mixed provenance (MP) and regeneration scenarios. These results show that genetic diversity strongly affects forest growth and resilience to environmental changes. Hence, it should be included as a predictor variable in forest models. The study also demonstrates the resilience of silver fir to climatic stressors, emphasizing its potential as a robust species in multiple forest contexts. The integration of forest provenance data into the FORMIND model represents a significant advancement in forest modelling, enabling more accurate and reliable predictions under climate change scenarios. The study's findings advocate for a greater understanding and consideration of genetic diversity in forest management and conservation strategies, in support of assisted migration strategies aiming to enhance the resilience of forest ecosystems in a changing climate.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54270,"journal":{"name":"Forest Ecosystems","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 100389"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145528312","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}