npj MicrogravityPub Date : 2024-06-06DOI: 10.1038/s41526-024-00403-6
J N Chung, Jun Dong, Hao Wang, Bo Han Huang, Jason Hartwig
{"title":"Demonstration of charge-hold-vent (CHV) and no-vent-fill (NVF) in a simulated propellent storage tank during tank-to-tank cryogen transfer in microgravity.","authors":"J N Chung, Jun Dong, Hao Wang, Bo Han Huang, Jason Hartwig","doi":"10.1038/s41526-024-00403-6","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41526-024-00403-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The space exploration from a low earth orbit to a high earth orbit, then to Moon, Mars, and possibly asteroids and moons of other planets is one of the biggest challenges for scientists and engineers for the new millennium. The enabling of in-space cryogenic rocket engines and the Lower-Earth-Orbit (LEO) cryogenic fuel depots for these future manned and robotic space exploration missions begins with the technology development of advanced cryogenic thermal-fluid management systems for the propellant transfer line and storage tank system. One of the key thermal-fluid management operations is the chilldown and filling of the propellant storage tank in space. As a result, highly energy efficient, breakthrough concepts for quenching heat transfer to conserve and minimize the cryogen consumption during chilldown have become the focus of engineering research and development, especially for the deep-space mission to Mars. In this paper, we introduce such thermal transport concepts and demonstrate their feasibilities in space for cryogenic propellant storage tank chilldown and filling in a simulated space microgravity condition on board an aircraft flying a parabolic trajectory. In order to maximize the storage tank chilldown thermal efficiency for the least amount of required cryogen consumption, the breakthrough quenching heat transfer concepts developed include the combination of charge-hold-vent (CHV) and no-vent-hold (NVF). The completed flight experiments successfully demonstrated the feasibility of the concepts and discovered that spray cooling combined with hold and vent is more efficient than the pure spray cooling for storage tank chilldown in microgravity. In microgravity, the data shows that the CHV thermal efficiency can reach 39.5%. The CHV efficiency in microgravity is 6.9% lower than that in terrestrial gravity. We also found that pulsing the spray can increase CHV efficiency by 6.1% in microgravity.</p>","PeriodicalId":54263,"journal":{"name":"npj Microgravity","volume":"10 1","pages":"65"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2024-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11156976/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141285372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
npj MicrogravityPub Date : 2024-06-05DOI: 10.1038/s41526-024-00406-3
Marta Murgia, Jörn Rittweger, Carlo Reggiani, Roberto Bottinelli, Matthias Mann, Stefano Schiaffino, Marco V Narici
{"title":"Spaceflight on the ISS changed the skeletal muscle proteome of two astronauts.","authors":"Marta Murgia, Jörn Rittweger, Carlo Reggiani, Roberto Bottinelli, Matthias Mann, Stefano Schiaffino, Marco V Narici","doi":"10.1038/s41526-024-00406-3","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41526-024-00406-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Skeletal muscle undergoes atrophy and loss of force during long space missions, when astronauts are persistently exposed to altered gravity and increased ionizing radiation. We previously carried out mass spectrometry-based proteomics from skeletal muscle biopsies of two astronauts, taken before and after a mission on the International Space Station. The experiments were part of an effort to find similarities between spaceflight and bed rest, a ground-based model of unloading, focused on proteins located at the costameres. We here extend the data analysis of the astronaut dataset and show compartment-resolved changes in the mitochondrial proteome, remodeling of the extracellular matrix and of the antioxidant response. The astronauts differed in their level of onboard physical exercise, which correlated with their respective preservation of muscle mass and force at landing in previous analyses. We show that the mitochondrial proteome downregulation during spaceflight, particularly the inner membrane and matrix, was dramatic for both astronauts. The expression of autophagy regulators and reactive oxygen species scavengers, however, showed partially opposite expression trends in the two subjects, possibly correlating with their level of onboard exercise. As mitochondria are primarily affected in many different tissues during spaceflight, we hypothesize that reactive oxygen species (ROS) rather than mechanical unloading per se could be the primary cause of skeletal muscle mitochondrial damage in space. Onboard physical exercise might have a strong direct effect on the prevention of muscle atrophy through mechanotransduction and a subsidiary effect on mitochondrial quality control, possibly through upregulation of autophagy and anti-oxidant responses.</p>","PeriodicalId":54263,"journal":{"name":"npj Microgravity","volume":"10 1","pages":"60"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2024-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11153545/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141263209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
npj MicrogravityPub Date : 2024-06-05DOI: 10.1038/s41526-024-00405-4
Borbála Tölgyesi, Anna Altbäcker, Irén Barkaszi, Tim Stuckenschneider, Leonard Braunsmann, Endre Takács, Bea Ehmann, László Balázs, Vera Abeln
{"title":"Effect of artificial gravity on neurocognitive performance during head-down tilt bedrest.","authors":"Borbála Tölgyesi, Anna Altbäcker, Irén Barkaszi, Tim Stuckenschneider, Leonard Braunsmann, Endre Takács, Bea Ehmann, László Balázs, Vera Abeln","doi":"10.1038/s41526-024-00405-4","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41526-024-00405-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study evaluated the acute and chronic effects of intermittent and continuous Artificial Gravity (AG) on cognitive performance during 60 days of Head-down tilt bedrest (HDTBR), a well-established ground-based spaceflight analogue method. Participants were randomly assigned to three groups: intermittent AG, continuous AG, and HDTBR control group without AG exposure. Task performance and electrophysiological measures of attention and working memory were investigated during Simple and Complex tasks in the Visual and the Auditory modality. Compared to baseline, faster reaction time and better accuracy was present during HDTBR regarding the Complex tasks, however, the practice effect was diminished in the three HDTBR groups compared to an ambulatory control group. Brain potentials showed a modality-specific decrease, as P3a was decreased only in the Auditory, while P3b decreased in the Visual modality. No evidence for acute or chronic AG-related cognitive impairments during HDTBR was found.</p>","PeriodicalId":54263,"journal":{"name":"npj Microgravity","volume":"10 1","pages":"59"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2024-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11153507/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141263206","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
npj MicrogravityPub Date : 2024-05-28DOI: 10.1038/s41526-024-00401-8
Afik Faerman, Derrick M Buchanan, Nolan R Williams
{"title":"Transcranial magnetic stimulation as a countermeasure for behavioral and neuropsychological risks of long-duration and deep-space missions.","authors":"Afik Faerman, Derrick M Buchanan, Nolan R Williams","doi":"10.1038/s41526-024-00401-8","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41526-024-00401-8","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":54263,"journal":{"name":"npj Microgravity","volume":"10 1","pages":"58"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2024-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11133369/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141161397","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
npj MicrogravityPub Date : 2024-05-23DOI: 10.1038/s41526-024-00402-7
Timo Frett, Leo Lecheler, Michael Arz, Willi Pustowalow, Guido Petrat, Florian Mommsen, Jan Breuer, Marie-Therese Schmitz, David Andrew Green, Jens Jordan
{"title":"Acute cardiovascular and muscular response to rowing ergometer exercise in artificial gravity - a pilot trial.","authors":"Timo Frett, Leo Lecheler, Michael Arz, Willi Pustowalow, Guido Petrat, Florian Mommsen, Jan Breuer, Marie-Therese Schmitz, David Andrew Green, Jens Jordan","doi":"10.1038/s41526-024-00402-7","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41526-024-00402-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Prolonged immobilization and spaceflight cause cardiovascular and musculoskeletal deconditioning. Combining artificial gravity through short-arm centrifugation with rowing exercise may serve as a countermeasure. We aimed to compare the tolerability, muscle force production, cardiovascular response, and power output of rowing on a short-arm centrifuge and under terrestrial gravity. Twelve rowing athletes (4 women, aged 27.2 ± 7.4 years, height 179 ± 0.1 cm, mass 73.7 ± 9.4 kg) participated in two rowing sessions, spaced at least six weeks apart. One session used a short-arm centrifuge with +0.5 Gz, while the other inclined the rowing ergometer by 26.6° to mimic centrifugal loading. Participants started self-paced rowing at 30 W, increasing by 15 W every three minutes until exhaustion. We measured rowing performance, heart rate, blood pressure, ground reaction forces, leg muscle activation, and blood lactate concentration. Rowing on the centrifuge was well-tolerated without adverse events. No significant differences in heart rate, blood pressure, or blood lactate concentration were observed between conditions. Inclined rowing under artificial gravity resulted in lower power output (-33%, p < 0.001) compared to natural gravity, but produced higher mean and peak ground reaction forces (p < 0.0001) and increased leg muscle activation. Muscle activation and ground reaction forces varied with rotational direction. Rowing in artificial gravity shows promise as a strategy against cardiovascular and muscular deconditioning during long-term spaceflight, but further investigation is required to understand its long-term effects.</p>","PeriodicalId":54263,"journal":{"name":"npj Microgravity","volume":"10 1","pages":"57"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2024-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11116499/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141089385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
npj MicrogravityPub Date : 2024-05-14DOI: 10.1038/s41526-024-00393-5
Lauren M Sanders, Kirill A Grigorev, Ryan T Scott, Amanda M Saravia-Butler, San-Huei Lai Polo, Rachel Gilbert, Eliah G Overbey, JangKeun Kim, Christopher E Mason, Sylvain V Costes
{"title":"Inspiration4 data access through the NASA Open Science Data Repository.","authors":"Lauren M Sanders, Kirill A Grigorev, Ryan T Scott, Amanda M Saravia-Butler, San-Huei Lai Polo, Rachel Gilbert, Eliah G Overbey, JangKeun Kim, Christopher E Mason, Sylvain V Costes","doi":"10.1038/s41526-024-00393-5","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41526-024-00393-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The increasing accessibility of commercial and private space travel necessitates a profound understanding of its impact on human health. The NASA Open Science Data Repository (OSDR) provides transparent and FAIR access to biological studies, notably the SpaceX Inspiration4 (I4) mission, which amassed extensive data from civilian astronauts. This dataset encompasses omics and clinical assays, facilitating comprehensive research on space-induced biological responses. These data allow for multi-modal, longitudinal assessments, bridging the gap between human and model organism studies. Crucially, community-driven data standards established by NASA's OSDR Analysis Working Groups empower artificial intelligence and machine learning to glean invaluable insights, guiding future mission planning and health risk mitigation. This article presents a concise guide to access and analyze I4 data in OSDR, including programmatic access through GLOpenAPI. This pioneering effort establishes a precedent for post-mission health monitoring programs within space agencies, propelling research in the burgeoning field of commercial space travel's impact on human physiology.</p>","PeriodicalId":54263,"journal":{"name":"npj Microgravity","volume":"10 1","pages":"56"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2024-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11094041/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140923920","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
npj MicrogravityPub Date : 2024-05-13DOI: 10.1038/s41526-024-00400-9
Guy Trudel, Daniel Stratis, Lynda Rocheleau, Martin Pelchat, Odette Laneuville
{"title":"Transcriptomic evidence of erythropoietic adaptation from the International Space Station and from an Earth-based space analog.","authors":"Guy Trudel, Daniel Stratis, Lynda Rocheleau, Martin Pelchat, Odette Laneuville","doi":"10.1038/s41526-024-00400-9","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41526-024-00400-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Space anemia affects astronauts and the underlying molecular alterations remain unknown. We evaluated the response of erythropoiesis-modulating genes to spaceflight through the analysis of leukocyte transcriptomes from astronauts during long-duration spaceflight and from an Earth model of microgravity. Differential expression analysis identified 50 genes encoding ribosomal proteins with reduced expression at the transition to bed rest and increased during the bed rest phase; a similar trend was observed in astronauts. Additional genes associated with anemia (15 genes), erythrocyte maturation (3 genes), and hemoglobin (6 genes) were down-regulated during bed rest and increased during reambulation. Transcript levels of the erythropoiesis transcription factor GATA1 and nine of most enriched erythrocyte proteins increased at reambulation after bed rest and at return to Earth from space. Dynamic changes of the leukocyte transcriptome composition while in microgravity and during reambulation supported an erythropoietic modulation accompanying the hemolysis of space anemia and of immobility-induced anemia.</p>","PeriodicalId":54263,"journal":{"name":"npj Microgravity","volume":"10 1","pages":"55"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2024-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11091056/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140917446","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
npj MicrogravityPub Date : 2024-05-11DOI: 10.1038/s41526-024-00398-0
Kendan A Jones-Isaac, Kevin A Lidberg, Catherine K Yeung, Jade Yang, Jacelyn Bain, Micaela Ruiz, Greta Koenig, Paul Koenig, Stefanie Countryman, Jonathan Himmelfarb, Edward J Kelly
{"title":"Development of a kidney microphysiological system hardware platform for microgravity studies.","authors":"Kendan A Jones-Isaac, Kevin A Lidberg, Catherine K Yeung, Jade Yang, Jacelyn Bain, Micaela Ruiz, Greta Koenig, Paul Koenig, Stefanie Countryman, Jonathan Himmelfarb, Edward J Kelly","doi":"10.1038/s41526-024-00398-0","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41526-024-00398-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Determining the physiological effects of microgravity on the human kidney is limited to relatively insensitive tests of biofluids (blood and urine) that do not return abnormal results until more than 50% of kidney function is lost. We have developed an \"organ on chip\" microphysiological model of the human kidney proximal tubule (PT-MPS) that can recapitulate many kidney functions and disease states and could play a critical role in determining mechanisms of early kidney dysfunction in microgravity. However, the ground-based PT-MPS system is incompatible with spaceflight as it requires a large pneumatic system coupled to a cell incubator for perfusion and intensive hand-on manipulation. Herein, we report the hardware engineering and performance of the Kidney Chip Perfusion Platform (KCPP), a small, advanced, semi-autonomous hardware platform to support kidney microphysiological model experiments in microgravity. The KCPP is composed of five components, the kidney MPS, the MPS housing and valve block, media cassettes, fixative cassettes, and the programable precision syringe pump. The system has been deployed twice to the ISSNL (aboard CRS-17 and CRS-22). From each set of ISSNL experiments and ground-based controls, we were able to recover PT-MPS effluent for biomarker analysis and RNA suitable for transcriptomics analysis demonstrating the usability and functionality of the KCPP.</p>","PeriodicalId":54263,"journal":{"name":"npj Microgravity","volume":"10 1","pages":"54"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2024-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11088639/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140908981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
npj MicrogravityPub Date : 2024-05-09DOI: 10.1038/s41526-024-00390-8
Yorgos Stergiou, Darío M Escala, Paszkál Papp, Dezső Horváth, Marcus J B Hauser, Fabian Brau, Anne De Wit, Ágota Tóth, Kerstin Eckert, Karin Schwarzenberger
{"title":"Unraveling dispersion and buoyancy dynamics around radial A + B → C reaction fronts: microgravity experiments and numerical simulations.","authors":"Yorgos Stergiou, Darío M Escala, Paszkál Papp, Dezső Horváth, Marcus J B Hauser, Fabian Brau, Anne De Wit, Ágota Tóth, Kerstin Eckert, Karin Schwarzenberger","doi":"10.1038/s41526-024-00390-8","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41526-024-00390-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Radial Reaction-Diffusion-Advection (RDA) fronts for A + B → C reactions find wide applications in many natural and technological processes. In liquid solutions, their dynamics can be perturbed by buoyancy-driven convection due to concentration gradients across the front. In this context, we conducted microgravity experiments aboard a sounding rocket, in order to disentangle dispersion and buoyancy effects in such fronts. We studied experimentally the dynamics due to the radial injection of A in B at a constant flow rate, in absence of gravity. We compared the obtained results with numerical simulations using either radial one- (1D) or two-dimensional (2D) models. We showed that gravitational acceleration significantly distorts the RDA dynamics on ground, even if the vertical dimension of the reactor and density gradients are small. We further quantified the importance of such buoyant phenomena. Finally, we showed that 1D numerical models with radial symmetry fail to predict the dynamics of RDA fronts in thicker geometries, while 2D radial models are necessary to accurately describe RDA dynamics where Taylor-Aris dispersion is significant.</p>","PeriodicalId":54263,"journal":{"name":"npj Microgravity","volume":"10 1","pages":"53"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2024-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11082159/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140900234","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
npj MicrogravityPub Date : 2024-05-07DOI: 10.1038/s41526-024-00396-2
M J Gibbons, A I Garivalis, S M O'Shaughnessy, A J Robinson, P Di Marco
{"title":"Water droplet evaporation in varied gravity and electric fields.","authors":"M J Gibbons, A I Garivalis, S M O'Shaughnessy, A J Robinson, P Di Marco","doi":"10.1038/s41526-024-00396-2","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41526-024-00396-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Sessile water droplet evaporation in varied gravity and electric fields has been experimentally studied. Specifically, the influences of gravity and electric fields are investigated in the context of the heat flux distribution beneath the droplets, as well as the droplet mechanics and resulting shapes. Experimental testing was carried out during a European Space Agency (ESA) Parabolic Flight Campaign (PFC 66). The droplets tested evaporated with a pinned contact line, a single wettability condition, and varied droplet volume and substrate heat flux. The peak heat transfer was located at the contact line for all cases. The peak heat flux, average heat flux, and droplet evaporation rate were shown to vary strongly with gravity, with higher values noted for hypergravity conditions and lower values in microgravity conditions. The droplet thermal inertia was shown to play a significant role, with larger droplets taking more time to reach thermal equilibrium during the parabolic testing period. No significant impact of the electric field on the droplet evaporation was noted for these test conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":54263,"journal":{"name":"npj Microgravity","volume":"10 1","pages":"52"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2024-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11076615/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140877871","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}