Antibiotics-Basel最新文献

{"title":"Prevalence of Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase-Producing <i>Escherichia coli</i>, <i>Klebsiella pneumoniae</i> and <i>Enterobacter cloacae</i> in Wastewater Effluent in Blantyre, Malawi.","authors":"Edna Ibrahim, Charity Mkwanda, Edward Masoambeta, Luigia Scudeller, Tomislav Kostyanev, Hussein H Twabi, Yohane K Diness, Jobiba Chinkhumba, Janelisa Musaya, Rajhab S Mkakosya, Surbhi Malhotra-Kumar, Chantal M Morel, Save Kumwenda, Chisomo L Msefula","doi":"10.3390/antibiotics14060562","DOIUrl":"10.3390/antibiotics14060562","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background/Objectives</b>: Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) serve as a sink for both antimicrobial residues and bacteria carrying resistant genes, which are later disseminated into the environment, facilitating the spread of antimicrobial resistance. This study investigated the presence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing <i>Escherichia coli (Ec)</i>, <i>Klebsiella pneumoniae (Kp)</i>, and <i>Enterobacter cloacae (Enc)</i> in effluent from WWTP in Blantyre, Malawi, to generate evidence and provide baseline information for interventions. <b>Methods</b>: Selective chromogenic agar was used to identify ESBL-producing bacteria. <b>Results</b>: A total of 288 samples were collected between April 2023 and March 2024, and 97.6% (281/288) yielded one or more presumptive ESBL isolates. Bacterial growth was confirmed as 48.9% <i>Ec</i> (255/522), 33.0% <i>Kp</i> (172/522), and 10.0% <i>Enc</i> (52/522). Antibiotic susceptibility testing showed the highest resistance to ceftriaxone (<i>Ec</i>, 100.0%; <i>Kp</i>, 98.3%; <i>Enc</i>, 100.0%) and the lowest resistance to meropenem (<i>Ec</i>, 6.3%, <i>Kp</i>, 1.2%; <i>Enc</i>, 3.8%) among the antibiotics that were tested. Multiple antibiotic resistance phenotypes were observed in 73.1% of the isolates, with the most prevalent phenotype being amoxicillin + clavulanate/cotrimoxazole/doxycycline/ciprofloxacin/gentamicin/azithromycin/ceftriaxone (55, 15.7%). <b>Conclusions</b>: The study demonstrated ongoing environmental contamination with antibiotic-resistant bacteria from sewage effluent. Therefore, the functionality of WWTPs should be improved to minimize the release of these organisms into the environment.</p>","PeriodicalId":54246,"journal":{"name":"Antibiotics-Basel","volume":"14 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12189357/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144487128","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High-Dose Benzylpenicillin Treatment-Induced Febrile Neutropenia in HIV-Infected Male with Neurosyphilis: Case Report.","authors":"Inga Sabeckyte-Boveiniene, Kotryna Krupeckaite, Svajune Petkeviciute, Evelina Pukenyte, Aukse Mickiene, Danguole Vaznaisiene","doi":"10.3390/antibiotics14060560","DOIUrl":"10.3390/antibiotics14060560","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background</b>: Prevention of an irreversible sequalae in neurosyphilis patients requires immediate high-dose intravenous benzylpenicillin administered for a prolonged period of time. However, life-threatening neutropenia has been reported as one of the complications following extended usage of benzylpenicillin. <b>Case presentation</b>: We report a 54-year-old male patient with HIV who developed high-dose benzylpenicillin-induced febrile neutropenia during neurosyphilis treatment. The patient developed a fever of up to 39.8 °C, severe leukopenia (<1 × 10⁹/L), and neutropenia (0.2 × 10⁹/L). He also presented with slightly elevated C-reactive protein and procalcitonin levels but had no clear symptoms of other infections. The diagnosis was confirmed by excluding other possible causes of neutropenia: flu, measles, sepsis, and HIV-related neutropenia. Third-generation antipseudomonal cephalosporin in combination with vancomycin and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor were administered, and the patient saw a rapid improvement in clinical symptoms and laboratory findings. <b>Conclusions</b>: High-dose benzylpenicillin-induced neutropenia should be considered a complication after prolonged periods of neurosyphilis treatment with high-dose benzylpenicillin when there is no evidence of other potential causes of neutropenia. Early diagnosis and proper treatment are critical in order to prevent this dangerous condition from deteriorating further.</p>","PeriodicalId":54246,"journal":{"name":"Antibiotics-Basel","volume":"14 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12190045/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144486995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In Vitro Effects of Some Antibiotics on Purified β-Glucosidases from Rat Liver and Kidney Tissues.","authors":"Hatibe Kara, Nihal Turkmen Alemdar","doi":"10.3390/antibiotics14060563","DOIUrl":"10.3390/antibiotics14060563","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> Antibiotics are antimicrobial drugs used to treat and prevent infections. Unconscious use of antibiotics leads to many negative results. This study aimed to emphasize the negative aspects of antibiotics by determining their effects on purified enzymes. <b>Methods:</b> Beta glucosidase enzymes (BGLs) were purified from rat liver and kidney tissues using the sepharose-4B-LTyrosine-1-Naphthylamine hydrophobic interaction chromatography method. Liver BGL enzyme was purified 30.2-fold with a yield of 43.4%, while kidney BGL was purified 5.1-fold with a yield of 12.2%. Purified enzymes were visualized using SDS-PAGE. In vitro inhibition effects of ampicillin cefuroxime, amoxicillin-clavulanate, cefazolin sodium, gentamicin, and ceftriaxone antibiotics were determined on purified BGLs. <b>Results:</b> Ampicillin was found to inhibit rat liver and kidney BGLs competitively and uncompetitively, with IC50 values of 69.56 and 25.30 mM, respectively. Other antibiotics investigated did not significantly reduce liver BGL activity. Cefuroxime inhibited rat kidney BGL uncompetitively with IC50 values of 76.88 mM, while amoxicillin-clavulanate and cefazolin sodium inhibited it noncompetitively, with IC50 values of 41.32 and 98.81 mM, respectively. Gentamicin and ceftriaxone, whose effects were investigated, did not reduce kidney BGL activity. <b>Conclusions:</b> Some of the commonly used antibiotics reduce liver and kidney BGL activity, and this indicates that they may potentially impair metabolic functions. These results emphasize that caution should be exercised when using antibiotics.</p>","PeriodicalId":54246,"journal":{"name":"Antibiotics-Basel","volume":"14 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12189931/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144487057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Actual Clinical Situation Ruthlessly Exposes the Challenge of Rational Care for Nosocomial and Community-Acquired Infections and Requires Even More Efforts for Satisfactory Antibiotic Stewardship.","authors":"Hans H Diebner, A Melina Wallrafen, Nina Timmesfeld, Tim Rahmel, Hartmuth Nowak","doi":"10.3390/antibiotics14060561","DOIUrl":"10.3390/antibiotics14060561","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> Antimicrobial resistance is one of the 10 most pressing health problems worldwide. <b>Methods:</b> First steps toward harnessing the complex dynamics of antibiotic resistance are presented. To accomplish this, we first shift down a gear and try to understand the actual driving dynamics behind the development of resistance in a specific clinical department. Analyses are based on the clinical and microbiological data of a German hospital over an observation period of more than 7 years, which we evaluate descriptively and semi-quantitatively in order to obtain a basis for informed and intelligent action in terms of antibiotic stewardship. <b>Results:</b> The specific results include the observed increase in the resistance rate with increasing overall consumption, while increases over time independent of consumption are fairly moderate. Vancocymin and refoximin are an exception in the development of resistance, as resistance to these substances appears to decrease with increasing consumption. However, there have been substantial dose adjustments for these substances, which are likely to be decisive here. An intra-host increase in resistance due to treatment time on the one hand and repeated treatments on the other is observed. Within the sub-cohort of ineffectively treated patients, i.e., with resistance to the antibiotic, mortality increases on average, but with ampicillin/sulbactam as a striking exception. Patients with infections caused by ampicillin-resistant bacteria have a lower mortality rate. The observed resistance rates of the eight most frequently administered antibiotics show a temporal variability that includes random fluctuations as well as decidedly regular cycles. The time series associated with the various antibiotics show pairwise time lag correlations, which indicates the existence of retardedly mediated cross-resistance. <b>Conclusions:</b> We conclude with an outlook on upcoming further analyses and a draft action plan on how to control and harness the complex dynamics observed by means of successful, informed, and intelligent antibiotic stewardship.</p>","PeriodicalId":54246,"journal":{"name":"Antibiotics-Basel","volume":"14 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12189429/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144487159","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intravenous Clarithromycin in Critically Ill Adults: A Population Pharmacokinetic Study.","authors":"Reya V Shah, Karin Kipper, Emma H Baker, Charlotte I S Barker, Isobel Oldfield, Harriet C Davidson, Cleodie C Swire, Barbara J Philips, Atholl Johnston, Andrew Rhodes, Mike Sharland, Joseph F Standing, Dagan O Lonsdale","doi":"10.3390/antibiotics14060559","DOIUrl":"10.3390/antibiotics14060559","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> Clarithromycin is a commonly used macrolide antibiotic. Infection is a major source of mortality and morbidity in critical care units. Pharmacokinetics may vary during critical illness and suboptimal antimicrobial exposure has been shown to be associated with treatment failure. The pharmacokinetics of intravenous clarithromycin in critical illness have not previously been described. <b>Methods:</b> Pharmacokinetic, clinical and demographic data were collected from critically ill adults receiving intravenous clarithromycin. Drug concentrations were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Population pharmacokinetic analysis was performed using NONMEM version 7.5.1. Allometric weight scaling was added, and periods of renal replacement therapy were excluded a priori. Simulations of 10,000 patients were performed to assess pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PKPD) target attainment. <b>Results:</b> The analysis included 121 samples taken from 19 participants. A two-compartment model was found to provide the best fit. The addition of covariates did not improve model fit. There was no evidence of auto-inhibition in this population. Population parameter estimates of clearance and volume of distribution were lower than previously reported, with high interindividual variability. Simulations suggested reasonable pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PKPD) target attainment with current dosing regimens for most organisms that clarithromycin is used to treat with known clinical breakpoints. <b>Conclusions:</b> To our knowledge, this is the first study to describe the pharmacokinetics of intravenous clarithromycin in humans. Although our simulations suggest reasonable target attainment, further investigation into appropriate PKPD targets and clinical breakpoints for clarithromycin may enable dosing optimisation in this population.</p>","PeriodicalId":54246,"journal":{"name":"Antibiotics-Basel","volume":"14 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12189505/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144487060","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Know Your Enemy: <i>Piscirickettsia salmonis</i> and Phage Interactions Using an In Silico Perspective.","authors":"Carolina Ramírez, Jaime Romero","doi":"10.3390/antibiotics14060558","DOIUrl":"10.3390/antibiotics14060558","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> Aquaculture faces significant challenges due to bacterial infections, particularly <i>Piscirickettsia salmonis</i>, leading to extensive antibiotic use and raising concerns about antimicrobial resistance. In this context, bacteriophages and bacterial defense systems play a critical role in the evolutionary dynamics of <i>P. salmonis</i>. <b>Objective.</b> This study aimed to investigate the genomic landscape of prophage regions and antiphage defense systems in Piscirickettsia salmonis to better understand their co-evolutionary dynamics and explore their potential role in alternative disease control strategies for aquaculture. <b>Methods:</b> We analyzed 79 genomes of <i>Piscirickettsia salmonis</i> using bioinformatic tools to identify and characterize prophage regions and antiphage defense systems. <b>Results:</b> At the chromosomal level, 70% of the strains contained prophage regions, with a total of 92 identified regions, most of which were classified as intact. At the plasmid level, 75% of plasmids carried prophage regions, with a total of 426 identified regions, predominantly associated with <i>Escherichia phage RCS47</i>, <i>Burkholderia phage Bcep176</i>, and <i>Enterobacteria phage mEp235</i>. Prophage regions were enriched in transposases, head proteins, tail proteins, and phage-like proteins. The analysis of antiphage defense systems revealed that <i>P. salmonis</i> predominantly harbors dGTPase, AbidD, and SoFIC at the chromosomal level, whereas MazEF was the most frequent system in plasmids. A strong positive correlation was found between the number of prophage regions and defense systems in chromosomes (ρ = 0.72, <i>p</i> = 6.3 × 10^-14), while a weaker correlation was observed in plasmids. These findings highlight the complex interplay between <i>P. salmonis</i> and its bacteriophages, with implications for disease control in aquaculture. <b>Conclusions:</b> Overall, these insights into the prophage and defense system dynamics provide potential avenues for developing alternative strategies to combat <i>P. salmonis</i> infections and reduce reliance on antibiotics in aquaculture systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":54246,"journal":{"name":"Antibiotics-Basel","volume":"14 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12189261/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144487089","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of a System to Deliver Inhalational Antibiotics to Marmosets.","authors":"Rachel E Ireland, Stuart J Armstrong, Carwyn Davies, James D Blanchard, Francis Dayton, Igor Gonda, Sarah V Harding, Michelle Nelson","doi":"10.3390/antibiotics14060554","DOIUrl":"10.3390/antibiotics14060554","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Inhalational antibiotics have been used effectively to treat chronic diseases such as <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> infections associated with cystic fibrosis. This approach may enhance treatment options for difficult-to-treat, acute pneumonic diseases. Liposomal encapsulated ciprofloxacin (Lipoquin and/or Apulmiq) has provided protection in murine models of plague, anthrax, Q fever and tularemia. Development of the ability to deliver these drugs to nonhuman primates (NHPs) would enable further extrapolation of the data observed in small animal models of infection to humans.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this study, the methodology was established to deliver Apulmiq to common marmosets (<i>Callithrix jacchus</i>). Marmosets were anaesthetised with a novel, reversible anaesthetic comprising fentanyl, medetomidine and midazolam (FMM). They were placed into plethysmography tubes with their heads in an exposure chamber. The LC Sprint jet nebuliser or Pari eFlow Rapid nebuliser were used to aerosolise Apulmiq into the exposure chamber. Animals were euthanised after dosing and the concentration of ciprofloxacin was assessed in the plasma and lungs of the animals.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Non-compartmental pharmacokinetic analysis determined that a 30 min exposure of drug was required to reach a human-equivalent target dose of 0.8 mg/kg body weight in the lungs.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This approach can now be used to assess the efficacy of inhalational liposomal ciprofloxacin in NHP infection models.</p>","PeriodicalId":54246,"journal":{"name":"Antibiotics-Basel","volume":"14 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12189049/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144487027","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Current Clinical Laboratory Challenges to Widespread Adoption of Phage Therapy in the United States.","authors":"Ahnika Kline, Ana G Cobián Güemes, Jennifer Yore, Chandrabali Ghose, Daria Van Tyne, Katrine Whiteson, David T Pride","doi":"10.3390/antibiotics14060553","DOIUrl":"10.3390/antibiotics14060553","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The resurgence of phage therapy in Western societies has been in direct response to recent increases in antimicrobial resistance (AMR) that have ravaged many societies. While phage therapy as a concept has been around for over 100 years, it has largely been replaced by antibiotics due to their relative ease of use and their predictability in spectrum of activity. Now that antibiotics have become less reliable due to greater antibiotic resistance and microbiome disruption, phage therapy has once again become a viable and promising alternative, but it is not without its challenges. Much like the development of antibiotics, with deployment of phage therapeutics there will be a simultaneous need for diagnostics in the clinical laboratory. This review provides an overview of current challenges to widespread adoption of phage therapy with a focus on adoption in the clinical diagnostic laboratory. Current barriers include a lack of standard methodology and quality controls for phage susceptibility testing and selection, the absence of phage-antibiotic synergy testing, and the absence of standard methods to assay phage activity on biofilms. Additionally, there are a number of lab-specific administrative and regulatory barriers to widespread phage therapy adoption including the need for pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) assays, methods to account for changes in phages after passaging, an absence of regulatory guidance on what will be required for agency approvals of phages and how broad that approval will apply, and the increased need for lab personnel or automation to account for the work of testing large phage libraries against bacteria isolates.</p>","PeriodicalId":54246,"journal":{"name":"Antibiotics-Basel","volume":"14 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12189272/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144487016","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effective Control of <i>Salmonella</i> Enteritidis in Poultry by Dietary Supplementation with Microencapsulated Essential Oils.","authors":"Heitor Leocádio de Souza Rodrigues, Valdinete Pereira Benevides, Isis Mari Miyashiro Kolososki, Mauro M S Saraiva, Nayla Pádua Del Bianco Gontijo Souki, Tarley Araújo Barros, André Luis Costa Rabelo, Viviane Amorim Ferreira, Melissa Freitas Feitosa Dix, Adriana Maria Almeida, Cesar Augusto Roque-Borda, Angelo Berchieri Junior","doi":"10.3390/antibiotics14060552","DOIUrl":"10.3390/antibiotics14060552","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background/Objectives:</b> <i>Salmonella enterica</i> subsp. <i>enterica</i> serovar Enteritidis (<i>S.</i> Enteritidis) is a major pathogen associated with poultry products, and the rise of antimicrobial-resistant strains has intensified the need for effective natural control strategies. Essential oils (EOs) are recognized for their antimicrobial potential, but their volatility, instability, and risk of toxicity at high concentrations limit their practical application. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy of EOs in broilers infected with <i>S.</i> Enteritidis and to characterize potential synergistic or antagonistic interactions between the oils. <b>Methods</b>: To achieve this, the oils were first assessed through Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC), Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC), and Fractional Inhibitory Concentration (FIC) assays, and the most effective ones against <i>S</i>. Enteritidis were selected. These selected oils were then microencapsulated and incorporated into the broiler feed for the in vivo assay. <b>Results</b>: The encapsulated formulation retained key bioactive compounds and significantly reduced bacterial shedding and intestinal colonization when administered to broilers experimentally infected with <i>S</i>. Enteritidis. Broilers receiving the optimized half-dose supplementation exhibited a 36% reduction in fecal shedding and a 4 log₁₀ decrease in cecal bacterial counts compared to untreated controls. A transient reduction in liver colonization was also observed, while feed intake remained unaffected. <b>Conclusions</b>: These findings demonstrate that microencapsulated EOs can serve as an effective natural strategy to control <i>S.</i> Enteritidis in poultry. The results support the broader application of lipid-based encapsulation technologies for improving the functional performance of phytobiotics in animal production.</p>","PeriodicalId":54246,"journal":{"name":"Antibiotics-Basel","volume":"14 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12189832/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144487033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multiple Strategies for the Application of Medicinal Plant-Derived Bioactive Compounds in Controlling Microbial Biofilm and Virulence Properties.","authors":"Mulugeta Mulat, Riza Jane S Banicod, Nazia Tabassum, Aqib Javaid, Abirami Karthikeyan, Geum-Jae Jeong, Young-Mog Kim, Won-Kyo Jung, Fazlurrahman Khan","doi":"10.3390/antibiotics14060555","DOIUrl":"10.3390/antibiotics14060555","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Biofilms are complex microbial communities encased within a self-produced extracellular matrix, which plays a critical role in chronic infections and antimicrobial resistance. These enhance pathogen survival and virulence by protecting against host immune defenses and conventional antimicrobial treatments, posing substantial challenges in clinical contexts such as device-associated infections and chronic wounds. Secondary metabolites derived from medicinal plants, such as alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, phenolic acids, and essential oils, have gained attention as promising agents against biofilm formation, microbial virulence, and antibiotic resistance. These natural compounds not only limit microbial growth and biofilm development but also disrupt communication between bacteria, known as quorum sensing, which reduces their ability to cause disease. Through progress in nanotechnology, various nanocarriers such as lipid-based systems, polymeric nanoparticles, and metal nanoparticles have been developed to improve the solubility, stability, and cellular uptake of phytochemicals. In addition, the synergistic use of plant-based metabolites with conventional antibiotics or antifungal drugs has shown promise in tackling drug-resistant microorganisms and revitalizing existing drugs. This review comprehensively discusses the efficacy of pure secondary metabolites from medicinal plants, both as individuals and in nanoformulated forms or in combination with antimicrobial agents, as alternative strategies to control biofilm-forming pathogens. The molecular mechanisms underlying their antibiofilm and antivirulence activities are discussed in detail. Lastly, the current pitfalls, limitations, and emerging directions in translating these natural compounds into clinical applications are critically evaluated.</p>","PeriodicalId":54246,"journal":{"name":"Antibiotics-Basel","volume":"14 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12189420/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144487105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}