{"title":"Effect of drought on aquaporin expression in grafted and ungrafted grapevine cultivars","authors":"M. Koç, R. Cangi, K. Yıldız","doi":"10.1051/ctv/ctv20233801035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/ctv/ctv20233801035","url":null,"abstract":"Drought stress severely affects growth, development and productivity in most agricultural crops. Since ancient times, rootstocks have been used to enable crop cultivation in unsuitable soil conditions. In the present study, three factors were evaluated: 1) cultivar: Vitis vinifera L. cv. ‘Horozkarası’ (drought-tolerant) and cv. ‘Kabarcık’ (drought-sensitive) were used; 2) rootstock: each cultivar was self-rooted and grafted onto ‘Rupestris du Lot’ rootstock; 3) drought stress: half of each cultivar/rootstock combination underwent drought stress and the other half was irrigated at field capacity for seven days. In order to estimate the responses of the cultivars, relative water content, proline content and aquaporin isoform expression levels (VvPIP2;1, VvPIP2;2, VvTIP1;1, and VvTIP2;1) were quantified. The results revealed that drought stress caused more reduction in relative water content (RWC) in ‘Kabarcık’ cultivar (drought-sensitive) than in ‘Horozkarası’ cultivar (drought-tolerant). Proline content increased in both cultivars in response to drought stress but to a relatively greater extent in the grafted ‘Kabarcık’ cultivar. Considering expression levels of genes, VvPIP2;1, VvPIP2;2, and VvTIP2;1 were downregulated whilst VvTIP1;1 was upregulated in the leaf. Both ‘Horozkarası’ and ‘Kabarcık’ cultivars showed similar trends in terms of their responses to drought stress. Grafting significantly increased the proline content in both cultivars exposed to drought stress. The rootstock conferred better drought protection to ‘Kabarcık’ cultivar than to ‘Horozkarası’ cultivar.","PeriodicalId":54244,"journal":{"name":"Ciencia E Tecnica Vitivinicola","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"57873272","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
G. Brunetto, A. R. Marques, Edicarla Trentin, P. B. Sete, C. R. Soares, P. Ferreira, G. W. D. de Melo, J. Zalamena, L. O. D. da Silva, Carina Marchezan, I. B. D. da Silva, João P. J. dos Santos, Letícia Morsch
{"title":"Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi inoculation as strategy to mitigate copper toxicity in young field-grown vines","authors":"G. Brunetto, A. R. Marques, Edicarla Trentin, P. B. Sete, C. R. Soares, P. Ferreira, G. W. D. de Melo, J. Zalamena, L. O. D. da Silva, Carina Marchezan, I. B. D. da Silva, João P. J. dos Santos, Letícia Morsch","doi":"10.1051/ctv/ctv20233801060","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/ctv/ctv20233801060","url":null,"abstract":"Frequent applications of foliar fungicides on grapevines increase copper (Cu) levels in soils, which may cause toxicity to young grapevines transplanted to eradicated old vineyards, especially because they are more sensitive. Therefore, it is necessary to adopt strategies to mitigate Cu toxic effects, such as grapevine seedlings inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), which establish symbiosis association with plants roots, preferably in field experiments. The present study we objective to evaluate AMF pre-inoculation effects on growth and mineral absorption of grapevine seedlings in a field experiment using sandy soil contaminated with Cu. The experiment was conducted in Santana do Livramento (RS), in a Typical Hapludalf soil. Initially, grapevine seedlings from ‘Paulsen 1103’ (Vitis berlandieri × Vitis rupestris) rootstock were AMP pre-inoculated and then transplanted into the field in area containing high Cu levels. Experimental design was a randomized complete block design, with a 4 × 2 factorial scheme: four seedlings pre-inoculation treatments (control = uninoculated seedlings; Rhizophagus clarus UFSC-14; Rhizophagus intraradices UFSC-32; Dentisculata heterogama UFSC-08); two soil Cu concentrations (62 mg/kg and 118 mg/kg (Mehlich-I), with five replications. Pre-inoculation did not favor growth of young vines in field after 316 and 500 days of transplantation (DAT). However, seedlings from pre-inoculated vines with R. intraradices UFSC-32 and R. clarus UFSC-14 presented lower Cu levels in leaves in the soils with high Cu levels. Thus, pre-inoculation of young vines seedling with selected AMF may represent a strategy to reduce Cu toxicity, contributing to plants establishment in contaminated soils.","PeriodicalId":54244,"journal":{"name":"Ciencia E Tecnica Vitivinicola","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"57873326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Wenxin Wu, Shuting Zhang, Yuanyuan Tang, Xiangrong Zhang, Baoshan Sun
{"title":"Nanoparticles loaded with procyanidin B2-3′-O-gallate from grape seed: preparation, characterization and antioxidant activity","authors":"Wenxin Wu, Shuting Zhang, Yuanyuan Tang, Xiangrong Zhang, Baoshan Sun","doi":"10.1051/ctv/ctv20233802082","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/ctv/ctv20233802082","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this study was to prepare nanoparticles of grape seed procyanidin B2-3′-O-gallate by chitosan-sodium alginate. The encapsulation system was characterized by transmission electron microscope (TEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and its biological activity was analyzed by cell-level antioxidant capacity. The results showed that the particle size of nano-carrier was 160~201nm, the B2-3′-O-gallate was well embedded, and the encapsulation efficiency of B2-3′-O-gallate was 93.5%. In vitro digestion experiments suggested that the release of B2-3′-O-gallate was significantly controlled by chitosan-sodium alginate nano-system through anomalous diffusion mechanism, and at about 72-78% of B2-3′-O-gallate was retained under gastrointestinal (GI) condition. Besides, the cytotoxicity results expressed that B2-3′-O-gallate chitosan nanoparticles had obvious protective effect on human HepG2 cells induced by hydrogen peroxide. This work provides a promising way to control the delivery and enhances the biological activity of galloylated procyanidins – one of the most important group of bioactive polyphenols of the grape pomace.","PeriodicalId":54244,"journal":{"name":"Ciencia E Tecnica Vitivinicola","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"57873637","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nesrin Merve Çelebi-Uzkuç, Mustafa Ay, Ayşegül Kırca-Toklucu
{"title":"Evolution of yeast biodiversity and volatile compounds during spontaneous fermentation of ‘Karasakiz’ grapes from different regions over two consecutive vintages","authors":"Nesrin Merve Çelebi-Uzkuç, Mustafa Ay, Ayşegül Kırca-Toklucu","doi":"10.1051/ctv/ctv20233802152","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/ctv/ctv20233802152","url":null,"abstract":"Spontaneous fermentation may produce complex and unique wines with geographical designations due to the region-specific yeast flora and variations in must characteristics. The current study focused on the yeast diversity and changes in volatile compounds during the spontaneous fermentation of ‘Karasakız’ grapes from three sub-regions of Çanakkale province, Turkey for two vintages (2019 and 2020). This is the first study on the diversity of autochthonous yeasts during wine fermentation of ‘Karasakız’ variety. In the present work, the strains belong to Hanseniaspora uvarum, Starmerella bacillaris, Pichia terricola, Metschnikowia pulcherrima and Zygoascus hellenicus by PCR-RFLP of the ITS region were identified . A total of 272 isolates were identified as S. cerevisiae. Yeast population and diversity changed related to the sub-region and the vintages. However, H. uvarum and S. bacillaris were common denominators of three regions evaluated. H. uvarum was dominant in the early stages of the fermentation, except for Bozcaada 2019 vintage. Bozcaada region also exhibited higher S. cerevisiae strain diversity compared to other regions. 1-Hexanol and 1-octanol gradually decreased during the fermentation of ‘Karasakız’ grapes, while the concentration of isoamyl alcohol, phenylethyl alcohol and ester compounds increased by the fermentation but with some fluctuation.","PeriodicalId":54244,"journal":{"name":"Ciencia E Tecnica Vitivinicola","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135009479","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
María Carmen García-Cortijo, Juan R. Ferrer, Juan Sebastián Castillo-Valero, Vicente Pinilla, Inmaculada Carrasco, Raúl Serrano
{"title":"Sustainability hedonic environmental models applied to wineries","authors":"María Carmen García-Cortijo, Juan R. Ferrer, Juan Sebastián Castillo-Valero, Vicente Pinilla, Inmaculada Carrasco, Raúl Serrano","doi":"10.1051/ctv/ctv20233802167","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/ctv/ctv20233802167","url":null,"abstract":"This study introduced the application of a new methodology to the assessment of sustainability for wineries in Spain. It adapted Rosen’s hedonic models, developed in other areas of the economy, to explain the environmental commitment of wineries in terms of trends in their attributes, considering: a) resources and capabilities; b) development variables; c) commercial factors. The database for the empirical analysis was drawn up from two surveys; the first was performed in 2016, and the second occurred between 2020 and 2021. Using the Box-Cox technique, the results showed that improving the companies' attributes, especially in human resources and management, exports and distribution via Horeca, promotes a greater valorization of sustainability by the wineries.","PeriodicalId":54244,"journal":{"name":"Ciencia E Tecnica Vitivinicola","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135609085","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Chitosan application towards the improvement of grapevine performance and wine quality","authors":"Bruno Soares, C. Barbosa, M. Oliveira","doi":"10.1051/ctv/ctv20233801043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/ctv/ctv20233801043","url":null,"abstract":"Intensification of agrochemicals application in vineyards has raised several concerns in Viticulture and Oenology value chain. Efforts have been developed to optimize grapevine health and productivity, assuring that viticulture is sustainable and competitive in today’s wine market. Viticulture practices have constantly been improved for a more sustainable and environment-friendly production, reducing the application of agrochemicals, replacing them by natural compounds that can have a double effect: protect grapevine against pathogens and improve compounds related to grape organoleptic quality. In this context, the development and optimization of alternative strategies to improve and enhance plant defences and grape/wine quality is becoming a necessity. Since the 1980s, chitosan has become a compound of special interest due to its double effect as elicitor and grapevine biostimulant, representing a complement to soil fertilisation, and reducing the negative effects nutrients leaching into the groundwater. The present review aims to present the wide possibilities of chitosan applications on grapevines to prevent and combat the main diseases and to improve wine quality. In this way, relevant studies about chitosan application will be presented as well as some concerns and limitations in order to cover the knowledge gaps inherent to its application in vineyard and wine as well.","PeriodicalId":54244,"journal":{"name":"Ciencia E Tecnica Vitivinicola","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"57873310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Brazao, Baoshan Sun, I. Caldeira, Francisco Baeta, João S. Amaral, J. Eiras-Dias
{"title":"Contributo para a caracterização de vinhos de oito castas portuguesas minoritárias","authors":"J. Brazao, Baoshan Sun, I. Caldeira, Francisco Baeta, João S. Amaral, J. Eiras-Dias","doi":"10.1051/ctv/ctv20233801021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/ctv/ctv20233801021","url":null,"abstract":"A riqueza do património genético vitícola existente em Portugal leva a considerá-lo como um dos países da Europa com maior densidade de castas autóctones, embora cerca de 85 % dessas castas só ocupem aproximadamente 10 % da área total de vinha. Apesar da preservação destas castas muito pouco cultivadas, que se designa de castas minoritárias, estar praticamente garantida em coleções ampelográficas, torna-se necessário a sua valorização e difusão pelo sector vitivinícola. Este trabalho constitui uma primeira abordagem para a caracterização físico-química e sensorial de vinhos produzidos, em duas vindimas, a partir de quatro castas brancas e de quatro castas tintas. No caso dos vinhos das castas tintas, a caracterização físico-química incluiu também o estudo do perfil de antocianinas, bem como a determinação dos teores de antocianas totais e de polifenóis totais. Os resultados obtidos mostraram uma diferenciação dos vinhos das duas vindimas, verificando-se também, ao nível organolético, apreciações globais superiores para os vinhos brancos das castas ‘Galego Dourado’ e ‘Códega do Larinho’ e para os vinhos tintos das castas ‘Malvasia Preta’ e ‘Cornifesto’. Verificou-se, ainda, que os vinhos que apresentaram teores mais elevados de antocianas foram os das castas ‘Cornifesto’ e ‘Malvasia Preta’, sendo os vinhos das castas ‘Tinta Negra’ e ‘Malvasia Preta’ os que evidenciaram ser mais ricos em polifenóis totais. Um resultado importante de notar é que os teores de polifenóis totais dos vinhos da mesma casta mostraram ser idênticos ou muito similares, nas duas vindimas. Contudo, considera-se que sejam necessários mais estudos para uma caracterização mais robusta dos vinhos destas castas.","PeriodicalId":54244,"journal":{"name":"Ciencia E Tecnica Vitivinicola","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"57873263","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
José Ricardo Marques Dos Santos, Ana Carolina Moura de Sena Aquino, Carolina Panceri
{"title":"Percepção do consumidor brasileiro de vinho em relação ao vinho em lata","authors":"José Ricardo Marques Dos Santos, Ana Carolina Moura de Sena Aquino, Carolina Panceri","doi":"10.1051/ctv/ctv20233802118","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/ctv/ctv20233802118","url":null,"abstract":"Recentemente, no Brasil, tem sido observado um incremento na oferta de vinhos embalados em lata de alumínio. Por conseguinte, este estudo objetivou, por meio da aplicação de um questionário para consumidores brasileiros de vinhos, avaliar a sua percepção em relação ao vinho apresentado em lata. Foi obtido um total de 481 (n=481) respostas de consumidores brasileiros de vinhos com ênfase no emprego da lata de alumínio. De entre os mesmos, 75.7% (n= 364) já sabiam da existência de vinhos em lata, sendo que 55.2% souberam nos últimos cinco anos, tendo a internet como a principal fonte de informação. Dos 364 participantes cientes da existência de vinhos enlatados, 57.4% (n=209) já os consumiram, sendo o supermercado (50.2%) o principal local de compra, seguido de loja especializada em vinhos (35.4%). Dos respondentes, 83.3% consumiram o vinho em lata em casa e 21.1% consumiram em ambiente ao ar livre. Os principais estilos de vinhos enlatados adquiridos pelos consumidores (n=209) foram: vinho branco seco (51.7%), vinho tinto seco (45.9%) e vinho rosé seco (40.7%). Aplicou-se ainda a técnica de associação livre de palavras (n=209), obtendo-se 522 associações, sendo que 52.4% delas referiam-se à definição do vinho em lata relacionadas com a própria embalagem, com as principais menções direcionadas para a funcionalidade e a conceitualização do envase. Neste estudo, constatou-se que o uso da lata para envase de vinho é uma opção recente e que os consumidores estão abertos a conhecer e a consumir o produto nesta embalagem.","PeriodicalId":54244,"journal":{"name":"Ciencia E Tecnica Vitivinicola","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"57873668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rafaela Xavier Giacomini, Maristela Barnes Rodrigues Cerqueira, E. Primel, J. Garda-Buffon
{"title":"Monitoring of mycotoxins and pesticides in winemaking","authors":"Rafaela Xavier Giacomini, Maristela Barnes Rodrigues Cerqueira, E. Primel, J. Garda-Buffon","doi":"10.1051/ctv/ctv20233801010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/ctv/ctv20233801010","url":null,"abstract":"This study monitored concentrations of both pesticides 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and procymidone, and mycotoxin ochratoxin A (OTA) in stages of the winemaking process. Sampling was carried out in the usual vinification process of red wine in a winery between the steps to obtain must and alcoholic fermentation. The highest transference of contaminants in the process occurred in the crushing step to 2,4-D (100%) and maceration to OTA and procymidone (100%). Removal of contaminants in the winemaking process corresponded to 100%, with a half-life (T1/2) longer for procymidone (216.5 h) and shorter for 2,4-D (38.5 h) and OTA (96 h). The processing factors (PFs) (0) for the contaminants, together with the data obtained, characterize winemaking as a process of reducing mycotoxin and pesticides. Results highlight the importance of fermentation to reduce contaminants and that yeasts promote detoxification","PeriodicalId":54244,"journal":{"name":"Ciencia E Tecnica Vitivinicola","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"57873249","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jian Zhao, Min Guo, Ruoyao Wang, Lingxi Li, Baoshan Sun
{"title":"Evaluation of color and stability of ethyl-linked anthocyanin-flavanol pigments in model wine solutions using combined chemical analysis and 3D molecular simulations","authors":"Jian Zhao, Min Guo, Ruoyao Wang, Lingxi Li, Baoshan Sun","doi":"10.1051/ctv/ctv20233801067","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/ctv/ctv20233801067","url":null,"abstract":"Ethyl-linked anthocyanin-flavanol pigments are one of the most important condensation products formed during the red winemaking and ageing period. They have great contribution to the color characteristics and stability of aged red wines. In this study, the color characteristics and stability of ethyl-linked anthocyanin-flavanol pigments and their precursor anthocyanins were evaluated by combined spectrophotometry and 3D molecular simulations. In model wine solutions, the condensation reactions between three anthocyanins and (-)-epicatechin, mediated by acetaldehyde, were conducted to produce ethyl-linked anthocyanin-flavanol pigments. The color was assessed by the CIELab method, and the concentration changes were analyzed by HPLC-DAD. On the other hand, the stability of these pigmented compounds was also calculated by the three 3D molecular simulation methods, that is molecular mechanics, molecular dynamics, and quantum chemistry simulation. The results obtained from CIELab analysis indicated that the formation of ethyl-linked anthocyanin-flavanol pigments resulted in a decrease of L*, a*, b* and C* values, and conversely, a rising of h* value. The 3D molecular simulations revealed that the stability of anthocyanins was as follows: Mv-3-O-glu > Pn-3-O-glu > Cy-3-O-glu. The cis or trans ethyl-linked anthocyanin-flavanol pigments were much more stable than their precursor anthocyanins. Among the pigments, ethyl-linked malvidin-3-O-glucoside-flavanol was more stable than ethyl-linked cyanidin-3-O-glucoside-flavanol and ethyl-linked peonidin-3-O-glucoside-flavanol.","PeriodicalId":54244,"journal":{"name":"Ciencia E Tecnica Vitivinicola","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"57873601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}