Biological Psychiatry-Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging最新文献

{"title":"Habenula Alterations in Resting-State Functional Connectivity Among Autistic Individuals","authors":"Chloe L. Hampson,&nbsp;Julio A. Peraza,&nbsp;Lauren M. Guerrero,&nbsp;Katherine L. Bottenhorn,&nbsp;Michael C. Riedel,&nbsp;Fahad Almuquin,&nbsp;Donisha D. Smith,&nbsp;Katherine M. Schmarder,&nbsp;Katharine E. Crooks,&nbsp;Jaden A. Sangoi,&nbsp;Krystyna R. Keller,&nbsp;Rosario Pintos Lobo,&nbsp;Matthew T. Sutherland,&nbsp;Erica D. Musser,&nbsp;Yael Dai,&nbsp;Rumi Agarwal,&nbsp;Fahad Saeed,&nbsp;Angela R. Laird","doi":"10.1016/j.bpsc.2026.04.014","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bpsc.2026.04.014","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>The reward-based theoretical framework of autism suggests that altered reward circuitry contributes to core symptoms. Recent research has revealed autism-related structural alterations in the habenula, a small epithalamic structure associated with motivation and emotion; however, potential alterations in functional connectivity (FC) remain unexplored.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Anatomical and resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data were accessed for 1479 participants (autism <em>n</em> = 661; mean age = 16.68 ± 8.23 years) in the ABIDE (Autism Brain Imaging Data Exchange). To investigate habenula alterations, we conducted a whole-brain resting-state FC analysis using manually delineated participant-specific seeds followed by regression analyses to explore age and brain-behavior interactions.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Across the entire sample, extensive habenula connectivity was observed within the midbrain dopaminergic reward system. Compared with neurotypical (NT) control participants, autistic participants exhibited significantly increased habenular connectivity with the bilateral middle and superior temporal gyri. From childhood to early adulthood, autistic adolescents displayed an accelerated developmental habenula FC trajectory with the cingulate gyrus compared with NT participants. Between groups, habenula hyperconnectivity was inversely associated with behavioral scores for social motivation and communication.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>This study provides novel evidence of habenula connectivity alterations in autism, highlighting atypical FC with sensory processing regions. Further findings suggest that habenula circuitry develops differently among autistic adolescents, with links between habenula hyperconnectivity and social behaviors. Taken together, these results contribute to emerging evidence that the dopaminergic reward system may play a critical role in the pathophysiology of autism.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54231,"journal":{"name":"Biological Psychiatry-Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging","volume":"11 10","pages":"Pages 1270-1280"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147936156","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Instrumental Avoidance Promotes Safety Learning Across Distributed Neural Circuits","authors":"Zhenfu Wen,&nbsp;Lihan Cui,&nbsp;Muhammad Badarnee,&nbsp;Kai Zhang,&nbsp;Isabel Moallem,&nbsp;Hannah McManus,&nbsp;Zakiya Atiyah,&nbsp;Joseph Borrelli,&nbsp;Wen Li,&nbsp;L. Elliot Hong,&nbsp;Peter Kochunov,&nbsp;Mohammed R. Milad","doi":"10.1016/j.bpsc.2026.03.018","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bpsc.2026.03.018","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Instrumental avoidance is a coping strategy that plays a critical role in anxiety and trauma-related disorders. However, the neural mechanisms supporting instrumental avoidance and its interaction with extinction learning remain incompletely understood.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Fifty-nine healthy adults completed a 2-day functional magnetic resonance imaging paradigm including Pavlovian threat conditioning, avoidance learning, extinction, and memory recall. Subjective reports measuring the fear ratings for each conditioned stimulus (CS) were administered and analyzed across all experimental phases. Neural responses were analyzed using univariate general linear modeling and multivariate pattern analysis with a validated threat/safety decoder. To assess generalizability, the analysis pipeline was repeated in an independent cohort (<em>n</em> = 59) using a variant design.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Subjective fear ratings indicated successful fear acquisition, instrumental avoidance learning, and extinction learning. During extinction recall, fear ratings to the avoidable CS+ (CS+A) were significantly lower compared with those for the nonavoidable CS+ (CS+N). As for the neural correlates, instrumental avoidance learning engaged the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, amygdala, and striatum. Multivariate decoding revealed a dynamic shift from threat-like to safety-like neural representations for CS+A, emerging after only 2 successful avoidance trials. This avoidance-related neural shift predicted reduced neural recruitment during subsequent extinction learning. During memory recall, participants were charged a monetary cost for avoidance responses but still showed reduced threat expression in response to CS+A, supporting consolidation of safety representations. All key findings were replicated in the independent cohort.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Our findings show that controllable avoidance can promote adaptive regulation of threat and support long-term safety learning, with implications for anxiety and trauma-related disorders.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54231,"journal":{"name":"Biological Psychiatry-Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging","volume":"11 10","pages":"Pages 1319-1328"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147617210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Relationship Between Synaptic Density and Cortical (Micro)structure in Healthy Participants, Patients With Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorder, and Unaffected Siblings: A Multimodal [11C]UCB-J Positron Emission Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study","authors":"Jesca E. de Jager,&nbsp;Monique van der Weijden-Germann,&nbsp;Edwin van Dellen,&nbsp;Erik F.J. de Vries,&nbsp;Iris E.C. Sommer,&nbsp;Jasper O. Nuninga","doi":"10.1016/j.bpsc.2025.11.008","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bpsc.2025.11.008","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>The structure and tissue composition of the cortex may be sensitive to loss of synapses. However, the relationship between measurements of synaptic density, cortical thickness, and microstructure remains unknown. These measures are reduced in schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSDs) and to a lesser degree in unaffected relatives. Here, we investigated whether synaptic density and cortical (micro)structure are related in healthy participants and whether these associations are altered in patients with SSDs and unaffected siblings.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Brain uptake of the tracer [¹¹C]UCB-J, measured in vivo with positron emission tomography (PET), was used as a proxy measure for synaptic density. Healthy participants (<em>n</em> = 25), patients with SSDs (<em>n</em> = 24), and unaffected siblings (<em>n</em> = 25) underwent [¹¹C]UCB-J PET, T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging, and diffusion-weighted imaging scans.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>We found a positive relationship between [¹¹C]UCB-J nondisplaceable binding potential (BP_ND) and cortical thickness (β = 0.61, <em>p</em> = .02) and showed a similar (although nonsignificant) positive relationship in unaffected siblings (β = 0.41, <em>p</em> = .09). This relationship was not present in patients with SSDs (β = 0.03, <em>p</em> = .90). Additionally, [¹¹C]UCB-J BP_ND had a negative relationship with mean diffusivity in control participants (β = −0.54, <em>p</em> = .01) and unaffected siblings (β = −0.47, <em>p</em> = .01). In patients with SSDs, again this relationship was disrupted (β = 0.07, <em>p</em> = .78).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>We found a robust association between synaptic density and cortical (micro)structure in healthy individuals. The lost relationship in patients suggests that SSD-related synapse loss is not proportional to the number and organization of gray matter constituents. Despite the shared genetic risk, this relationship is preserved in unaffected siblings, suggesting the absence of a “second hit” inducing excessive synaptic pruning.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54231,"journal":{"name":"Biological Psychiatry-Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging","volume":"11 10","pages":"Pages 1299-1307"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145656757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Interplay Between Brain Development, Synapses, and Genetic Risk in Schizophrenia: New In Vivo Imaging Evidence Tests the Synaptic Hypothesis","authors":"Ellis Chika Onwordi,&nbsp;Oliver D. Howes","doi":"10.1016/j.bpsc.2026.08.008","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bpsc.2026.08.008","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":54231,"journal":{"name":"Biological Psychiatry-Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging","volume":"11 10","pages":"Pages 1201-1203"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149096519","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Decision-Making Signatures of Methamphetamine and Alcohol Use Disorders","authors":"Xinyu Cheng,&nbsp;Jing Shen,&nbsp;Junhui Li,&nbsp;Wei Yuan,&nbsp;Duanwei Wang,&nbsp;Hairong Wang,&nbsp;Ru-Yuan Zhang,&nbsp;Yu-Feng Xia,&nbsp;Xinyu Cao,&nbsp;Wannian Sha,&nbsp;Shuhua He,&nbsp;Yi Liu,&nbsp;Junjie Tang,&nbsp;Yi Zhang,&nbsp;Yuqi Cheng,&nbsp;Ti-Fei Yuan,&nbsp;Di Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.bpsc.2025.08.008","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bpsc.2025.08.008","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Aberrant decision making is a hallmark of substance use disorders (SUDs), often impeding recovery. While uncertainty, which comprises risk and ambiguity, is central to real-world choices, its distinct effects in SUDs remain underexplored. In this study, we disentangle risk and ambiguity to identify context-specific impairments in methamphetamine use disorder (MUD) and alcohol use disorder (AUD).</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We used a Choice under Risk and Ambiguity task to examine uncertainty decision making (UDM) in 101 individuals with MUD, 56 individuals with AUD, and their respective healthy control participant (HC) groups (<em>n</em> = 45 and <em>n</em> = 75). Group-level analyses applied a modified psychometric function to estimate decision parameters, while individual-level UDM indicators were derived using custom computational methods and subjective value models.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Individuals with MUD exhibited heightened reward sensitivity and a stronger preference for large rewards under high uncertainty, with flexible shifts across ambiguity levels. In addition, reward sensitivity under high ambiguity was linked to symptom severity. In contrast, individuals with AUD showed no evident decision-making impairments across conditions, and like HCs, they adopted conservative strategies under ambiguity. Direct comparisons confirmed more pronounced UDM impairments in MUD than in AUD.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>These findings underscore the heterogeneity of decision-making patterns across SUDs, validating the need for precision in therapeutic strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54231,"journal":{"name":"Biological Psychiatry-Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging","volume":"11 10","pages":"Pages 1281-1292"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144994605","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How Do Similar Thalamocortical Circuits Produce Psychosis Versus Compulsivity?","authors":"Pegah Seif","doi":"10.1016/j.bpsc.2026.06.007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bpsc.2026.06.007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The thalamus is now recognized as a dynamic regulator of cortical information flow, with the thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN) providing inhibitory control over the routing, gain, and timing of thalamocortical communication. Schizophrenia and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) both involve thalamocortical abnormalities but produce distinct clinical phenotypes, psychosis versus compulsivity. In this narrative review, we synthesize evidence from neuroimaging, electrophysiology, postmortem studies, and animal models to compare thalamocortical gating mechanisms across these disorders. In schizophrenia, converging evidence supports weakened TRN-mediated inhibition as a core gating deficit. Postmortem reductions in GAD67 and parvalbumin (PV) within TRN neurons, optogenetic models reproducing sensory gating deficits through TRN PV suppression, and a ∼40% reduction in sleep spindle density collectively point to diminished inhibitory regulation of thalamic relay output. At the network level, this maps onto reduced thalamo-prefrontal connectivity with increased thalamo-sensorimotor coupling, consistent with deficient top-down filtering and excessive bottom-up sensory transmission. In OCD, no study has directly examined TRN structure or function. However, cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical models implicate thalamic relay disinhibition through basal ganglia pathways, and emerging evidence of increased spindle frequencies correlating with obsession severity suggests a pattern qualitatively distinct from schizophrenia. These preliminary observations raise the possibility that OCD involves temporally inflexible rather than weakened gating, although this hypothesis remains speculative. Together, these lines of evidence suggest that similar thalamocortical architectures may be disrupted through distinct regulatory mechanisms, i.e., insufficient inhibitory control versus loss of temporal flexibility, thereby offering a framework for understanding how overlapping circuits produce divergent psychiatric phenotypes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54231,"journal":{"name":"Biological Psychiatry-Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging","volume":"11 10","pages":"Pages 1207-1217"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148335087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cerebellum-Cerebrum Dynamics During Gaze Processing in Schizophrenia: Evidence for Social-Cognitive Modulation and Associations With Social Functioning Across Independent Samples","authors":"Aubrey M. Moe,&nbsp;Scott D. Blain,&nbsp;Aravind Kalathil,&nbsp;Mike Angstadt,&nbsp;Scott Peltier,&nbsp;Vaibhav Diwadkar,&nbsp;Stephan F. Taylor,&nbsp;Ivy F. Tso","doi":"10.1016/j.bpsc.2026.05.008","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bpsc.2026.05.008","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Individuals with schizophrenia have prominent impairments in social cognition that contribute to poor functional outcomes. Gaze processing, the social-cognitive ability to accurately perceive human eye gaze direction, is similarly abnormal in schizophrenia and associated with social functioning. Although gaze processing has known neural underpinnings in cerebral social-processing brain regions, emerging data suggest that the posterior cerebellum (PCb) plays a key but often neglected role in social-cognitive function. Elucidating the bidirectional PCb-cerebrum dynamics underlying social cognition is critical to identifying a novel treatment target.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Thirty-nine individuals with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder (SZ) and 33 nonclinical control (NCC) participants completed an eye-contact detection task during functional magnetic resonance imaging. Dynamic causal modeling was used to delineate the dynamics between the PCb (crus II) and 3 cerebral social processing (inferior parietal lobule, anterior insula, and fusiform gyrus) nodes and to quantify abnormal effective connectivity in SZ. A sensitivity analysis using an independent sample (SZ = 27, NCC = 22) was conducted to confirm the results.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Relative to NCC participants, participants with SZ showed less upregulation of cerebellar outputs during gaze processing (<em>t</em>₆₈ = 2.853, <em>p</em> = .006), and this decreased upregulation was associated with social dysfunction (ρ = −0.251, <em>p</em> = .034). Convergent evidence of these results was observed in the independent sample.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>With convergent evidence across 2 independent samples, the current study showed that people with schizophrenia have altered PCb-cerebrum dynamics during gaze processing that is linked to social functioning. Given the greater accessibility of the PCb from the scalp for noninvasive brain stimulation relative to many cerebral social-cognitive regions, our findings have critical implications for translational interventions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54231,"journal":{"name":"Biological Psychiatry-Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging","volume":"11 10","pages":"Pages 1238-1249"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148045233","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Running Therapy Reorganizes Dynamic Brain Networks Linked to Symptom Improvement in Affective Disorders","authors":"Julian Gaviria Lopez,&nbsp;Guido Van Wingen,&nbsp;Chris Vriend,&nbsp;Laura K.M. Han,&nbsp;Jennifer Labus,&nbsp;Gitte M. Knudsen,&nbsp;Brenda W.J.H. Penninx","doi":"10.1016/j.bpsc.2026.05.011","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bpsc.2026.05.011","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Exercise therapy reduces depressive and anxiety symptoms, but its neural mechanisms remain unclear. We examined whether running therapy reorganizes dynamic brain functional connectivity in affective disorders (AFFs).</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging was analyzed at baseline in 66 healthy control participants and 50 individuals with AFFs. Coactivation pattern (CAP) analysis identified recurring whole-brain states and their temporal dynamics. After baseline comparisons, patients received 16 weeks of running therapy or antidepressant treatment. Then, we examined treatment-related CAP changes and their associations with symptom improvement.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>At baseline, individuals with AFFs showed fewer occurrences and shorter dwell time of the visual-somatosensory-subcortical CAP (VS-SC_CAP) than control participants (both <em>p</em>s ≤ .04, η_p² ≈ 0.04–0.05). Running therapy induced a treatment-specific reorganization of brain dynamics, with decreased default mode CAP (DM_CAP) occurrences (<em>F</em> = 8.18, <em>p</em> = .01, η_p² = 0.13) and dwell time (<em>F</em> = 11.51, <em>p</em> &lt; .001, η_p² = 0.19) and increased VS-SC_CAP occurrences (<em>F</em> = 8.10, <em>p</em> = .01, η_p² = 0.13) and entries (<em>F</em> = 5.39, <em>p</em> = .03, η_p² = 0.08). Greater reductions in DM_CAP entries and transitions from DM_CAP to VS-SC_CAP were associated with greater improvement in anxiety- and fear-related symptoms (ρ = −0.54 to −0.45, all <em>q</em> ≤ .03).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Running therapy was associated with treatment-specific reorganization of large-scale brain dynamics in AFFs. Symptom improvement was linked to changes in DM CAP dynamics and transitions between DM and VS states.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54231,"journal":{"name":"Biological Psychiatry-Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging","volume":"11 10","pages":"Pages 1260-1269"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148177396","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neural Activation During Cognitive Effort-Based Decision Making: Associations With Avolition in Veterans With Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder","authors":"Logan D. Leathem,&nbsp;Pooja K. Patel,&nbsp;Deanna M. Barch,&nbsp;Amy M. Jimenez,&nbsp;Erin K. Moran,&nbsp;Ana Ceci Myers,&nbsp;Eric A. Reavis,&nbsp;Michael F. Green,&nbsp;Jonathan K. Wynn","doi":"10.1016/j.bpsc.2026.01.007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bpsc.2026.01.007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Effort-based decision making (EBDM) is a key component of motivation. Impairments in EBDM have been consistently linked to amotivation in individuals with schizophrenia (SZ). Similar deficits are seen in SZ and bipolar disorder (BD), despite striking differences in motivational profiles between the two disorders. Similar task behavior, but distinct motivational profiles, may arise from functional differences in brain regions supporting EBDM.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Twenty-eight veterans with SZ, 21 veterans with BD, and 30 healthy control participants completed a cognitive EBDM task during functional magnetic resonance imaging scanning. Participants chose between an easy and a more effortful working memory task. Reward values were manipulated to bias the participant toward choosing the more effortful task or the easier task or were relatively unbiased.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Participants with SZ spent less time deliberating on unbiased trials and exhibited reduced task-related activation in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), anterior insula, and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex compared with participants in the healthy control and BD groups. Greater activation to hard-task biased trials relative to unbiased or biased toward easy task trials in the striatum, ventromedial prefrontal cortex, and posterior cingulate cortex was associated with motivation deficits in SZ but lower amotivation in BD.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Hypoactivation in response to the task in the ACC and other regions was found in the SZ group. Associations found between activation in several brain regions underlying EBDM and clinical amotivation suggest that distinct neurobehavioral processes contribute to motivational deficits in SZ and BD.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54231,"journal":{"name":"Biological Psychiatry-Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging","volume":"11 9","pages":"Pages 1081-1090"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146101221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Guide for Authors","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/S2451-9022(26)00240-5","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S2451-9022(26)00240-5","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":54231,"journal":{"name":"Biological Psychiatry-Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging","volume":"11 9","pages":"Pages A6-A12"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148916161","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}