Solid Earth Sciences最新文献

{"title":"Unraveling plate tectonics: From mantle plumes to subduction dynamics","authors":"Peng Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.sesci.2025.100256","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sesci.2025.100256","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The origin and evolution of plate tectonics are essential for understanding Earth's habitability, intricately linked to deep mantle convection, core-mantle interactions, and mantle plumes. Despite substantial advancements in the field, critical gaps remain in our understanding of how these processes interrelate and influence Earth's evolutionary trajectory. This review provides a comprehensive synthesis of the evolutionary dynamics of plate tectonics, focusing on the mechanisms of subduction initiation and its effects on core-mantle boundary structures and mantle plume formation. Throughout Earth's geological history, from the late Hadean to the present, plate tectonics has undergone significant evolution, with a transition from early mantle plume control to present plate negative buoyancy mechanisms in subduction initiation. We highlight how subducting slabs drive mantle flow, modifying the properties and dynamics of the core-mantle boundary and influencing mantle composition, leading to seismic anisotropy and the emergence of mantle plumes. Our findings underscore that tectonic evolution is fundamentally tied to thermal processes, shifting from spontaneous cooling to externally driven mechanisms. We advocate for future research to clarify the changes in heat and material transfer between the core and lower mantle induced by subduction, as well as their implications for physical and chemical properties of the core-mantle boundary. Understanding these dynamics is crucial, as they directly affect surface tectonic activity, volcanic eruptions, and broader environmental changes, thereby advancing our knowledge of the Earth system's intricate relationships.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54172,"journal":{"name":"Solid Earth Sciences","volume":"10 3","pages":"Article 100256"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144721637","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of extremely low porosity on geothermal gradient and fluid migration in gas hydrate-bearing layers: A case study of South Shetland Islands, Antarctic Peninsula","authors":"Doğa Düşünür Doğan ,&nbsp;Selvican Türkdoğan ,&nbsp;Neslihan Ocakoğlu ,&nbsp;Umberta Tinivella ,&nbsp;Michela Giustiniani ,&nbsp;Zehra Altan ,&nbsp;Sinan Arık","doi":"10.1016/j.sesci.2025.100262","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sesci.2025.100262","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Numerical fluid flow models were employed for the first time to study gas hydrates in South Shetland Islands, Antarctic Peninsula. The complexity of its geology, added to the remote and environmentally sensitive characteristics, makes it a very unique natural laboratory, where studying processes that could influence gas hydrate stabilityremains highly challenging. Based on seismic data, a marine subsurface model was created and fluid flow simulations carried out with ANSYS Fluent. Key inputs like sediment thickness, in-situ faults, and fractures, and water column dimensions were obtained from seismic sections. The same value of thermal and physical rock properties was assumed for each geological unit; the mesh structure was developed using triangular discretization. Four numerical models were constructed to investigate how variations in porosity, particularly under extremely low-porosity conditions, might affect thermal and fluid flow behavior within hydrate-bearing sediments. Porosity values of 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, and 0.2 were systematically applied to represent the low-porosity regimes. The results highlight that, especially at extremely low porosity, porosity together with fault density and seafloor bathymetry can strongly shape the distribution of heat transfer and fluid migration patterns. While the models do not directly simulate gas hydrate dissolution, the findings suggest that localized thermal anomalies and structural complexities could potentially create conditions favorable to destabilization processes. These insights contribute to a better understanding of the geophysical and hydrodynamic factors that may influence gas hydrate systems in complex and sensitive geological settings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54172,"journal":{"name":"Solid Earth Sciences","volume":"10 3","pages":"Article 100262"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144914048","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Application of machine learning in python for temporal groundwater level prediction","authors":"Tade Mule Asrade","doi":"10.1016/j.sesci.2025.100261","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sesci.2025.100261","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Groundwater is a critical resource for sustaining agricultural, domestic, and ecological needs in the Upper Blue Nile Basin of Ethiopia, where rapid population growth and climate variability have intensified water stress. The Temecha River Catchment, part of this basin, faces recurrent droughts and declining groundwater levels, underscoring the need for effective groundwater management strategies. One promising approach is Managed Aquifer Recharge (MAR), whose success relies heavily on accurate groundwater level monitoring and forecasting. Although MAR decisions are influenced by hydrogeological and land use factors, hydraulic head data are essential for determining recharge timing and suitability. This study evaluates the performance of five machine learning models—Gradient Boosting Regression (GBR), Support Vector Machine (SVM), Random Forest (RF), Decision Tree (DT), and Linear Regression (LR)—for predicting groundwater level fluctuations in the Temecha River Catchment from 1995 to 2023. Rainfall, temperature, and evapotranspiration were used as predictive variables. Among the models, GBR showed superior performance, with a Mean Absolute Error (MAE) of 0.07 m, Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) of 0.7934 m, Coefficient of Determination (R²) of 0.7856, and Percent Bias (PBIAS) of −2.408 %. The results demonstrate GBR's effectiveness in groundwater level forecasting and support its application in data-scarce regions to inform sustainable water resource management. However, adaptation to other regions must consider local hydrogeological and climatic conditions.</div><div>One sentence summary: This study explores the use of machine learning techniques in Python to predict temporal groundwater levels in the Temecha River Catchment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54172,"journal":{"name":"Solid Earth Sciences","volume":"10 3","pages":"Article 100261"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144914047","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantifying CO2 in apatite by multiple unpolarized transmission FTIR analyses","authors":"Zhide Pu ,&nbsp;Zhuoran Zhang ,&nbsp;Xinjian Bao ,&nbsp;Weiran Li ,&nbsp;Xi Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.sesci.2025.100260","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sesci.2025.100260","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>CO₂ is a key volatile component in various fluids and magmas, and apatite is an ideal mineral for constraining the abundance, distribution and behavior of CO₂ in different materials of the Solar System. In sharp contrast to water, CO₂ in apatites has not been routinely investigated mainly due to lacking user-friendly analytical technique. Here we have developed a user-friendly analytical technique. By a Durango apatite crystal with a CO₂ content of ∼277 (44) wt ppm, we performed 17 successful unpolarized transmission FTIR analyses on its randomly-selected fragments with unknown orientations. These analyses well reproduced the CO₂ content, attaining a relative difference of ∼9 % only. Simple calculations carried out with this dataset suggest that as the number of the analyses increases from one, the accuracy of the result nonlinearly increases, being very fast at the first few analyses and much slower afterwards. Consequently, there are different minimum numbers of the analyses to meet different degrees of accuracy which may be required by different studies: it is highly unlikely to reach a result of any good by conducting one analysis only, but generally possible to arrive at a result with acceptable accuracy by performing two or three analyses, and almost certain to obtain a good result with high accuracy by collecting four or five analyses. If 10 or more analyses are possible, the accuracy of the result can be exceedingly high, with an absolute relative difference of &lt; ∼10 %. With this user-friendly new method employing multiple unpolarized transmission FTIR analyses on randomly oriented crystals, quantifying CO₂ in tiny apatite grains in different terrestrial and extraterrestrial materials can be readily actualized.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54172,"journal":{"name":"Solid Earth Sciences","volume":"10 3","pages":"Article 100260"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144886703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Petrography and geochemistry of alkaline rocks from Michni (Warsak) area, NW Himalayas, Pakistan: Insights into petrogenesis and tectonic setting","authors":"Muhammad Jawad Zeb ,&nbsp;Mehboob ur Rashid ,&nbsp;Ihtisham Islam ,&nbsp;Salman Ahmed Khattak ,&nbsp;Waqas Ahmed","doi":"10.1016/j.sesci.2025.100254","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sesci.2025.100254","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Michni area within the Warsak complex that is part of the Peshawar plain alkaline igneous province (PPAIP) in NW Pakistan, hosts a diverse suite of alkaline and carbonatitic rocks whose origin and evolution remain poorly constrained. This study focuses on this locality due to its complex lithological assemblage and the first discovery of carbonatite intrusions in the area, which fills a significant gap in the regional petrogenetic framework. Detailed fieldwork, petrographic analysis, and whole-rock geochemistry (XRF-based major and trace elements) were employed to investigate the petrogenesis and tectonic setting of these rocks. The intrusive suite includes pyroxenite, melteigite, ijolite, urtite, nepheline syenite, fenite, and both calcio- and ferro-carbonatites. Geochemical data reveal strong silica undersaturation and systematic fractionation trends, indicating magmatic differentiation from a shared parental magma. Pervasive fenitization and secondary phases such as cancrinite, phlogopite, and carbonate suggest metasomatic alteration driven by late-stage carbonatitic fluids. While petrographic and geochemical coherence supports a potential genetic link between silicate and carbonatite suites. This study enhances understanding of the magmatic and metasomatic evolution in PPAIP and recommends future high-resolution isotopic and mineral chemical analyses to further constrain magma source characteristics and alteration processes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54172,"journal":{"name":"Solid Earth Sciences","volume":"10 3","pages":"Article 100254"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144480582","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hydrogeochemical characterization and quality assessment of groundwater resources in Amtali Upazila, Barguna: A study of coastal Bangladesh","authors":"Afroz Jahan ,&nbsp;Sukhen Goswami ,&nbsp;Md. Jakir Hossain ,&nbsp;Sujan Mallik ,&nbsp;Mehedi Hasan Ovi ,&nbsp;Mahfuzur Rahman ,&nbsp;Mahmud Al Noor Tushar ,&nbsp;Sarmin Sultana ,&nbsp;Dhiman Kumer Roy","doi":"10.1016/j.sesci.2025.100252","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sesci.2025.100252","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The coastal regions of Bangladesh are highly vulnerable to saline water intrusion due to excessive groundwater abstraction, rising sea levels, and frequent tropical disasters. Among these, Amtali Upazila in Barguna District faces significant challenges in maintaining groundwater quality, necessitating a comprehensive assessment. This study evaluates the hydrogeochemical characteristics of groundwater and assesses its suitability for drinking and irrigation. To achieve this, groundwater samples collected from a deep aquifer (260–350 m) across 23 locations were analyzed using hydrogeochemical, geospatial, and statistical methods. The major ionic composition follows the order Na⁺ &gt; Mg²⁺ &gt; K⁺ &gt; Ca²⁺ and HCO₃^– &gt; Cl⁻ &gt; SO₄²⁻ &gt; NO₃^– for cations and anions, respectively. Piper and Gibbs diagrams classify the groundwater (GW) as Na–HCO₃ type, with ion exchange and rock–water interactions being the dominant geochemical processes. Water quality indices, including the Water Quality Index (WQI) and Sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), Sodium Concentration (SC), and Kelly's Ratio (KR), indicate that 73.9 % of the samples are suitable for drinking, whereas most samples are unsuitable for irrigation. Multivariate statistical analysis (correlation matrix, cluster analysis, and principal component analysis) confirms that geogenic processes primarily influence groundwater quality. The findings provide critical insights for policymakers and local authorities in formulating sustainable groundwater management strategies, ensuring safe drinking water, and mitigating irrigation challenges in the region.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54172,"journal":{"name":"Solid Earth Sciences","volume":"10 3","pages":"Article 100252"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144480584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Petrography and U/Th dating of travertine deposits in Bongongo (Cameroon volcanic line): Implication for paleoclimate, hydrothermalism and tectonism","authors":"Bisse Salomon Bertrant ,&nbsp;Bokanda Ekoko Eric ,&nbsp;Florence Njinto Kwankam ,&nbsp;Ashukem Ethel Nkongho ,&nbsp;Nfor Ngwakfu Shannon ,&nbsp;Adama Amaya ,&nbsp;Ekomane Emile","doi":"10.1016/j.sesci.2025.100263","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sesci.2025.100263","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The studied travertine deposits have been analysed using sedimentology, petrography and geochronology to evaluate their resurgence variation, Neotectonic reconstruction, hydrothermal/paleohydrology, and tectonic influence for their precipitation. These deposits display a dome structure with milimetric layers containing some dicotyledonous leaf prints mainly of angiospermic plants class and animal traces. Traces of gastropods fossil and imprinted plant leaves are seen scattered all over the samples. Microscopically, the travertine reveal laminae characterising a long spike-like dendritic millimetric crystals. The spike-like structure composed of crystals calcite enclosing putative microbial filaments which are longitudinal within some places, micrite partially filling inter-crystalline voids. The petrographic characteristics of the travertine corroborated with isotopic analyses, reveals processes such temperature variation, degassing variation, fluctuations of the physico-chemical fluid and dissolution as controlling factors to the formation of the different carbonates textures. Four units representing different sample points discloses ages of 19.839 ± 4.8 ka, 50.3645 ± 9.4 ka b2k, 2.00 ± 1.8ka b2k and 5.77 ± 1.7ka b2k. Conclusions drew from the study suggest that, (1) a forest vegetation type testifying to a humid climate prevailed at the time of the travertine precipitation, (2) there were repeated reactivation of fault systems as well as episodic high hydraulic head in the aquifers underlined by U-series dating that showthe presence of different spring systems generations in the travertine deposits (3) three phases of travertinization were disclose: first phase (Upper Pleistocene, ca 50 ka b2k), marked by significant and regular rainfall leading precipitation of massive travertine deposits, second phase (Between 50 ka b2k and 19 ka b2k), marked periodicity of rainfall forming laminated travertine, third phase (beginning of the Holocene between 5.77 ± 1.7ka b2k and 2.00 ± 1.8ka b2k), marked by obstruction of the main canal of circulation inducing a possible change of exsurgence forming new deposits recorded at the base of the dome (4) the travertine precipitation was influence by hydrothermal system and recent extensional tectonic activities owing to the presence of saline springs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54172,"journal":{"name":"Solid Earth Sciences","volume":"10 3","pages":"Article 100263"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144932143","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing reservoir landslide displacement prediction with crack width data integration: A case study of the Daping landslide","authors":"Ningxin Weng,&nbsp;Lei Fan,&nbsp;Cheng Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.sesci.2025.100253","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sesci.2025.100253","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Existing studies on predicting reservoir landslide displacements primarily focus on rainfall and reservoir water level (RWL) as the main factors influencing landslide movement. However, these studies overlook the potential role of crack width, even though landslide cracks are critical indicators of landslide formation and movement. Currently, no predictive models in this domain have integrated crack width alongside rainfall and RWL. In response to this gap, this study investigates the predicative performance of models that combines crack width, rainfall and RWL as the set of input factors for predicting temporal variations in the displacements of the Daping landslide within the Three Gorges Reservoir Area. The multiple wavelet coherence (MWC) method is used to determine optimal time lags between the combined input factors (i.e., rainfall, RWL and/or crack width) and the output (i.e., displacement). The raw data of these input factors within these time lags are integrated as the inputs to displacement prediction models during both training and prediction phases. Commonly used deep learning models, such as the deep neural network, gated recurrent unit, bidirectional long short-term memory and transformer architectures, are adopted in our experiment. Experimental results show that incorporating crack width data improves the accuracy of transient landslide displacement predictions compared to models that exclude crack width data, for the adopted prediction models.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54172,"journal":{"name":"Solid Earth Sciences","volume":"10 3","pages":"Article 100253"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144322469","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Provenance, diagenesis, and paleoclimate of Albian-Lower Turonian deposits in the Douala sub-basin, Cameroon: Sedimentological, mineralogical, and petrographical approaches","authors":"Christel Sobdjou-Kemteu ,&nbsp;Milan Stafford Tchouatcha ,&nbsp;Wael Fathi Galal ,&nbsp;Soureiyatou Fadil-Djenabou ,&nbsp;Usman Abubakar ,&nbsp;Francis Thierry Togozo ,&nbsp;Emmanuel Ndjeng","doi":"10.1016/j.sesci.2025.100259","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sesci.2025.100259","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The sedimentological, mineralogical, and petrographic compositions of the Albian - Lower Turonian deposits at four sites in the northern part of the Douala sub-basin located in the heart of the Guinea Gulf were investigated to determine their provenance, paleoclimate, and diagenetic effects from thirty-eight (38) samples. Several lithologies are identified, ranging from clays/shales to silty clays, poor consolidated fine-to coarse-grained sandstones, and conglomerates to conglomeratic sandstones. The deposits are made up of successive positive sequences in the eastern part of the Mungo River and cyclic deposits in the western part. The sandstones are primarily arkose wacke, secondarily arkose, subarkose, sublith-arenite, and rare lithic arenite and wacke derived from the Neoproterozoic basement formed during the Pan-African orogenesis. The presence of heavy minerals such as tourmaline, kyanite and sillimanite indicates that the deposits originate from plutonic and metamorphic sources. The rarity of these latest in the sediments suggest the intense chemical weathering that has affected the source rocks. These deposits are mainly proximal. Additionally, the association of polycrystalline quartz with undulatory extinction and monocrystalline quartz with non-undulatory extinction suggests a mixed source. The various microstructures and morphologies of zircon grains including prismatic, sub-angular and sub-prismatic shapes further support a mixed provenance. The dominance of prismatic shape and non-undulatory monocrystalline quartz grains indicates a predominance of plutonic sources. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed that kaolinite is the dominant clay mineral found in clayey facies, though its moderate to low quantity indicates a more humid climate during the Albian-Cenomanian and a less humid climate during the Cenomanian. Physical alteration processes have mainly affected the studied deposits.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54172,"journal":{"name":"Solid Earth Sciences","volume":"10 3","pages":"Article 100259"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144852843","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of land-use impacts on groundwater quality in parts of Port-Harcourt city, SE-Nigeria","authors":"Azubuike S. Ekwere,&nbsp;Ledisi P. Baadom,&nbsp;Ebenezer A. Kudamnya","doi":"10.1016/j.sesci.2025.100244","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sesci.2025.100244","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study offers insights into the geochemistry and quality status of groundwater in Port Harcourt, situated in the sedimentary Niger Delta region in southern Nigeria. Groundwater was gathered at sampling sites in the city's residential, commercial, industrial, and remote areas that crossed over important land-use zones. Chemical analyses of the samples show that the waters vary in nutrient amounts and have traces of salt water intrusion. The waters are slightly acidic; chemical parameters and nutrient within limits of potable water. Cations and anions, respectively, are dominated by Ca &gt; Mg &gt; K &gt; Na and Cl &gt; HCO₃&gt;SO₄&gt;NO₃. The heavy metals Pb, Cu, Zn, Cr, and Cd, revealed concentrations generally above acceptable limits, with the industrial areas reporting the highest concentration levels. Principal component analysis and correlation indicate presence of interrelationships among chemical species, linked to salinity, silicate weathering, and anthropogenic controls, and primarily responsible for the chemistry of water. Groundwater in the research area is classified as Ca–Mg–Cl–SO₄ type by the hydrochemical facies plot. Water quality index (WQI) calculations show that different land-use zones have varied degrees of poor water quality. According to Pollution Index (PI) assessments, anthropogenic activities in and around the city are the reason for the high level of pollution in the groundwater.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54172,"journal":{"name":"Solid Earth Sciences","volume":"10 2","pages":"Article 100244"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144135092","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}