Reappraising the eruptive history of the Alchichica Maar Volcano (Mexico) based on Sr–Nd isotopes: Understanding the role of the magma source region on the growth of small-volume volcanoes

Alchichica Maar is in the eastern sector of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt, where volcanics range from basalts to rhyolites, with ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr and ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd values between 0.70293 to 0.70447 (εSr = −21.1 to −4.5) and 0.512733 to 0.512949 (εNd = +3.4 to +6.2), respectively. In this study, Nd and Sr isotopic data and new major and trace elements compositions are provided for the lava flow, the scoria cone, and the phreatomagmatic deposits composing Alchichica Maar Volcano. These results are used in combination with published data to reexamine its eruptive history, though to be formed by more than one eruptive event. The cogeneticy of the magmas that fed the eruptions of these deposits is examined to infer the role of the deep magma source region and post-magmatic alterations on the construction of the Alchichica Maar magmatic system. Alchichica samples present ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr values between 0.70387 and 0.70447 (εSr = −9.0 to −0.4) and ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd values from 0.512749 to 0.512773 (εNd = +2.0 to +2.8). While the ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr values suggest a slight increment in radiogenic ⁸⁷Sr from the pre-maar lower lava flow to the upper maar eruptions indicative of magma contamination within the upper crust and by hydrodynamic mingling during the phreatomagmatic phases, the slight variation in Nd isotopes suggest an overall homogeneous source where small batches of magmas formed episodically to feed monogenetic eruptions, which subsequently yielded the pre-maar lava flow, the pre-maar surge, the scoria cone, and the maar units. This study reinforces the idea that an already “tapped” source region of a monogenetic volcano may become fertile again, and new eruptions can occur from near or old vent sites. It also highlights the hazardous potential of small-volume volcanoes.