Solid Earth Sciences最新文献

{"title":"Comprehensive geochemical and isotopic constraints on multi-stage magmatism and subsequent Cu– Mo (Au) mineralization in porphyry clusters of Kerman metallogenic belt, Iran: A perspective review","authors":"Zahra Abbasi ,&nbsp;Xiaoyong Yang ,&nbsp;Hadi Mohammadoost ,&nbsp;Ebrahim TaleFazel ,&nbsp;Muhammad Hafeez ,&nbsp;Ahmed Shah","doi":"10.1016/j.sesci.2025.100229","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sesci.2025.100229","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Kerman Cenozoic Magmatic Assemblage (KCMA) is a key polymetallic producer within the Urumieh-Dokhtar Magmatic Belt (UDMB) in western Iran, hosting significant Cu– Mo (Au) porphyry type deposits and their epithermal Au and base metal equivalents. These deposits are formed at least into three primary clusters, i.e., Miduk, Sarcheshmeh, and Daralu, as well as sporadic individual occurences, which are closely associated with magmatic activity from the early Oligocene to the mid-late Miocene. This review synthesizes the geological and geochemical characteristics of ore-related intrusions in the Kerman region, integrating extensive published data to explore their sources and genesis. The U–Pb ages of Cu– Mo (Au) ore forming intrusions indicate two major magmatic phases, around ∼32 Ma and 20–10 Ma. The magmatism in the region produced numerous Cu– Mo (Au) mineralization-related intrusions, dominantly by diorite, monzodiorite, quartz diorite, and granodiorite composition. Geochemical evidence suggests that these intrusions originated from a shared source comprising varying proportions of slab-derived melts, metasomatized lithospheric mantle, and minor contributions from lower crustal materials. Notably, the felsic rock shows a greater incorporation of lower crustal materials compared to the more mafic rocks. The ore-related intrusions in the Kerman region were emplaced in a tectonic setting transitioning from subduction to collision and post-collision, reflecting both extensional and compressional regimes. Oxygen isotope data indicate that ore-forming fluids were primarily magmatic in origin, with minor contributions from meteoric water during the late stages of mineralization. Sulfur isotope analysis of sulfides reveals that the ore-forming materials were largely magmatic, with contributions from sedimentary components. This study provides a comprehensive overview of the magmatic and metallogenic evolution of the three principal ore clusters in the Kerman region.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54172,"journal":{"name":"Solid Earth Sciences","volume":"10 2","pages":"Article 100229"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143759333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Crystallisation and petrogenesis of Cenozoic alkaline basaltic lavas on the Kapsiki Plateau (Moukoulvi, Far-North Cameroon): Unveiling the mantle's heterogeneity and HIMU signature","authors":"Diddi Hamadjoda Djamilatou ,&nbsp;Merlin Gountié Dedzo ,&nbsp;Nils Lenhardt ,&nbsp;Désiré Tsozué ,&nbsp;Elvis Asaah Asobo Nkengmatia ,&nbsp;Moussa Klamadji Ngarena","doi":"10.1016/j.sesci.2025.100231","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sesci.2025.100231","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The Kapsiki Plateau represents the northernmost extension of the Cameroon Volcanic Line (CVL) in West Africa. Unlike other regions of the CVL, this area is characterised by a higher prevalence of felsic and intermediate rocks compared to basaltic ones. Detailed investigations into the petrogenetic evolution of these rocks are currently limited. For this reason, Cenozoic alkaline basaltic lavas from the Kapsiki Plateau (Moukoulvi) were studied to enhance comprehension of their crystallisation process, genetic evolution of the magma, and insights into its petrogenesis and source mineralogy. The examined lavas are comparable to the mafic lavas that span the whole range of the CVL and demonstrate major and trace element characteristics similar to those seen in ocean island basalts (OIB). The major and trace element compositions suggest fractional crystallisation mainly including olivine, clinopyroxene, and Fe–Ti oxide with evidence of crustal contamination. The multi-element diagrams reveal consistency with those reported from other CVL volcanoes, displaying depletion of heavy rare earth elements (HREE) and enrichment of light rare elements (LREE), indicating an enriched source and the existence of garnet. The studied lavas have high large ion lithophile element (LILE) contents (Sr = 812–1065 ppm, Ba = 394–467 ppm) relative to high field strength elements (HFSE) (Sr/Zr = 3.97–4.94; average OIB = ∼1 Ba/La = 9.42–11.72; average OIB = 9.4). They also have Zr/Sm ratios (26.93–29.88) that are similar to the average OIB (Zr/Sm = 28). Moreover, the studied lavas exhibit elevated levels of incompatible trace elements (e.g., Rb, Pr, U, and Th), as well as higher Ta/Yb and Th/Yb ratios compared to normal OIB values, associated with a notable fluctuation in Nb/Ta and Zr/Hf ratios. The correlations between Th, La, U, and SiO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, coupled with the trend of the samples on Nb/Y &lt;em&gt;vs.&lt;/em&gt; Rb/Y diagrams, indicate the influence of crustal contamination on the lavas' composition. The source of these lavas was a heterogeneous source with less than 4 % garnet that underwent partial melting of less than 2 %. The presence of a Pb depletion (Ce/Pb &gt; 30) also implies that these magmas belong to the high μ (HIMU)-OIB type, attributed to lithospheric mantle metasomatism. The formation of these magmas involved partial melting of a mantle source evolving chemically and mineralogically over time with a HIMU composition at very low temperatures. Hydrous minerals, such as phlogopite or amphibole, may indicate modal metasomatism, supported by high Rb/Sr ratios or K&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O high levels. Sr/Zr ratios (3.97–4.94) above OIB values (0.8–1.5) suggest Sr and Ba-rich fluid influence. Elevated Zr/Sm ratios (&gt;28) and variations in Nb/Ta and Zr/Hf ratios point to metasomatic fluids or melts altering the mantle's composition. Therefore, the Moukoulvi lavas, like many CVL alkaline lavas, likely erupted from a metasomatized mantle source that was enriched in incomp","PeriodicalId":54172,"journal":{"name":"Solid Earth Sciences","volume":"10 2","pages":"Article 100231"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143759332","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of groundwater vulnerability using index-based model approach within parts of Nsukka Sedimentary Basin, Nigeria","authors":"Johnson C. Ibuot,&nbsp;Daniel N. Obiora,&nbsp;Emmanuel A. Igwe,&nbsp;Ngozi M. Ugwu","doi":"10.1016/j.sesci.2025.100232","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sesci.2025.100232","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Groundwater vulnerability assessment in Nsukka Sedimentary Basin, Nigeria, is essential for identifying at-risk areas, guiding protective measures, and ensuring sustainable water management due to the region's reliance on groundwater. This study presents an integrated assessment of groundwater vulnerability to pollution utilizing geoelectrical and hydrogeological indices. Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) surveys were conducted to delineate subsurface lithological variations, while hydrogeological parameters such as porosity, hydraulic conductivity, permeability, and hydraulic resistance were determined to understand groundwater flow dynamics. The VES results revealed four to five geoelectric layers with varying resistivities, thicknesses, and depths, highlighting the complexity of the subsurface. These layers were classified as lateritic sand, medium-coarse brownish sand, coarse sand, and fine-medium coarse-grained sand. The low resistivity observed in parts of the study area suggests the influence of geological structures such as faults and fractures. Groundwater vulnerability indices including Aquifer Vulnerability Index (AVI), GOD index, and GLSI indexes were computed to assess susceptibility to pollution. Porosity, hydraulic conductivity, permeability, and hydraulic resistance were estimated and their values ranged from 27.04 % to 30.21 %, 0.14 m/s to 0.15 m/s, 1.98 to 2.20, and 93.07 to 665.89 respectively. The AVI classified the study area into high and moderate vulnerability classes, with regions of shallow water table exhibiting higher vulnerability. The GOD and GLSI models categorized the study area into low and moderate vulnerability classes. The study offers key insights for enhancing groundwater management in the Nsukka Sedimentary Basin by identifying high-vulnerability zones and recommending protective measures, sustainable land-use, and improved wastewater management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54172,"journal":{"name":"Solid Earth Sciences","volume":"10 2","pages":"Article 100232"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143738530","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fast and lightweight automatic lithology recognition based on efficient vision transformer network","authors":"Yan Guo ,&nbsp;Zhuowu Li ,&nbsp;Fujiang Liu ,&nbsp;Weihua Lin ,&nbsp;Hongchen Liu ,&nbsp;Quansen Shao ,&nbsp;Dexiong Zhang ,&nbsp;Weichao Liang ,&nbsp;Junshun Su ,&nbsp;Qiankai Gao","doi":"10.1016/j.sesci.2024.100179","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sesci.2024.100179","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Traditional methods of lithological classification often rely on the expertise of appraisers and the use of sophisticated measuring instruments. These methods are susceptible to staff experience and are time-consuming. To overcome these limitations, researchers have explored the use of rock images and intelligent algorithms to automatically identify rocks. However, models developed for automatic rock properties identification often require high-performance equipment that cannot be readily deployed on lightweight edge devices. To address this problem, we significantly extend our previous research and propose a method for automatic rock properties identification called SBR-EfficientViT. The method is based on an efficient vision converter and builds on our previous training framework. We also developed a training and application flow framework for the method, which can run with memory requirements of less than 720 MB and graphics memory of 1.6 GB. Furthermore, the proposed SBR-EfficientViT-M1 method achieves an impressive accuracy of 94.75%.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54172,"journal":{"name":"Solid Earth Sciences","volume":"10 1","pages":"Article 100179"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143510406","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Strontium–Neodymium isotopic compositions of eighteen geological Chinese reference materials measured on TIMS and MC-ICP-MS","authors":"Wenke Wang,&nbsp;Jiaojiao Wu,&nbsp;Fang Liu,&nbsp;Xin Li,&nbsp;Yajun An,&nbsp;Zhaofeng Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.sesci.2025.100230","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sesci.2025.100230","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents radiogenic Sr–Nd isotopic compositions of eighteen geological Chinese reference materials (RMs) measured on TIMS and MC-ICP-MS independently. These RMs include nine igneous rocks, six sedimentary rocks, two metamorphic rocks, and one fluvial sediment. Among the RMs, eight Nd isotopic ratios and three Sr isotopic ratios of them are first reported. Our results showed that the Sr and Nd isotopic ratios of these RMs measured on TIMS and MC-ICP-MS are consistent within the error range. We also observed that Rb interference can be dramatically reduced using filament burning technique during TIMS measurement, which is significant to achieve accurate Sr isotopic data especially for samples with high Rb content. To evaluate the homogeneity of RMs, Sr and Nd isotopic data reported from various laboratories were clustered together for comparative analysis. Overall, these RMs from various laboratories yielded relatively consistent ratios, except for some anomalies. We concluded that isobaric interference could be probably the main factor that induced the isotopic inconsistency. Therefore, we propose that these RMs are reliable candidates for Sr and Nd isotope analyses. The datasets will play a fundamental role in quality assurance and comparison for radiogenic Sr and Nd isotopic systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54172,"journal":{"name":"Solid Earth Sciences","volume":"10 1","pages":"Article 100230"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143526871","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Geochemistry of the Adang Volcanics in Western Sulawesi: Unveiling the tectonic evolution of the opening of the Makassar Strait","authors":"Shaban Godang ,&nbsp;Sugeng Purwo Saputro ,&nbsp;Huan Li ,&nbsp;Awang Harun Satyana ,&nbsp;Weerapan Srichan","doi":"10.1016/j.sesci.2025.100228","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sesci.2025.100228","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Makassar Strait, located in central Indonesia, serves as a divider between Western and Eastern Indonesia and remains a subject of ongoing debate regarding its formation. Two primary theories have been proposed: (1) the Makassar Strait opening established a mid-ocean ridge (MOR) and led to a double subduction, and (2) it was formed through intracontinental rifting accompanied by mantle-plume magmatism. In this study, we present findings on the Adang Volcanic Complexes in Western Sulawesi, situated on the eastern side of the Makassar Strait, which have exposures of the Middle to Late Miocene age interspersed with crystalline limestone and carbonate rocks, indicating a correlation with a marine environment. The rocks investigated in this study are predominantly low-silica mafic rock, mainly composed of leucite/pseudoleucite-bearing trachytic tuff, agglomerate volcanic breccia, lavas, peralkaline dykes, and multiple mafic and leucitic intrusions. Geochemical analysis of the 12 drill core samples of leucite-bearing Adang Volcanics reveals their alkaline nature, characterized by high TiO₂ relative to Al₂O₃ [TiO₂ &gt; (−1.1610 + 0.1935 × Al₂O₃)]. The samples also display geochemical signatures of Nb/Zr &gt; 0.0627, Th/Nb &gt; 0.67, a high ratio of Nb/Y (&gt;0.6561) with an enrichment of light rare earth elements (LREE; La/Yb &gt; 20), low Nb/La &lt;0.6, and a low negative Tantalum anomaly (δTa 0.36–0.41), suggesting the magmatism was generated from the tectonics of continental extension stretching rather than subduction arc-related or mature continental rifts, where the magmatism was triggered by decompression melting during the extensional processes. Furthermore, the magmatism is thought to originate from partial melting of enriched subcontinental lithospheric mantle (SCLM), which is uncorrelated with the source of asthenospheric mantle. We propose that the formation process of the Adang Volcano is a product of the tectonic processes of the Makassar Strait opening in Central Indonesia during the Paleogene to the Early Neogene era.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54172,"journal":{"name":"Solid Earth Sciences","volume":"10 1","pages":"Article 100228"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143437733","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multiproxy analysis of paleoredox conditions, paleoproductivity and organic matter enrichment in Cretaceous mudrocks of Bombe-Ediki and environs in the Douala sub-basin","authors":"Ngong Roger Ngia ,&nbsp;Elie Fosso Menkem ,&nbsp;Christopher Fuanya ,&nbsp;Christopher M. Agyingi","doi":"10.1016/j.sesci.2024.100210","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sesci.2024.100210","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The formation and preservation conditions of organic matter-rich mudrocks in the Edki-Mabonji and Mbalangi-Bombe area of the Northwestern section of Douala sub-basin, Cameroon, can play an important role in the accumulation of hydrocarbon. This study integrated detailed geochemical techniques such as total organic carbon content (TOC), Total sulfur (TS), stable isotopes (δ¹³C_org. and δ³⁴S), elemental geochemistry, and Scanning electron microscope (SEM) to reconstruct marine paleoredox conditions, paleoweathering conditions and primary productivity thereby, promoting the understanding of the sedimentary model of organic matter accumulation and enrichment in mudrocks in the study areas. Elemental compositions and their ratios suggest that the mudrocks were dominantly derived from a source area mainly consisting of felsic igneous rock with more silica (granitic rock) than an average granodiorite. Paleoweathering proxies suggest that during sediment production, the source area experienced mostly moderate chemical weathering as a result of variation in climate and sea-level changes. The proxies to reconstruct paleoredox conditions demonstrates fluctuating redox variations from mildly suboxic-to dominantly anoxic, most probably sulphidic benthic conditions, which describes anoxic organicmudrocks sandwiched between the oxygenated sandstone/claystone strata. Paleoproductivity parameters like biogenic barium (Ba_bio), TOC, P_org/Al, Cu/Al and S/¹³C_org ratios, and δ³⁴S_py, δ³⁴S_OS, δ¹³C_org suggest that the deposition of the mudrocks was with a high primary productivity. Consequently, the conceptual model of organic matter accumulation and enrichment reveals that moderate-to high primary productivity, suboxic-to dominantly anoxic sulphidic bottom water, organo–mineral complexes, bacterial sulfate reduction (BSR) and deposition of claystone capping bed isolating the benthic sediments influenced the accumulation and preservation of organic matter at shortened exposure duration in dominantly anoxic deeper water setting.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54172,"journal":{"name":"Solid Earth Sciences","volume":"10 1","pages":"Article 100210"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143430174","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reactive transport modeling: A powerful tool for assessing the interactions between biogeochemical and hydrogeological processes","authors":"Jing Sun","doi":"10.1016/j.sesci.2024.100212","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sesci.2024.100212","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":54172,"journal":{"name":"Solid Earth Sciences","volume":"10 1","pages":"Article 100212"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143430213","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dissolution behavior of feldspar in oxalic acid at 40–100 °C: Implications for Al enrichment during chemical weathering","authors":"Xin Huang ,&nbsp;Feng Guo ,&nbsp;Xing Ding ,&nbsp;Liang Zhao ,&nbsp;Feng Zhang ,&nbsp;Yaqian Wen","doi":"10.1016/j.sesci.2024.100201","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sesci.2024.100201","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The dissolution behavior of feldspar is fundamental to understand geological processes such as surface mass cycling, chemical weathering, mineral deposition and global climate change. In this study, we select oxalic acid – one of the most popular organic acids in nature as a buffer solution to simulate the chemical weathering process of feldspar under natural environments. A total of 34 fluid–feldspar reaction experiments are performed to investigate the effects of temperature, pH, and specific surface area (SSA) on the dissolution mechanism of feldspar. Based on PHREEQC modelling of saturation index of secondary minerals, we obtain the overall dissolution rate of feldspar, which is predominantly influenced by pH and temperature, with SSA exerting a secondary effect. The dissolution rates of Na, K, Ca and Si show a positive correlation with temperature and SSA, whereas that of Al exhibits a negative correlation with SSA and a weak correlation with temperature. Based on chemical reaction kinetics, the reaction order of feldspar dissolution in oxalic acid is estimated to be approximately 0.47, suggesting that the dissolution rate of feldspar is primarily controlled by a desorption process. Our new experimental results reveal that the anomalous Al dissolution behavior, which are likely due to the formation of aluminum complexes on the feldspar surface, have potentially significant for understanding the Al enrichment mechanism during the chemical weathering of the continental crust.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54172,"journal":{"name":"Solid Earth Sciences","volume":"10 1","pages":"Article 100201"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143430216","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Damage analysis of rocks with different properties under cyclic splitting action","authors":"ZhiYong Xu ,&nbsp;WenQiang Ao ,&nbsp;Yi Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.sesci.2024.100180","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sesci.2024.100180","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In underground construction operations, there are different types of rocks in repeated loading and unloading environments. For this reason, in this paper, two rock samples—slate and metamorphic sandstone, which contain different properties, were subjected to cyclic splitting experiments and were analyzed for damage using scanning electron microscopy, acoustic emission (AE) and stress–strain. It can be seen that the internal grains of the slate are angular and distributed in a directional arrangement, and the metamorphic sandstone has a large difference in size and shape between the grains, and it is a small-sized nodular step-like; Slate is dominated by damage forms of single shear and conjugate shear composite damage forms, with sudden changes in cumulative energy occurring just prior to the peak stress in each cyclic phase, and in metamorphic sandstone at the location of the peak stress in each cyclic phase, and the total energy of the loading phase accounts for more than 90 per cent of the entire cycle phase; Dissipation energy <span><math><mrow><msubsup><mi>u</mi><mi>n</mi><mi>d</mi></msubsup></mrow></math></span> obtained damage value <em>D</em> in the cyclic loading process, there is an obvious turning point when a large damage, and the later stages of loading damage will be more serious when the slope of slate is significantly larger than the metamorphic sandstone, the trend of change in the value of damage <em>D</em> is more obvious, the difference in slope between the two is nearly double, and it is more representative of the pattern of changes in the rock damage process.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54172,"journal":{"name":"Solid Earth Sciences","volume":"10 1","pages":"Article 100180"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143429763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}