Energy Efficiency最新文献_第8页

The inscrutable baseline and the problem of attribution 难以捉摸的基线和归因问题

IF 3.2 4区工程技术

Energy Efficiency Pub Date : 2024-03-20 DOI: 10.1007/s12053-024-10207-y

Stephen P. Waite

{"title":"The inscrutable baseline and the problem of attribution","authors":"Stephen P. Waite","doi":"10.1007/s12053-024-10207-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12053-024-10207-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This paper examines the problem of attribution in the evaluation of energy efficiency program impact. The methodological problem concerns the observability of consumer behavior under the baseline condition of no program intervention. The statistical solution to the problem, which entails randomized exposure of targeted individuals to program influence, is not a viable alternative in most applications. Randomized opt-in and randomized encouragement designs do not conform to this requirement because all targeted individuals are encouraged to participate in the program, resulting in negative exposure bias. Quasi-experimental methods which utilize non-targeted individuals or targeted nonparticipants as baseline surrogates are further subject to selection bias of unknown magnitude and direction. Valid attribution in the general case of unrestricted eligibility depends on prior knowledge of the determinants of measure adoption and program participation. In default of such knowledge, evaluators must rely upon structural assumptions that have no foundation in empirical science. On the other hand, established measurement and verification methods which exploit scientific knowledge of the determinants of end-use energy consumption should be utilized to obtain unbiased estimates of individual measure and gross program energy savings.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":537,"journal":{"name":"Energy Efficiency","volume":"17 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12053-024-10207-y.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140170970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The potential of decentral heat pumps as flexibility option for decarbonised energy systems 分散式热泵作为脱碳能源系统灵活性选择的潜力

IF 3.2 4区工程技术

Energy Efficiency Pub Date : 2024-03-20 DOI: 10.1007/s12053-024-10206-z

Franziska Schöniger, Philipp Mascherbauer, Gustav Resch, Lukas Kranzl, Reinhard Haas

{"title":"The potential of decentral heat pumps as flexibility option for decarbonised energy systems","authors":"Franziska Schöniger, Philipp Mascherbauer, Gustav Resch, Lukas Kranzl, Reinhard Haas","doi":"10.1007/s12053-024-10206-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12053-024-10206-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Decarbonising the energy system requires high shares of variable renewable generation and sector coupling like power to heat. In addition to heat supply, heat pumps can be used in future energy systems to provide flexibility to the electricity system by using the thermal storage potential of the building stock and buffer tanks to shift electricity demand to hours of high renewable electricity production. Bridging the gap between two methodological approaches, we coupled a detailed building technology operation model and the open-source energy system model Balmorel to evaluate the flexibility potential that decentral heat pumps can provide to the electricity system. Austria in the year 2030 serves as an example of a 100% renewable-based electricity system (at an annual national balance). Results show that system benefits from heat pump flexibility are relatively limited in extent and concentrated on short-term flexibility. Flexible heat pumps reduce system cost, CO<sub>2</sub> emissions, and photovoltaics and wind curtailment in all scenarios. The amount of electricity shifted in the assessed standard flexibility scenario is 194 GWh<sub>el</sub> and accounts for about 20% of the available flexible heat pump electricity demand. A comparison of different modelling approaches and a deterministic sensitivity analysis of key input parameters complement the modelling. The most important input parameters impacting heat pump flexibility are the flexible capacity (determined by installed capacity and share of control), shifting time limitations, and cost assumptions for the flexibility provided. Heat pump flexibility contributes more to increasing low residual loads (up to 22% in the assessed scenarios) than decreasing residual load peaks. Wind power integration benefits more from heat pump flexibility than photovoltaics because of the temporal correlation between heat demand and wind generation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":537,"journal":{"name":"Energy Efficiency","volume":"17 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12053-024-10206-z.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140173087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Determination of household electricity expenditures using quantile regression with Kennedy approach 利用肯尼迪方法的量子回归确定家庭电费支出

IF 3.2 4区工程技术

Energy Efficiency Pub Date : 2024-03-19 DOI: 10.1007/s12053-024-10204-1

Kübranur Çebi Karaaslan, Esma Kesriklioğlu, Erkan Oktay

引用次数: 0

Drivers of clean fuel adoption and consumption intensity at the household level in Pakistan 巴基斯坦家庭采用清洁燃料和消费强度的驱动因素

IF 3.2 4区工程技术

Energy Efficiency Pub Date : 2024-03-15 DOI: 10.1007/s12053-024-10208-x

Ashar Awan, Dil Bahadur Rahut, Maqsood Sadiq, Daniel Balsalobre Lorente

{"title":"Drivers of clean fuel adoption and consumption intensity at the household level in Pakistan","authors":"Ashar Awan, Dil Bahadur Rahut, Maqsood Sadiq, Daniel Balsalobre Lorente","doi":"10.1007/s12053-024-10208-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12053-024-10208-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The use of solid fuel (dirty fuel) that includes firewood, coal, charcoal, crop residue, kerosene, and dung cake is hazardous to human health and the environment. Therefore, it is crucial to understand the factors influencing the household-level transition to clean fuel. Against this backdrop, the present study analyzes the clean fuel choice and consumption intensity using the latest HIES 2018–2019 data. Findings revealed that 76 and 14% of households in Pakistan use dirty cooking fuel in rural and urban areas, respectively. In addition, choices of fuel for cooking, heating, and lighting fuel vary across provinces. Probit and Tobit model shows that income, wealth, urban location, small family size, and fewer women and children influence households’ transition towards clean fuel. The study underscores the importance of tailored policies, including tariff structures, pricing mechanisms, and financial incentives, to accelerate the adoption of energy-efficient and clean technologies. These recommendations aim to drive sustainable energy access, economic growth, and environmental sustainability in Pakistan.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":537,"journal":{"name":"Energy Efficiency","volume":"17 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140147131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Air emission and health impacts of a US industrial energy efficiency program 美国工业能效计划对空气排放和健康的影响

IF 3.2 4区工程技术

Energy Efficiency Pub Date : 2024-03-13 DOI: 10.1007/s12053-024-10210-3

Elaheh Safaei Kouchaksaraei, Kerry Elizabeth Kelly

{"title":"Air emission and health impacts of a US industrial energy efficiency program","authors":"Elaheh Safaei Kouchaksaraei, Kerry Elizabeth Kelly","doi":"10.1007/s12053-024-10210-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12053-024-10210-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Energy efficiency opportunities in the industrial sector can reduce air emissions and benefit human health. One national-level energy efficiency program, the Department of Energy (DOE)-funded Industrial Assessment Center (IAC), provides US manufacturing facilities with cost-effective energy efficiency recommendations. However, the effect of the IAC on air quality and human health has not been explored. While several studies have evaluated the health impacts of air emissions reduction associated with energy efficiency, most of them did not consider regional differences in electricity grid profiles. These differences can change both emissions and health outcomes. This study focuses on air quality and health impacts of electricity and natural gas-related recommendations from the IAC program in 2022. It estimates 248 GWh of electricity, and 1.1E6 MMBtu of natural gas savings will result from the recommendations. Using the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)’s Avoided Emissions and GeneRation Tool (AVERT) to estimate regional electricity emissions, published natural gas emission rates, and EPA’s co-benefit risk assessment (COBRA) tool, the total annual health outcomes associated with these savings range from 4.85 to 16.9 million USD (2023). This range includes different NO<sub>x</sub> emission rates and high and low COBRA estimates. Additionally, we introduce an energy savings health estimator (ESHE) tool that calculates air emissions and associated health outcomes of energy savings measures. We also apply it to the 2022 IAC recommendations and compare the health outcomes to those calculated using AVERT and COBRA separately. This tool can quickly estimate the health impacts of various energy efficiency projects or programs.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":537,"journal":{"name":"Energy Efficiency","volume":"17 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140115488","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A numerical investigation of the influence of ozone on combustion to improve the performance of spark ignition engines 臭氧对燃烧影响的数值研究，以提高火花点火发动机的性能

IF 3.2 4区工程技术

Energy Efficiency Pub Date : 2024-03-13 DOI: 10.1007/s12053-024-10209-w

Marco D’Amato, Antonio Cantiani, Angelo Basso, Vinicio Magi, Annarita Viggiano

{"title":"A numerical investigation of the influence of ozone on combustion to improve the performance of spark ignition engines","authors":"Marco D’Amato, Antonio Cantiani, Angelo Basso, Vinicio Magi, Annarita Viggiano","doi":"10.1007/s12053-024-10209-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12053-024-10209-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The aim of this work is to exploit the influence of using ozonized air to achieve stable and efficient combustion of lean mixtures in a gasoline-fuelled Spark-Ignition (SI) engine. The influence of ozone on the combustion of near-stoichiometric mixtures, which are typical of SI engines, has also been assessed. A Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model has been employed to simulate compression, combustion, and expansion of a spark ignition, axisymmetric engine fuelled with iso-octane/air/ozone mixtures. The aim is to assess how ozone improves the engine performance under different engine speeds, ignition timings and equivalence ratios. The model has been validated against experimental data available in the literature. Parametric analyses have been carried out by considering three values of engine speeds (800, 1000 and 1200 rpm), three different ozone concentrations at Intake Valve Closure (IVC) (0, 100 and 200 ppm) and two equivalence ratios (0.9 and 0.7). The results show that ozone enables reactions in the Low Temperature Combustion (LTC) regime, modifies the mixture chemical composition and the auto-ignition tendency. Specifically, for all the cases under examination, the addition of ozone to the air/fuel mixture reduces the combustion duration, leading to an increase in terms of work output and a reduction of the specific fuel consumption. Moreover, the advantage of using ozone is greater for lean mixtures than for near-stoichiometric mixtures. Finally, for the near-stoichiometric cases, when the residence time of the mixture is high enough, auto-ignition occurs in the end gases.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":537,"journal":{"name":"Energy Efficiency","volume":"17 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12053-024-10209-w.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140115492","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Subjective indicators of fuel poverty in Zarqa Governorate, Jordan 约旦扎尔卡省燃料贫困的主观指标

IF 3.2 4区工程技术

Energy Efficiency Pub Date : 2024-03-08 DOI: 10.1007/s12053-024-10197-x

Mohammad M. Jaber, Tekla Szép

引用次数: 0

Understanding transaction costs of energy efficiency renovations in the Swedish residential sector 了解瑞典住宅领域节能改造的交易成本

IF 3.2 4区工程技术

Energy Efficiency Pub Date : 2024-03-05 DOI: 10.1007/s12053-024-10198-w

Robert Lundmark

{"title":"Understanding transaction costs of energy efficiency renovations in the Swedish residential sector","authors":"Robert Lundmark","doi":"10.1007/s12053-024-10198-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12053-024-10198-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The residential sector has a large potential to reduce its energy use. Improving the energy performance of buildings is one way to realise this potential. For single-family buildings, improving the energy efficiency by energy renovations can produce a net financial gain. However, there are unaccounted barriers that act as impediments for house-owners to undertake energy efficiency measures. This study postulates that transaction costs are such a barrier. Transaction costs are defined as the cost of making an economic exchange on a market in addition to the market price. The purpose is to empirically estimate the magnitude of the transactions costs and its determinants for energy efficiency measures in the residential sector. Specifically, the transaction costs for heat insulation and energy-saving windows in Swedish single-family buildings are assessed. The analysis is based on a unique dataset, constructed from a web-based survey. The results indicate that transaction costs for energy efficiency measures are considerable. The average transaction cost to make additional heat insulation is SEK 18,046 (EUR 1,510) and SEK 21,106 (EUR 1,766) to install energy-saving windows. The determinants of the transaction costs are cognitive limitations, social connectedness, asset specificity and previous experiences. Therefore, to reduce the transaction costs, the complexity of energy efficiency measures must be addressed, potential opportunistic behaviour must be reduced, and financial options expanded.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":537,"journal":{"name":"Energy Efficiency","volume":"17 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12053-024-10198-w.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140034511","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Forecasting long-term energy demand and reductions in GHG emissions 预测长期能源需求和减少温室气体排放

IF 3.2 4区工程技术

Energy Efficiency Pub Date : 2024-03-05 DOI: 10.1007/s12053-024-10203-2

Parvin Golfam, Parisa-Sadat Ashofteh, Hugo A. Loáiciga

{"title":"Forecasting long-term energy demand and reductions in GHG emissions","authors":"Parvin Golfam, Parisa-Sadat Ashofteh, Hugo A. Loáiciga","doi":"10.1007/s12053-024-10203-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12053-024-10203-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This work projects the long-term energy demand and assesses the effects of using renewable-energy technologies on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the Marun Basin, Iran. Energy projections are made with the Low Emissions Analysis Platform (LEAP) model. Demographic and macro-economic data, per capita energy use in the urban and agricultural sectors in the Marun Basin, were gathered and input to the LEAP model to simulate the energy system in the period 2016–2040. This work’s results show that under the Business As Usual (BAU) scenario the electricity demand trend in the domestic sector would increase from 1783 MWh in 2016 to 2341 MWh by 2040. The fossil fuels consumed by the urban sector would increase from 738 million barrel of oil equivalents (BOE) in 2016 to 968 million BOE in 2040. The CO<sub>2</sub> emissions under the BAU scenario would increase from 27.33 million tons in 2016 to 35.87 million tons in 2040. A scenario was created to provide electricity service by means of residential solar panels (RSPs) to rural areas currently not connected to the national power grid. The LEAP model’s results show CO<sub>2</sub> emissions would be reduced by 17%, and 20% of the domestic diesel use would be replaced by electricity generated with solar panels.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":537,"journal":{"name":"Energy Efficiency","volume":"17 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140034509","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Dynamical assessment of multi-dimensional energy poverty at the national and sub-national levels in Pakistan 巴基斯坦国家和国家以下各级多维能源贫困的动态评估

IF 3.2 4区工程技术

Energy Efficiency Pub Date : 2024-03-02 DOI: 10.1007/s12053-024-10190-4

Zilong Wang, Asad Amin, Abbas Ali Chandio, Aadil Hameed Shah, Muhammad Imdad Ullah

{"title":"Dynamical assessment of multi-dimensional energy poverty at the national and sub-national levels in Pakistan","authors":"Zilong Wang, Asad Amin, Abbas Ali Chandio, Aadil Hameed Shah, Muhammad Imdad Ullah","doi":"10.1007/s12053-024-10190-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12053-024-10190-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The primary objective of the current study is to examine the social issue of energy poverty from a multi-dimensional perspective in Pakistan’s national, sub-national, and urban-rural regions. The universally attributed Alkire and Foster indexing approach and globally organized PSLM (Pakistan Social and Living Standard Measurement) data from 2010–2011 to 2019–2020 were used to calculate numerical results. The study’s empirical findings emphasize that multiple-attribute energy poverty is primarily a rural phenomenon in Pakistan and its provinces. Furthermore, the time-variant situation reveals that with a shorter (longer) period, energy poverty exhibits a hybrid (declining) trend for Pakistan as a whole, its four provinces, and its regions. Finally, decomposability analyses of population subgroups and key dimensions show that households in two provinces (Sindh and KPK) and three attributes (cooking, home appliances, and entertainment) are the primary contributors to multi-dimensional energy poverty. Hence, to achieve the UN’s Millennium Development Goals, i.e., SDG7, by 2030, several measures must be implemented rapidly, particularly in rural areas and the provinces, especially Sindh and KPK, such as providing easy access to modern energy services, reducing load shedding and energy shortfalls through advanced technology adoption, and improving households’ living standards by reducing financial poverty. All of these solutions will assist in rapidly reducing energy poverty at all levels, paving the way for achieving the zero energy poverty goal (SDG7) by 2030.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":537,"journal":{"name":"Energy Efficiency","volume":"17 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140019925","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0