Human Antibodies最新文献

{"title":"Altered expression of STAT genes in periodontitis.","authors":"Leila Gholami,&nbsp;Abolfazl Movafagh,&nbsp;Elham Badrlou,&nbsp;Naghme Nazer,&nbsp;Mohsen Yari,&nbsp;Ghasem Sadeghi,&nbsp;Sara Mirzajani,&nbsp;Mahdi Shadnoush,&nbsp;Arezou Sayad,&nbsp;Soudeh Ghafouri-Fard","doi":"10.3233/HAB-210444","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/HAB-210444","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription (STAT) pathway is functionally located downstream of Janus kinases proteins and can integrate signals from diverse pathways, thus regulating several aspects of immune responses. Although contribution of STAT proteins in the pathogenesis of several inflammatory conditions has been confirmed, their role in the development of periodontitis has been less appraised. Thus, we assessed levels of STAT transcripts in the periodontal tissues and circulation of affected individuals compared with the corresponding controls. Expression of STAT1 was remarkably lower in tissues samples of patients compared with control tissues (Ratio of mean expression (RME) = 0.15, SE = 0.99, P value = 0.01). Expression of STAT3 was lower in total periodontitis tissues compared with total control tissues (RME = 0.20, SE = 0.95, P value = 0.02). Expression of STAT6 was higher in total periodontitis tissues compared with total control tissues (RME = 0.5.38, SE = 0.74, P value < 0.001). Expressions of other STAT genes were statistically similar in tissues obtained from cases and controls. Moreover, blood levels of all STAT genes were statistically similar between patients and controls. Correlation analysis demonstrated significant correlations between tissues levels of individual STAT genes as well as between their blood levels. However, tissue and blood levels of each STAT gene were not correlated. The current investigation potentiates the role of certain STAT genes in the development of this immune-related condition and warrants functional assays to clarify the mechanism.</p>","PeriodicalId":53564,"journal":{"name":"Human Antibodies","volume":"29 3","pages":"209-216"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3233/HAB-210444","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39050903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The level of risk, effects response to potential health emergencies, prevention and control method of COVID-19: A systematic review.","authors":"Addis Adera Gebru,&nbsp;Tadesse Birhanu,&nbsp;Eshetu Wendimu,&nbsp;Agumas Fentahun Ayalew,&nbsp;Selamawit Mulat,&nbsp;Hussen Zakir Abasimel,&nbsp;Ali Kazemi,&nbsp;Bosenu Abera Tadesse,&nbsp;Beniam Adera Gebru,&nbsp;Berhanu Senbeta Deriba,&nbsp;Nigus Shimelis Zeleke,&nbsp;Abebe Gule Girma,&nbsp;Bulgantsetseg Munkhbat,&nbsp;Qamar Kassim Yusuf,&nbsp;Amana Ogeto Luke,&nbsp;Dejene Hailu","doi":"10.3233/HAB-200421","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/HAB-200421","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>COVID-19 is currently the major public health burden in the world, with disease and death in the global community from COVID-19 increasing rapidly from time to time worldwide. However, there has been a lack of well-organized information about the level of risk, effects, prevention and control methods of the disease. Therefore the aim of this study is to identify and review a published level of risk, effects response to potential health emergencies, prevention, and control methods of COVID-19 at a global level.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>A systematic review was performed after literatures were identified by searching the following online databases: medRxiv, Google scholar, PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library with supplementary hand searching of conferences. The online databases contain archives of most English biomedical journals. Scientific papers published online by the Center for Disease Control and the World Health Organization were also included for this analysis. The scientific publications from 01 December, 2019 to 13 April 2020 were included. The 'COVID-19', '2019 novel coronavirus', '2019-nCoV', 'novel coronavirus', and 'Pneumonia' key search terms were used for this review.</p>","PeriodicalId":53564,"journal":{"name":"Human Antibodies","volume":"29 2","pages":"149-169"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3233/HAB-200421","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38327228","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hypolipidemic effects of Hypericum Scabrum extract on the serum lipid profile and obesity in high-fat diet fed rats.","authors":"Nafiseh Faraji,&nbsp;Ahmad Ganji,&nbsp;Neda Heshami,&nbsp;Iraj Salehi,&nbsp;Ahmad Haddadian,&nbsp;Shiva Shojaie,&nbsp;Alireza Komaki","doi":"10.3233/HAB-200430","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/HAB-200430","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Diets included high-fat (HFD) and high calories intake is correlated with greater risk of obesity and oxidative stress, which lead to increase the risk of related diseases such as cardiovascular and metabolic disease. In the present study, we have examined the hypolipidemic activity of Hypericum Scabrum extract on HFD fed rats. Fifty-four male Wistar rats divided into six groups: 1) control, 2) H. Scabrum extract (100 mg/kg gavage per day), 3) H. Scabrum extract (300 mg/kg), 4) HFD, 5) HFD and H. Scabrum extract (100 mg/kg), 6) HFD and H. Scabrum extract (300 mg/kg). The groups were fed their diet and treatment for 3 months. Biochemical analysis showed elevated lipid serum profile in HFD rats compared to control group. H. Scabrum extract supplementation significantly ameliorated triglyceride, total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol. H. Scabrum extract supplementation leading to increase HDL-cholesterol in HFD treated groups. This experiment showed that H. Scabrum extract decreased HFD complications and might be beneficial herbal drug for treatment of hyperlipidemia and obesity.</p>","PeriodicalId":53564,"journal":{"name":"Human Antibodies","volume":"29 1","pages":"55-61"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3233/HAB-200430","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38556390","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Detection of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in pediatric patients: An Iranian referral hospital-based study.","authors":"Setareh Mamishi,&nbsp;Golnaz Ghazizadeh Esslami,&nbsp;Mohsen Mohammadi,&nbsp;Mohammad Reza Abdolsalehi,&nbsp;Reihaneh Hosseinpour Sadeghi,&nbsp;Shima Mahmoudi,&nbsp;Babak Pourakbari","doi":"10.3233/HAB-210448","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/HAB-210448","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>As the extent of the pandemic and its seroprevalence pattern has been less clarified in pediatrics to date, we aimed to conduct this study to investigate the clinical and laboratory characteristics of COVID-19 in Iranian children, with a focus on evaluating the antibody prevalence and its relation with the laboratory tests.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>All children with highly suspected COVID-19 were included. Anti-nucleoprotein SARS-CoV-2 were measured using SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulin M (IgM) and SARS-CoV-2 IgG ELISA kits. Hypothesis testing was carried out through SPSS to unravel any association between the measurement tools and important clinical and laboratory characteristics.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In this study, 254 patients were evaluated and 117 cases (46%) were male. The nucleic acid detection results for patient 55 were negative, but the IgM and IgG results were positive. Totally, 190 patients were tested for IgM in which only 14 (7.3%) had positive tests. Positive IgG was detected in 51 (20%) out of 254 patients; among them, 30 patients had negative SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR (59%). Lower level of platelets in IgG positive group in comparison with the IgG negative group was observed (P value: 0.015). Moreover, higher alanine aminotransferase (ALT) was observed in the in IgG positive group (P value: 0.02). In patients with positive IgM, relative hypocalcemia (median of 8.25; IQR: 8.02-8.62) was found which appeared to be significant (P value: 0.02).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This is the first largest study describing the SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity among children in Iran and provides important insight about the COVID-19 infection in children.</p>","PeriodicalId":53564,"journal":{"name":"Human Antibodies","volume":"29 3","pages":"217-223"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3233/HAB-210448","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39251786","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Circulating macrophage inflammatory protein-1β/IL-12p40 ratio predicts sofosbuvir-based treatment outcome in HCV- genotype 4 patients.","authors":"Heba Shawky,&nbsp;Reem El-Shenawy,&nbsp;Naiera M Helmy","doi":"10.3233/HAB-211504","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/HAB-211504","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study aimed to evaluate the prognostic value of baseline macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1β/IL12p40 ratio for antiviral treatment outcome in HCV genotype 4 patients.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Sera of 450 treatment-naïve chronic HCV patients and 50 healthy individuals were collected. Liver transaminases, total bilirubin and albumin were biochemically tested, viral RNA was quantified, and circulating MIP-1β and IL-12p40 were estimated using human anti-MIP-1β and IL-12p40 antibodies in Sandwich ELISA.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>No difference was observed in the baseline chemokines levels between responders and relapsers, but the later had a significantly higher MIP-1β/IL-12p40 ratio (P< 0.0001). Multivariate regression analysis of baseline characteristics showed that gender, age, viral load, albumin level and chemokine ratios can significantly predict treatment outcome (P= 0.0114, 0.0095, 0.042, 0.0004 and < 0.0001; respectively). Accordingly, a predictive threshold of baseline chemokine ratio was calculated and it showed an AUC of 0.6917 (P= 0.0108; 95% CI: 0.5566 to 0.8268). The calculated threshold for predicting virologic response was 8.245, with positive and negative predictive values of 92.98% and 100%; respectively. The chemokine ratios had significant correlations with liver transaminases in treated groups whether pre or post-treatment.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Baseline MIP-1β/IL-12p40 ratio represents a non-invasive prognostic biomarker that would provide shorter treatment duration and minimizes the emergence of drug-resistant variants in HCV genotype 4-patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":53564,"journal":{"name":"Human Antibodies","volume":"29 4","pages":"263-274"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39407675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Blood microbiota composition in Iranian pre-diabetic and type 2 diabetic patients.","authors":"Farahnaz Ghaemi,&nbsp;Abolfazl Fateh,&nbsp;Abbas Akhavan Sepahy,&nbsp;Mehrangiz Zangeneh,&nbsp;Mostafa Ghanei,&nbsp;Seyed Davar Siadat","doi":"10.3233/HAB-210450","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/HAB-210450","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Type 2 diabetes as the most prevalent metabolic disorder, is one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Recent studies suggest that body microbiota may play a role in developing metabolic disorders including type 2 diabetes. The objective of the present study was to investigate the blood microbiota composition in Iranian pre-diabetic and type 2 diabetic patients compared to healthy individuals.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Blood samples were taken after 12-h fasting from 90 participants, 30 healthy individuals, 30 type 2 diabetes patients and 30 pre-diabetic participants. The buffy coat layer separated by centrifugation at 800 and DNA was extracted using a column-based method. Composition and load of blood microbiota was evaluated by real-time PCR method using genus specific 16S rRNA primers.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The load of Akkermansia, and Faecalibacterium was higher in normal volunteers compared to pre-diabetic and type 2 diabetes group (p< 0.05).The load of Bifidobacterium was higher in normal volunteers compared to type 2 diabetes patients (p= 0.02). In contrast, the load of Lactobacillus and Escherichia coli was higher in pre-diabetics and type 2 diabetes patients compared to normal volunteers (p< 0.05).The load of Bacteroides fragilis was not statistically different between studied groups but it was higher in males compared to female group (p= 0.04). the load of other bacteria was not significantly different between male and female participants.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>There is difference between microbiota composition in white blood cells of pre-diabetic and type 2 diabetes patients compared to healthy people. Determination of blood microbiota pattern may have a role in diagnosis and preventive of type 2 diabetes in a certain population. For more clarification about correlation between blood microbiota and type 2 diabetes, larger studies with more participants in different ethnical populations is suggested.</p>","PeriodicalId":53564,"journal":{"name":"Human Antibodies","volume":"29 4","pages":"243-248"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3233/HAB-210450","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39251788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A review of monoclonal antibodies in COVID-19: Role in immunotherapy, vaccine development and viral detection.","authors":"Ashraf A Tabll,&nbsp;Yasser E Shahein,&nbsp;Mohamed M Omran,&nbsp;Mostafa M Elnakib,&nbsp;Ameera A Ragheb,&nbsp;Khaled E Amer","doi":"10.3233/HAB-200441","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/HAB-200441","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The harmful COVID-19 pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus imposes the scientific community to develop or find conventional curative drugs, protective vaccines, or passive immune strategies rapidly and efficiently. Passive immunity is based on recovering hyper-immune plasma from convalescent patients, or monoclonal antibodies with elevated titer of neutralizing antibodies with high antiviral activity, that have potential for both treatment and prevention. In this review, we focused on researching the potentiality of monoclonal antibodies for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19 infection. Our research review includes antibody-based immunotherapy, using human monoclonal antibodies targeting SARS-CoV-2 viral protein regions, specifically the spike protein regions, and using hyper-immune plasma from convalescent COVID-19 patients, in which monoclonal antibodies act as immunotherapy for the cytokine storm syndrome associated with the COVID-19 infection. In addition, we will demonstrate the role of the monoclonal antibodies in the development of candidate vaccines for SARS-CoV-2. Moreover, the recent progress of the diagnostic mouse monoclonal antibodies' role will be highlighted, as an accurate and rapid diagnostic assay, in the antigen detection of SARS-CoV-2. In brief, the monoclonal antibodies are the potential counter measures that may control SARS-CoV-2, which causes COVID-19 disease, through immunotherapy and vaccine development, as well as viral detection.</p>","PeriodicalId":53564,"journal":{"name":"Human Antibodies","volume":"29 3","pages":"179-191"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3233/HAB-200441","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39001961","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sero-epidemiology of human T-cell lymphotropic viruses-1 and -2 infection among pregnant women attending Abuja Teaching Hospital, Nigeria.","authors":"Amos Dangana,&nbsp;Idris Nasir Abdullahi,&nbsp;Olusoji Matthew Adeyemi Billyrose,&nbsp;Anthony Uchenna Emeribe,&nbsp;Joel Monday Abu,&nbsp;Abubakar Umar Anka,&nbsp;Olawale Sunday Animasaun,&nbsp;Peter Elisha Ghamba","doi":"10.3233/HAB-200435","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/HAB-200435","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>There is the paucity of HTLV-1/-2 studies on Nigerian pregnant women despite the medical and public health significance of maternal-to-child transmission of HTLV-1/-2.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study aims to determine the seroprevalence and risk factors of HTLV-1/-2 infections among pregnant women attending the University of Abuja Teaching Hospital (UATH), Abuja, Nigeria.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Blood samples were collected from consented pregnant women and analysed for ant-HTLV-1/-2 total antibodies using a commercial Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) kit. Pretested structured questionnaires were used to collate participants' socio-demographic variables and risk factors of HTLV infection.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Out of the 156 pregnant women tested for HTLV-1/-2 antibodies, 16 (10.3%) were seropositive. There was no significant association between the socio-demographic variables collated and seroprevalence of HTLV-1/-2 infection among pregnant women (p> 0.05). Pregnant women with HIV infection had a lower prevalence of HLTV-1/-2 infection than those without HIV infections (7.5% versus 11.7%). Pregnant women with multiple sexual partners had a higher risk of HTLV-1/-2 infection than those who had single (OR = 2.08, 95% CI: 0.53-8.18). Women with a history of needles injury had a higher risk of HTLV-1/-2 infection than those who do not (OR = 1.24, 95% CI: 0.38-4.08). The history of blood transfusion was significantly associated with HTLV-1/-2 infection (p= 0.027). However, no significant association existed between other risk factors of HTLV-1/-2 infection among pregnant women (p> 0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Considering the 3% pooled national prevalence of HTLV-1/-2 infection in Nigeria, the seroprevalence reported in this study is relatively high. Thus, there is a need for more large cohort studies and routine screening of population at increased risk of infection.</p>","PeriodicalId":53564,"journal":{"name":"Human Antibodies","volume":"29 1","pages":"101-108"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3233/HAB-200435","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25317991","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Infertility cell therapy and epigenetic insights.","authors":"Nahal Eshghifar,&nbsp;Behnam Kamali Dehghan,&nbsp;Atieh Abedin Do,&nbsp;Saeideh Zamani Koukhaloo,&nbsp;Mohsen Habibi,&nbsp;Farkhondeh Pouresmaeili","doi":"10.3233/HAB-200438","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/HAB-200438","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Recent advances in assisted reproductive technology (ART) have allowed couples with severe infertility to conceive, but the methods are not effective for all cases. Stem cells as undifferentiated cells which are found in different stages of embryonic, fetal and adult life are known to be capable of forming different cell types, tissues, and organs. Due to their unlimited resources and the incredible power of differentiation are considered as potential new therapeutic biological tools for treatment of infertility. For reproductive medicine, stem cells are stimulated in vitro to develop various specialized functional cells including male and female gametes. The epigenetic patterns can be modified in the genome under certain drugs exposure or lifestyle alterations. Therefore, epigenetics-related disorders may be treated if the nature of the modifications is completely admissible. It is proved that our understanding of epigenetic processes and its association with infertility would help us not only to understand the etiological factors but also to treat some type of male infertilities. Exploration of both genetic and epigenetic variations in the disease development could help in the identification of the interaction patterns between these two phenomena and possible improvement of therapeutic methods.</p>","PeriodicalId":53564,"journal":{"name":"Human Antibodies","volume":"29 1","pages":"17-26"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3233/HAB-200438","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25346131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Immunotherapy: New insights in breast cancer treatment.","authors":"Bader Alshehri","doi":"10.3233/HAB-210443","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/HAB-210443","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Breast cancer being the most malignant and lethal disease persistent among women globally. Immunotherapy as a new treatment modality has emerged in understanding the loopholes in the treatment of breast cancer which is mainly attributed to the potential of tumor cells to evade and survive the immune response by developing various strategies. Therefore, improved understanding of the immune evasion by cancer cells and the monoclonal antibodies against PD- and PD-L1 can help us in the diagnosis of this malignancy. Here in this article, I have highlighted that in addition to focusing on other strategies for breast cancer treatment, the involvement of immune system in breast cancer is vital for the understanding of this malignancy. Further, the complete involvement of immune system in the relapse or recurrence of the breast tumor and have also highlighted the role of vaccines, PD-1 and CTLA-4 with the recent advances in the field. Moreover, in addition to the application of immunotherapy as a sole therapy, combinations of immunotherapy with various strategies like targeting it with MEK inhibitors, Vaccines, chemotherapy and PARP inhibitor has shown to have significant benefits is also discussed in this article.</p>","PeriodicalId":53564,"journal":{"name":"Human Antibodies","volume":"29 3","pages":"193-202"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3233/HAB-210443","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39001962","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}