Human Antibodies最新文献

{"title":"Zero tolerance for complacency by government of West African countries in the face of COVID-19.","authors":"O Erhabor,&nbsp;T Erhabor,&nbsp;T C Adias,&nbsp;G C Okara,&nbsp;M Retsky","doi":"10.3233/HAB-200413","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/HAB-200413","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A novel Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) causing a cluster of respiratory infections (Coronavirus Disease 2019, COVID-19) first discovered in Wuhan, China, is responsible for a new illness that has been found to affect the lungs and airways of patients with associated symptoms of fever, cough and shortness of breath. In the light of few cases recorded so far in West Africa there is tendency for complacency. The region needs to make strategic plans based on available evidence to enable them effectively deal with this rapidly evolving pandemic. At this very moment countries like China, Italy, France, Spain, Iran, UK and many others are witnessing sustained and intensive community transmission of this virus and increasing numbers of severe disease and death particularly among elderly patients with other comorbidities. The reality of the seriousness of this pandemic is alarming. Government of member states of ECOWAS need to prepare themselves by building capacity as well as implement evidenced-based steps to mitigate this rapidly evolving pandemic by testing persons presenting with symptoms (fever, cough and shortness of breath), isolating and treating those found positive, tracing and quarantining contacts, implementing social distancing as well as optimizing human and material endowment to allow healthcare workers offer safe quality clinical care for affected patients to prevent secondary infection among healthcare workers.</p>","PeriodicalId":53564,"journal":{"name":"Human Antibodies","volume":"29 1","pages":"27-40"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3233/HAB-200413","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37943132","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Age-stratified pediatric reference values of lymphocytes in the Moroccan population.","authors":"Aicha El Allam,&nbsp;Sara El Fakihi,&nbsp;Hicham Tahoune,&nbsp;Karima Sahmoudi,&nbsp;Houria Bousserhane,&nbsp;Youssef Bakri,&nbsp;Naima El Hafidi,&nbsp;Fouad Seghrouchni","doi":"10.3233/HAB-200432","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/HAB-200432","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The number of circulating lymphocytes is altered in a number of diseases including either increase (lymphocytosis) or decrease (lymphocytopenia). Therefore, the assessment of total blood lymphocyte numbers and the relative distribution of lymphocyte subsets is a critical front-line tool in the clinical diagnosis of a number of diseases, including pediatric diseases and disorders. However, the interpretation of this data requires comparison of patient's results to reliable reference values. Blood lymphocyte subpopulation numbers are also subject to genetic polymorphisms, immunogenic and environmental factors and vary greatly between populations. While the best practice reference values should be established within local representative populations of healthy subjects, to date, Caucasian reference values are used in Morocco due to the absence of indigenous reference values. Potential differences in blood lymphocyte subpopulation reference values between Caucasian versus Moroccan populations can adversely affect the diagnosis of pediatric and childhood diseases and disorders such as primary immunodeficiency (PID) in Morocco.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>The aim of this study was to establish the age-stratified normal reference values of blood lymphocyte subsets for the pediatric Moroccan population.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We measured the concentration of lymphocyte subpopulations by flow cytometry from 83 Moroccan healthy subjects stratified into 5 age groups of 0-1, 1-2, 2-6, 6-12 and > 12-18 (adult).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The absolute and relative amounts of the main lymphocyte subsets of T-cells, B cells and Natural Killer (NK) cells were measured and compared to previously described reference values from Cameroonian, Turkish, American and Dutch populations. Additionally, we also observed an age-related decline in the absolute population sizes of lymphocyte subsets within our study group. Relative proportions of CD3+CD4+ helper T lymphocytes decreased with increasing age and by 12 years-adult age, both proportions of CD3+CD4+ helper T lymphocytes and CD3+CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes, as well as CD3-CD19+ B lymphocytes were also decreased. Finally, we compared the median values and range of our Moroccan study group with that of published results from Cameroon, Turkey, USA and Netherlands and observed significant differences in median and mean values of absolute number and relative proportions of lymphocyte subsets especially at 0-1 years and 1-2 years age groups. Above age 12 years, the Moroccan values were lower. For NK cells, the Moroccan values are also lower.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The results of this study have a significant impact in improving the threshold values of the references intervals routinely used in the diagnosis of paediatric diseases such as PIDs or mother-to-child transmitted HIV within the Moroccan population.</p>","PeriodicalId":53564,"journal":{"name":"Human Antibodies","volume":"29 1","pages":"85-94"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3233/HAB-200432","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38656882","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Over-expression of IL-6 coding gene in the peripheral blood of migraine with aura patients.","authors":"Mahdi Ramezani,&nbsp;Alireza Komaki,&nbsp;Mohammad Mahdi Eftekharian,&nbsp;Mehrdokht Mazdeh,&nbsp;Soudeh Ghafouri-Fard","doi":"10.3233/HAB-210442","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/HAB-210442","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Migraine is a common disorder which is placed among the top ten reasons of years lived with disability. Cytokines are among the molecules that contribute in the pathophysiology of migraine. In the current study, we evaluated expression levels of IL-6 coding gene in the peripheral blood of 120 migraine patients (54 migraine without aura and 66 migraine with aura patients) and 40 healthy subjects. No significant difference was detected in expression of IL-6 between total migraine patients and healthy controls (Posterior beta = 0.253, P value = 0.199). The interaction effect between gender and group was significant (Posterior beta =-1.274, P value = 0.011), therefore, we conducted subgroup analysis within gender group. Such analysis revealed that while expression of this gene is not different between male patients and male controls (Posterior beta =-0.371, P value > 0.999), it was significantly over-expressed in female patients compared with female controls (Posterior beta = 0.86, P= 0.002). Expression of IL-6 was significantly higher in patients with aura compared with controls (Posterior beta = 0.63, adjusted P value = 0.019). However, expression of this cytokine coding gene was not different between patients without aura and healthy subjects (Posterior beta = 0.193, adjusted P value = 0.281). Therefore, IL-6 might be involved in the pathophysiology of migraine among females and migraine with aura among both sexes.</p>","PeriodicalId":53564,"journal":{"name":"Human Antibodies","volume":"29 3","pages":"203-207"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3233/HAB-210442","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39023248","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Radiomics, aptamers and nanobodies: New insights in cancer diagnostics and imaging.","authors":"Abdullah O Alamoudi","doi":"10.3233/HAB-200436","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/HAB-200436","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>At present, cancer is a major health issue and the second leading cause of mortality worldwide. Researchers have been working hard on investigating not only improved therapeutics but also on early detection methods, both critical to increasing treatment efficacy and developing methods for disease prevention. Diagnosis of cancers at an early stage can promote timely medical intervention and effective treatment and will result in inhibiting tumor growth and development. Several advances have been made in the diagnostics and imagining technologies for early tumor detection and deciding an effective therapy these include radiomics, nanobodies, and aptamers. Here in this review, we summarize the main applications of radiomics, aptamers, and the use of nanobody-based probes for molecular imaging applications in diagnosis, treatment planning, and evaluations in the field of oncology to develop quantitative and personalized medicine. The preclinical data reported to date are quite promising, and it is predicted that nanobody-based molecular imaging agents will play an important role in the diagnosis and management of different cancer types in near future.</p>","PeriodicalId":53564,"journal":{"name":"Human Antibodies","volume":"29 1","pages":"1-15"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3233/HAB-200436","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25346130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence of HLA DQ 2, 8 in children with celiac disease.","authors":"Seyed Mohsen Dehghani,&nbsp;Naqi Dara,&nbsp;Behrooz Gharesifar,&nbsp;Iraj Shahramian,&nbsp;Fatemeh Dalili,&nbsp;Morteza Salarzaei","doi":"10.3233/HAB-200437","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/HAB-200437","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Celiac disease is a chronic disease that affect small bowel by making its villi become atrophic. Various environmental and genetic factors have been identify as inducing factors for celiac disease. Most of the patients has one of the HLA DQ forms. Although the prevalence of these genes are variable in different areas of the world, we do not have a comprehensive information about this issue in our region. Thus the aim of present study is to investigate the prevalence of HLA DQ typing of patients who visited Emam Reza Gastroenterology clinic of Shiraz(IRAN).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this case-control study all under 18 years old children who were diagnosed with celiac disease and have visited Emam Reza gastroenterology clinic were investigated. The diagnosis of celiac disease was made by history, physical exam, serologic test, and histopathology of duodenal biopsy. Blood sample was taken and HLA typing performed using PCR method at Motahari clinic cytology laboratory. Also those people who neither them self nor their first degree relatives were not case of celiac disease and underwent HLA typing for other reason were identified as control group. The statistical analysis was done using SPSS 18 software. The p value < 0.05 was identified as statistically significant.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 139 patients with celiac disease and 146 normal children were studied. The mean age of the patient with celiac disease were 9.1 years old with standard deviation of 3.4 years old. 64% of the celiac patients were girls and 36% were boys. While this proportion was 54.4% for boy and 48.6% for girls in control group. The most common HLA in celiac patients group were HLA DQ2 and 8 but the most common ones in control group were HLA DQ 8 and 5. Failure to Thrive were the most common signs of the celiac patients with a prevalence of 60 children. Total IgA titer were normal in 98.6% of the patients and TTG IgA titer were positive in 93.5% of the patients. The most common co existing disease with the celiac disease were diabetes with a prevalence of 30 children (66.7%).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>present study reveals that the prevalence of the HLA DQ2 and 8 among patients with celiac disease is 72.6% and 53% in our normal population.</p>","PeriodicalId":53564,"journal":{"name":"Human Antibodies","volume":"29 2","pages":"123-128"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3233/HAB-200437","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25318435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Immunogenicity of biologics used in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease.","authors":"Mariam Bqain,&nbsp;Alex Efimov,&nbsp;David Baker,&nbsp;Angray S Kang","doi":"10.3233/HAB-210449","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/HAB-210449","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose of the review: </strong>Here we critically evaluate the literature on immunotherapy failure in inflammatory bowel disease patients. In particular anti-drug antibody production, and subsequently loss of response as the primary cause of immunotherapy failure in IBD patients. The benefits of shifting from the \"standard\" empirical dose escalation approach to therapeutic drug monitoring with anti-TNFα therapy is explored.</p><p><strong>Recent findings: </strong>The American Gastroenterology Association and British Society of Gastroenterology both currently recommend the use of reactive therapeutic drug monitoring to guide treatment, following loss of response in inflammatory bowel disease patients with active disease. However, further research is required to prove the efficacy of a proactive therapeutic drug monitoring approach alone in remitted IBD patients.</p><p><strong>Summary: </strong>A combination of personalised monitoring approach for anti-drug antibodies and therapeutic drug monitoring could provide beneficial treatment outcome for people with inflammatory bowel disease by predicting drug failure prior to clinical symptoms and allowing timely switching to an alternative drug.</p>","PeriodicalId":53564,"journal":{"name":"Human Antibodies","volume":"29 4","pages":"225-235"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3233/HAB-210449","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39251787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative evaluation of SARS-CoV-2 IgG assays against nucleocapsid and spike antigens.","authors":"Mitra Rezaei,&nbsp;Mohammadhadi Sadeghi,&nbsp;Alireza Korourian,&nbsp;Payam Tabarsi,&nbsp;Mihan Porabdollah,&nbsp;Elham Askari,&nbsp;Esmaeil Mortaz,&nbsp;Shima Mahmoudi,&nbsp;Majid Marjani,&nbsp;Ali Akbar Velayati","doi":"10.3233/HAB-210440","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/HAB-210440","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>There are few studies to compare antibody response against anti-spike (S) and anti- nucleoprotein (N) SARS-CoV-2.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>The aim of this study was to evaluate the IgG antibody production against S and N antigens of the virus and their correlation with the time and severity of the disease.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The IgG antibodies against S and N antigens of SARS-CoV-2 in serum specimens of 72 symptomatic patients who tested real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction positive for SARS-CoV-2 were detected using the ELISA technique. Different antibody response was compared and the correlation with the time from disease onset and the severity was evaluated.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Forty-eight of 72 (67%) patients tested positive for anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, while 24 (33%) did not have detectable antibodies. Comparison of antibody levels for N and S antibodies showed that they correlate with each other well (r= 0.81; P< 0.001). However, sensitivity of anti-S SARS-CoV-2 IgG and anti-N SARS-CoV-2 IgG was 30% and 60%, during the first 7 days after symptom onset (r= 0.53; P= 0.111), but increased to 73% and 68% at more than 1-week post symptom onset (r= 0.89, P= 0.111), respectively. Cases with positive IgG response showed a decreased CD8+ T cells percentage compared to the negative IgG groups (26 ± 14 vs. 58 ± 32, p= 0.066 in anti-N IgG group and 28 ± 15 vs. 60 ± 45, p= 0.004 in anti-S IgG group, respectively).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Nearly one-third of the confirmed COVID-19 patients had negative serology results. Lower percent positivity at early time points after symptom onset (less than 1 week) was seen using anti-S SARS-COV-2 IgG kit compare to the anti-N SARS-CoV-2 IgG; therefore, clinicians should interpret negative serology results of especially anti-S SARS-CoV-2 IgG with caution.</p>","PeriodicalId":53564,"journal":{"name":"Human Antibodies","volume":"29 2","pages":"109-113"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3233/HAB-210440","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25481445","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Global public health significances, healthcare perceptions of communities, treatments, prevention and control methods of COVID-19.","authors":"Addis Adera Gebru,&nbsp;Tadesse Birhanu,&nbsp;Eshetu Wendimu,&nbsp;Agumas Fentahun Ayalew,&nbsp;Selamawit Mulat,&nbsp;Hussen Zakir Abasimel,&nbsp;Ali Kazemi,&nbsp;Bosenu Abera Tadesse,&nbsp;Beniam Adera Gebru,&nbsp;Berhanu Senbeta Deriba,&nbsp;Nigus Shimelis Zeleke,&nbsp;Abebe Gule Girma,&nbsp;Bulgantsetseg Munkhbat,&nbsp;Qamar Kassim Yusuf,&nbsp;Amana Ogeto Luke,&nbsp;Dejene Hailu","doi":"10.3233/HAB-200422","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/HAB-200422","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The Novel Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has proved to be one of the most burdensome respiratory disease outbreaks ever. Moreover, the public health emergency of the COVID-19 outbreak has been seen by the World Health Organization (WHO) as global health concern since March 2020 and there has been a significantly increased morbidity and mortality in the community worldwide. The objective of this review is to describe and review the global public health significances and community and healthcare perception of features, treatments, prevention and control methods to slow the transmission of the outbreak.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>For this review, the literature has been searched by following online databases, including medRxiv, pubmed, medline and Google scholar databases. The key search terms 'COVID-19', '2019 novel coronavirus', '2019-nCoV', 'novel coronavirus' and 'Pneumonia' were used to search the literature. Scientific papers published online by the Center for Disease Control (CDC) and the WHO from 01 January to 06 May 2020 in the English language were included for analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The results of this review indicated that COVID-19 is a serious global public health problem. It affects immune compromised individuals living with chronic diseases, the elderly and pregnant women more severely. The disease spread rapidly from one country to countries worldwide. In all, 212 countries highlighted the weakened state of essential public health and emergency services. The researchers addressed the lack of perception in communities, including health professionals, with regard to COVID-19. Healthcare settings were analyzed in terms of the pandemic nature of the virus, onset and the overall characteristics of disease outbreak. Microbiogists were also used to assess the daily cumulative index of COVID-19. With regard to treatment, chloroquine phosphate and herbal medicines were shown to be promising as supportive treatments to slow COVID-19 transmission, coupled with isolation and quarantine techniques.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The review indicates that COVID-19 has a high global public health significance due to its high morbidity and mortality rates. Still, there was no specific or effective vaccine or treatment, moreover, the community, including health professionals, have a low perception as regards COVID-19, even though different prevention and control methods have been conducted. Thus, there is a need for awareness creation, alongside further research applied to finding effective vaccine and treatments.</p>","PeriodicalId":53564,"journal":{"name":"Human Antibodies","volume":"29 2","pages":"129-137"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3233/HAB-200422","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38327229","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Global burden of COVID-19: Situational analyis and review.","authors":"Addis Adera Gebru,&nbsp;Tadesse Birhanu,&nbsp;Eshetu Wendimu,&nbsp;Agumas Fentahun Ayalew,&nbsp;Selamawit Mulat,&nbsp;Hussen Zakir Abasimel,&nbsp;Ali Kazemi,&nbsp;Bosenu Abera Tadesse,&nbsp;Beniam Adera Gebru,&nbsp;Berhanu Senbeta Deriba,&nbsp;Nigus Shimelis Zeleke,&nbsp;Abebe Gule Girma,&nbsp;Bulgantsetseg Munkhbat,&nbsp;Qamar Kassim Yusuf,&nbsp;Amana Ogeto Luke,&nbsp;Dejene Hailu","doi":"10.3233/HAB-200420","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/HAB-200420","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The novel Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is the major public health burden in the world. The morbidity and mortality of the global community due to this disease is dramatically increasing from time to time.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>This situational analysis is aimed to analyse prevalence and incidence of COVID-19 and to provide clear information about this disease for the scientific community, stakeholders, healthcare practitioners and decision-makers.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The literatures were identified by searching the key relevant and officially known online databases: medRxiv, Google scholar and PubMed. The online databases contain archives of most English biomedical journals and scientific papers published online from 31 December to 3 April 2020 were included. After the literature search, articles were screened independently by two reviewers for eligibility.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The world continents have confirmed a total of 1,202,320 confirmed COVID-19 cases: (51.2%) in Europe, (27.7%) in North America, (17.9%) in Asia, (1.96%) in South America and at less number of confirmed COVID-19 cases in Africa and Australia which was accounted 0.8% and 0.5%, respectively. However, this review showed that there was a significant increase in the confirmed COVID-19 cases by 109,555 in Asia, 8,658 in Africa, 332,866 in North America, 20,269 in South America, 568,894 in Europe, 5,051 in Australia and 1,045,403 in the whole world, with the exception of Antartica, during the review period. The overall results showed that there were 1,098,762 cases and 59,172 deaths recorded during the review period. The result zero number of deaths with COVID-19 was observed in 66 countries.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The review concluded that COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2 is the major public health burden in the world, the morbidity and mortality of global community is dramatically increasing from time to time. Strong collaboration among all sectors and the design of effective prevention and control strategies which include staying home, social/physical distancing, quarantine, testing of suspected patients, isolation and managing of the confirmed cases. Therefore, all countries should implement five major COVID-19 prevention and control programmes as soon as possible at community level.</p>","PeriodicalId":53564,"journal":{"name":"Human Antibodies","volume":"29 2","pages":"139-148"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3233/HAB-200420","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38269910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effect of T helper (Th)/T cytotoxic (Tc) ratio on disease severity in type A hemophilia patients.","authors":"Hossein Ali Khazaei,&nbsp;Majid Naderi,&nbsp;Ghasem Miri Aliabad,&nbsp;Seyed Mohammad Nasiraldin Tabatabaei,&nbsp;Ali Alidadi,&nbsp;Nezar Ali Moulaei,&nbsp;Mohammad Safdari,&nbsp;Hedayatollah Nahvi,&nbsp;Nader Cohan,&nbsp;Javid Dehghan,&nbsp;Ahmad Mehraban,&nbsp;Arman Jalili,&nbsp;Amin Khazaei,&nbsp;Ehsan Khazaei,&nbsp;Bahman Khazaei,&nbsp;Behnam Khazaei,&nbsp;Nima Rezaei,&nbsp;Morteza Salarzaie,&nbsp;Gholamreza Soleimani","doi":"10.3233/HAB-200434","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/HAB-200434","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and objectives: </strong>The aim of this study was to investigate the T helper (Th) to T cytotoxic (Tc) ratio in children suffering from type A hemophilia disease and to evaluate the correlation of this ratio with disease severity.</p><p><strong>Material and method: </strong>Two mls of EDTA anti coagulated whole blood was collected. Immunophenotyping of lymphocytes count was carried out by FACS analysis using a double CD4 and CD8 kit. The mean ± SD of absolute numbers of CD4 and CD8 lymphocytes/ml was calculated and the ratio of CD4/CD8 was evaluated by statistical method.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among 80 type A hemophilia patients, 66 (82.5%) were male. The mean age was 15 ± 3.51 years. 12 (15%) of them were suffering from mild disease and 68 (85%) had sever disease. The CD4 /CD8 ratio was obtained between 0.45 and 1.44 with mean1.79 ± 0.78. The correlation between this ration and disease severity was 0.019.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The results showed that CD4/CD8 ratio has correlation with disease severity in type A hemophilia patients, however there was no association between this ratio and gender.</p>","PeriodicalId":53564,"journal":{"name":"Human Antibodies","volume":"29 1","pages":"95-99"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3233/HAB-200434","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38764909","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}