Journal of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology最新文献

{"title":"Association of CHI3L1 with bone turnover markers in Iraqi postmenopausal women with osteopenia and osteoporosis","authors":"Eman Mal Allah Jasim,&nbsp;Salwa Hameed Naser Al-Rubae’i","doi":"10.1016/j.jgeb.2026.100811","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jgeb.2026.100811","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>Chitinase-3-like protein 1 (CHI3L1) has been implicated in bone remodeling, but its relationship with bone turnover markers across different degrees of postmenopausal bone loss remains unclear. This study evaluated CHI3L1 together with CTX-1, NTX-1, and osteonectin (OSN) in Iraqi postmenopausal women with osteopenia (ON) and osteoporosis (OP).</div></div><div><h3>Materials and Methods</h3><div>Ninety postmenopausal women aged 45–65 years were classified into control, ON, and OP groups (<em>n</em> = 30 each) according to lumbar spine BMD and T-scores. Serum biomarkers were measured by ELISA. Group differences were assessed by one-way ANOVA with Tukey's HSD test. Pearson correlations were adjusted using the Benjamini–Hochberg false discovery rate, and multivariable regression was used to evaluate associations with BMD after adjustment for age, BMI, WHpR, and WHtR. ROC analysis assessed discriminatory performance.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>CHI3L1 and NTX-1 increased progressively from controls to ON and OP, whereas OSN decreased. CTX-1 was elevated in ON and OP versus controls but did not differ between ON and OP. CHI3L1, CTX-1, and NTX-1 were inversely associated with BMD, whereas OSN was positively associated (all <em>p</em> &lt; 0.001). CTX-1 showed the highest AUC for ON versus controls (0.974), while NTX-1 showed the highest AUC for OP versus controls (0.999) and OP versus ON (0.968).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>These biomarkers showed distinct associations with skeletal status and BMD. CHI3L1 may provide complementary information alongside established bone turnover markers, while NTX-1 exhibited the highest observed AUC for OP in this cohort. Larger independent studies are required for validation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":53463,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology","volume":"24 4","pages":"Article 100811"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148953449","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The molecular crosstalk between RECQ helicases and associated proteins in human genetic disorders","authors":"Yashaswini Reddy,&nbsp;Gargi Joshi,&nbsp;Swechha Mahapatra,&nbsp;Ipshita Das,&nbsp;Babitha Kampa Sundara","doi":"10.1016/j.jgeb.2026.100824","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jgeb.2026.100824","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>RECQ helicases involve a family of DNA unwinding enzymes, namely, RECQ1, Bloom syndrome protein, Werner syndrome protein, RECQL4, and RECQ5. These proteins interact with various proteins to form complexes and carry out a range of physiological functions. These genes are involved primarily in molecular pathways such as DNA replication, DNA repair, homologous recombination and telomere maintenance. Dysfunction of these protein complexes leads to chromosomal instability and impaired DNA repair and replication, thus increasing susceptibility to tumor formation. Bloom syndrome protein helicase is characterized by its interaction with proteins such as topoisomerase IIIα and RecQ-mediated genome instability, which prevents excessive sister chromatid exchanges. Werner syndrome protein helicases work in association with enzymes such as Flap Endonuclease 1 and Replication Protein A to maintain telomeric length and resolve secondary structures. RECQL4 helicase acts as a versatile enzyme while initiating DNA replication, carrying out DNA damage repair and contributing to the maintenance of mitochondrial function. The functions and genetic implications of the RECQ1 and RECQ5 helicases have not yet been well established; however, their involvement in DNA repair pathways has been studied. This review outlines the major genetic disorders caused by mutations in the Bloom syndrome protein, Werner syndrome protein and RECQL4 genes, which are associated with Bloom's syndrome, Werner's syndrome and Rothmund-Thomson syndrome, among others. In addition, it explores the roles of RECQ helicases, their molecular interactions in major pathways and their potential as therapeutic targets.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":53463,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology","volume":"24 4","pages":"Article 100824"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149153927","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ancient mitochondrial DNA analysis of human remains in the era of next- generation sequencing","authors":"Dina W. Ibrahim,&nbsp;Haidan Mostafa El-Shorbagy,&nbsp;Ismail A. Abdelhamid,&nbsp;Yehia Z. Gad","doi":"10.1016/j.jgeb.2026.100828","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jgeb.2026.100828","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The analysis of ancient DNA (aDNA) has become important in recent years, providing new insights on human evolution and population history. Since the emergence of ancient DNA analysis in the mid-eighties, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) analysis has been an essential tool in paleogenomic research. Compared to nuclear DNA, its small, circular, multicopy genome is collectively less susceptible to chemical damage and fragmentation and has more potential for retrievability. Despite its longevity, mtDNA's maternal inheritance with no recombination allows researchers to reconstruct maternal lineages and thus partially track human ancestry and migratory patterns. The accuracy and authenticity of mtDNA data retrieved from paleontological and archaeological remains have improved significantly over the past three decades, driven by advances ranging from enhanced contamination control to next-generation genome sequencing and target enrichment. The current review highlights the challenges of recovering and authenticating ancient mtDNA, including DNA fragmentation, postmortem DNA damage, contamination, heteroplasmy, and nuclear mitochondrial sequences (Numts), which can complicate research results. Within this context, the review addresses the rapidly changing sequencing technologies and the use of specialized bioinformatics software that tackle these challenges and enable researchers to reconstruct almost complete mtDNA genomes from human remains. Although mtDNA analysis has limitations and provides only a partial view of the human genomic architecture, it remains an important tool for analyzing maternal ancestry and generating authenticated genomic information of ancient human populations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":53463,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology","volume":"24 4","pages":"Article 100828"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149153928","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Green synthesis of polyherbal silver nanoparticles from Cassia fistula and Manilkara zapota: characterisation and evaluation of wound-healing potential","authors":"Archana Hari,&nbsp;Shobana Sampath,&nbsp;B. Vijayageetha,&nbsp;Douglas Law,&nbsp;Gholamreza Abdi","doi":"10.1016/j.jgeb.2026.100826","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jgeb.2026.100826","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, methanol concentrate of flowers and leaves of <em>Cassia fistula</em> and leaves of <em>Manilkara zapota</em> was used to obtain silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), followed by evaluation of wound healing potential in an animal model. The objective was to assess the overall wound-healing potential of the plant-mediated AgNP formulation rather than to compare different synthesis routes. In SEM analysis, particle dimensions were irregular, ranging from 20 nm to 50 nm. In FTIR, distinct bond stretching was observed at 3332.16, 2114.20, 1635.70, and 637.27. The antibacterial assay of plant Ag NPS in the case of <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em> MTCC 96 showed its maximum zone of inhibition at 17 mm. Accordingly, the antibacterial activity reported in the present study is restricted to <em>S. aureus</em> MTCC 96, the bacterial strain experimentally evaluated and no other pathogenic bacteria have been experimentally. In the excision wound model, PSN (polyherbal silver nanoparticle) and PCE (polyherbal crude extract) at a concentration of 5% <em>w</em>/w showed wound contraction of 75.58% in group IV rats and 70.38% in group III rats. The results were higher when compared with group II. Cytokine TNF-α in blood serum was low in group IV in comparison to group II at the post-wound treatment. It was reported 6.49 pg/mg concentration of TNF-α for group IV and 12.69 pg/mg concentration of TNF-α for group II at the 14th day, indicating that TNF-α is an inflammatory cytokine that is found to be released at the early stage of the wound healing. Histopathology of the group III and IV-treated tissue showed better epithelization than group II rats. Thus, PSN confirmed its significant levels in wound healing studies, which will show its potential in skin care and treating skin-related issues.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":53463,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology","volume":"24 4","pages":"Article 100826"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149153938","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corrigendum to “Enhancing clinical insights in glioma grading using Bayesian Optimization and Explainable AI” [J. Genet. Eng. Biotechnol. 24 (2026) 100669]","authors":"Alaa M. Elsayad,&nbsp;Omar A. Elsayad","doi":"10.1016/j.jgeb.2026.100761","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jgeb.2026.100761","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":53463,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology","volume":"24 3","pages":"Article 100761"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148984109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A computational workflow for proteome-wide analysis of sulfur-containing amino acid distribution in crop proteomes","authors":"Husam Jamal Omari,&nbsp;Maher Jamal Tadros","doi":"10.1016/j.jgeb.2026.100818","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jgeb.2026.100818","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Grain legumes are important sources of plant protein for human food and animal feed, but their nutritional quality is often limited by relatively low levels of sulfur-containing amino acids, particularly methionine. Despite their biological and nutritional importance, the distribution of methionine and cysteine across reference proteomes and within protein sequences remains insufficiently characterized. This study developed and applied saa_proteome, a reproducible Python-based framework for proteome-wide, protein-level, and localized analysis of methionine, cysteine, and total sulfur-containing amino acids (S-AA). The framework was applied to the reference proteomes of soybean (<em>Glycine</em> max), chickpea (<em>Cicer arietinum</em>), white lupin (<em>Lupinus albus</em>), and common bean (<em>Phaseolus vulgaris</em>). Despite substantial differences in proteome size, methionine ranged only from 2.17% to 2.21%, cysteine from 1.85% to 1.92%, and total S-AA from 4.05% to 4.11%. In contrast, top-ranked proteins displayed pronounced heterogeneity, including cysteine-dominated, methionine-dominated, and comparatively balanced S-AA profiles. Independent rankings using overlapping 100-amino-acid windows identified largely distinct protein sets, with maximum localized enrichment reaching 31% methionine, 38% cysteine, and 38% total S-AA. Highly methionine-enriched regions occurred in diverse predicted protein classes, including transcriptional regulators, membrane-trafficking proteins, and heavy metal-associated proteins. Top-ten protein sets obtained with and without N-terminal methionine removal showed 90% overlap and a Jaccard similarity of 0.82. These findings demonstrate that S-AA composition is stable across the analyzed reference proteomes but highly heterogeneous among proteins and sequence regions. The framework identifies sequence-encoded candidates, although tissue-specific expression and protein abundance remain necessary for evaluating their biological and nutritional relevance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":53463,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology","volume":"24 4","pages":"Article 100818"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149043868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antioxidant, antitumor and antimicrobial activities of Pisolithus albus extract against some pathogenic bacteria and fungi","authors":"Sahar M. Ouda,&nbsp;Mohamed G.A.","doi":"10.1016/j.jgeb.2026.100813","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jgeb.2026.100813","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div><em>Pisolithus albus</em> is an ectomycorrhizal fungal species that commonly associates with trees, particularly in loose, sandy soil environments.</div></div><div><h3>Methods and Results</h3><div>In this study it was collected, molecular identified as new record to Egypt with GenBank accession numbers, PX788599. Then the study focused on determination of capacity of the fungus to produce bioactive substances with antioxidant, antimicrobial and anti-tumor activities. Analysis of the bioactive compound and cytotoxicity were determined. In addition, mineral composition and heavy metal were detected by neutron activation technique (NAA). Fruiting bodies of <em>Pisolithus albus</em> were extracted using five various solvents; ethanol, methanol, acetone, ethyl acetate and hexane. Results showed that, <em>Pisolithus albus</em> extracts exhibited different antibacterial activities alongside two Gram-postive bacteria <em>Staphylococcus aureus ATCC6538</em> and <em>Bacillus subtilis ATCC6633</em> and three Gram-negative bacteria, <em>Escherichia coli</em> ATCC10536, <em>Salmonella typhimurium</em> ATCC 14028 and <em>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</em> ATCC9027. Ethanol extract measured the highest antifungal activities against the tested fungal strain; <em>Candida albicans ATCC10231</em>. Total phenolic and flavnoids contents were measured. HPLC chromatography of ethanol extracts was performed to investigate the quality of polyphenols and flavonoids. Antioxidant activity of ethanol extract showed considerable DPPH radical scavenging activities, which exhibited higher DPPH radical inhibition (94.71%) compared with standard (98.65%).Also ethanol extract was tested against three cancer cell line Hep G-2 cells (human Hepatocellular cancer cell line, MCF-7 cells (human breast cancer cell lines, A-549 (Lung cancer cells).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Collectively, these findings position <em>Pisolithus albus</em> as a valuable and versatile biotechnological resource bioactive compound with potential therapeutic applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":53463,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology","volume":"24 4","pages":"Article 100813"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148953447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High-SNP-density genes and functional pathway analysis reveal key regulators of feed conversion ratio in broiler chickens","authors":"Heydar Ghiasi,&nbsp;Navid Ghavi Hossein-Zadeh","doi":"10.1016/j.jgeb.2026.100809","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jgeb.2026.100809","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Feed conversion ratio (FCR) is a critical economic trait in broiler production, influencing both productivity and sustainability. In this study, an initial set of 2272 peak SNP records associated with FCR was retrieved from the Animal QTL Database and, following filtering and removal of duplicate/redundant records, 513 unique, non-redundant SNPs were retained for functional annotation using the Ensembl Variant Effect Predictor (VEP). These SNPs were mapped to 543 genes, allowing a detailed analysis of their genomic distribution and functional effects. The majority of SNPs were intron variants (54.0%), followed by downstream (17.7%), upstream (10.2%), and synonymous variants (6.5%). Missense variants (1.4%) were identified in biologically relevant genes such as <em>ST3GAL6</em>, <em>NOX4</em>, and <em>TGFBR3</em>, while 2.5% of SNPs were located in regulatory regions. Biotype classification showed that most variants (93.7%) occurred in protein-coding regions, with smaller proportions in lncRNA, enhancer, and miRNA regions. SNP clustering revealed potential genomic hotspots, with <em>ST3GAL6</em> and <em>DGKZ</em> exhibiting exceptionally high densities, suggesting roles in FCR-related regulatory pathways. Functional enrichment analysis via g:Profiler identified significant associations with transcription factor binding motifs, including PU.1, NF-E4, and MAFA, as well as enrichment of catalytic activity and phosphatase-related complexes. These findings highlight potential genetic targets, such as <em>ST3GAL6</em> and <em>DGKZ</em>, and regulatory networks, including catalytic activity (GO:0003824), that may influence FCR.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":53463,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology","volume":"24 4","pages":"Article 100809"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148953470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Targeted delivery of siRNA against sodium-dependent phosphate co-transporter 2b (NPT2b) via functionalized mesoporous silica nanocarriers suppresses breast cancer cell growth","authors":"Fatemeh Yazdi Samadi,&nbsp;Morteza Farab,&nbsp;Mahdieh Emadi,&nbsp;Marzieh Rad Niknam,&nbsp;Maryam Yousefi,&nbsp;Arash Minai-Tehrani","doi":"10.1016/j.jgeb.2026.100825","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jgeb.2026.100825","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The sodium-dependent phosphate co-transporter 2b (NPT2b) plays an important role in maintaining phosphate homeostasis. In previous studies, we reported that high dietary inorganic phosphate consumption could increase NPT2b expression in mice while knockdown of NPT2b expression has been shown to reduce tumorigenesis. NPT2b has been found to be highly expressed in human breast cancer tissues. The correlation between elevated NPT2b expression in the breast tissue and poor prognosis in oncogenic breast diseases led us to investigate whether knockdown of NPT2b could regulate breast cancer growth. To address this issue, breast cancer cells were transfected by small interfering RNA (siRNA) directed against NPT2b (siNPT2b), complexed with a mesoporous silica nanoparticle (MSN) grafted with polyethyleneimine (PEI) and modified with folic acid as a nonviral vector (hereafter, functionalized MSN). We used two distinct PEI molecular weights (10 and 25 kDa) to optimize the balance between nucleic acid delivery efficiency and cytotoxicity of cationic modified MSN. In this study, we developed an effective nanocarrier to deliver siRNA into breast cancer cells. Our findings demonstrated that functionalized MSN effectively targeted the folate receptor and delivered siNPT2b, resulting in the downregulation of NPT2b expression, possibly through regulation of phosphate consumption. Our results strongly indicate that siNPT2b delivery through our engineered nanocarrier especially when grafted with 10 kDa PEI can influence breast cancer growth and offers valuable insights into the development of nonviral nanocarriers for siRNA delivery, potentially contributing to the advancement of targeted cancer therapy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":53463,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology","volume":"24 4","pages":"Article 100825"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149153941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Expression analysis of hsp70 and hsp90 chaperone-encoding genes in Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in response to osmotic stress","authors":"Abdul Rahem Faqih,&nbsp;Seto Sugianto Prabowo Rahardjo,&nbsp;Ellana Sanoesi,&nbsp;Septi Anitasari,&nbsp;Diana Aisyah,&nbsp;Cinca Hayyu Putri Satiti,&nbsp;Asad Aulia Iqomuddin,&nbsp;Rahayu Salsabila,&nbsp;Wahyu Surya Prasdiawan","doi":"10.1016/j.jgeb.2026.100831","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jgeb.2026.100831","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Braja 001 Nile tilapia (<em>Oreochromis niloticus</em>) is a locally developed hybrid strain intended for brackish-water aquaculture in Indonesia. This study evaluated the molecular stress response using hsp70 and hsp90 genes, together with endocrine, hematological, immune, and respiratory indicators, to determine the adaptive capacity of Braja 001 tilapia under different salinity levels. Juveniles were reared for 28 days at four salinity treatments (0, 7, 14, and 21 ppt) in a completely randomized design with three replicates. The expression of hsp70 and hsp90 was quantified by qRT-PCR, while serum cortisol, hematocrit, leukocyte counts, and operculum beat frequency were measured as physiological stress markers. Increasing salinity significantly elevated cortisol concentration, hematocrit, leukocyte counts, and operculum beat frequency, while hsp70 and hsp90 expression showed increasing trends without significant differences. At 0 ppt, all parameters remained at basal levels, reflecting stable freshwater conditions. At 7 ppt, a slight increase in hsp70 expression with minimal physiological changes suggested mild stress that could be effectively compensated. At 14 ppt, higher cortisol levels accompanied by increased hsp70 and hsp90 expression indicated a stronger physiological response. In contrast, exposure to 21 ppt resulted in consistently elevated stress indicators, suggesting increased physiological demands. Based on the integrated responses, salinity levels of 7–14 ppt may still be tolerated under the present conditions, whereas higher salinity (21 ppt) is associated with increased physiological stress and should be applied with caution in aquaculture systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":53463,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology","volume":"24 4","pages":"Article 100831"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149153944","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}