Exploring the therapeutic potential of microRNAs: targeted gene regulation strategies for enhanced cancer therapy

Cancer remains one of the most significant causes of death worldwide, with conventional therapies often hindered by drug resistance, off-target effects, and systemic toxicity. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), small non-coding RNA molecules, have emerged as critical regulators of gene expression, influencing various cellular processes such as proliferation, apoptosis, and metastasis. Their dual role as tumor suppressors and oncogenes makes them promising therapeutic targets for cancer treatment. This review explores the therapeutic potential of miRNAs in modulating key cancer pathways and overcoming drug resistance. It delves into strategies like miRNA mimics and antagomiRs to restore normal gene expression, alongside advanced delivery systems, including nanoparticles and exosomes, to ensure targeted, stable, and effective delivery. Furthermore, the challenges associated with miRNA therapy, such as degradation, off-target effects, and immune responses, are discussed. The integration of miRNA-based approaches with existing therapies holds promise for enhancing treatment efficacy and paving the way for personalized cancer management.