Whitney Lewis, Annie Farrell, Shreestika Pradhan and Yi Lu*,
{"title":"Signal Transduction Strategies for DNAzyme-Based Sensing and Imaging of Metal Ions in Cells and in Vivo","authors":"Whitney Lewis, Annie Farrell, Shreestika Pradhan and Yi Lu*, ","doi":"10.1021/cbmi.4c00090","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/cbmi.4c00090","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Metal ions play crucial roles in biological processes, and their dysregulation can lead to various diseases. Understanding the distribution of these metal ions provides deeper insight into their roles in both health and disease. DNAzymes offer a general approach for detecting nearly any metal ion within cells and <i>in vivo</i> with high sensitivity and selectivity, including different oxidation states of the same metal ion. This Review summarizes recent developments in signal transduction strategies for DNAzyme-based sensing and imaging of metal ions in living cells and <i>in vivo</i>. We examine various signal transduction strategies to convert metal ion binding by DNAzymes into measurable signals. These strategies include fluorescence imaging using small molecules, nanostructures and nanoparticles, motors and machines, and other fluorescent materials as well as bioluminescence imaging. We then provide recent examples of applying these DNAzyme-based fluorescence or bioluminescence imaging methods to understand metal ion dynamics and their roles in diseases in living cells and <i>in vivo</i>. Finally, we discuss future directions for advancing intracellular and <i>in vivo</i> metal ion imaging using DNAzymes.</p>","PeriodicalId":53181,"journal":{"name":"Chemical & Biomedical Imaging","volume":"3 8","pages":"473–498"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/cbmi.4c00090","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144892655","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jaume Ramon Otaegui, Deborah Sultan, Gyu Seong Heo, Yongjian Liu
{"title":"Positron Emission Tomography Imaging of the Adaptive Immune System in Cardiovascular Diseases.","authors":"Jaume Ramon Otaegui, Deborah Sultan, Gyu Seong Heo, Yongjian Liu","doi":"10.1021/cbmi.4c00117","DOIUrl":"10.1021/cbmi.4c00117","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death around the globe. In recent years, a crucial role of the immune system has been acknowledged in cardiac disease progression, opening the door for immunomodulatory therapies. To this ongoing change of paradigm, positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of the immune system has become a remarkable tool to reveal immune cell trafficking and monitor disease progression and treatment response. Currently, PET imaging of the immune system in cardiovascular disease mainly focuses on the innate immune system such as macrophages, while the immune cells of the adaptive immune system including B and T cells are less studied. This can be ascribed to the lack of radiotracers specifically binding to B and T cell biomarkers compatible with PET imaging within the cardiovascular system. In this review, we summarize current knowledge about the role of the adaptive immune system (e.g., B and T cells) in major cardiovascular diseases and introduce key biomarkers for specific targeting of these immune cells and their subpopulations. Finally, we present available radiotracers for these biomarkers and propose a pathway for developing probes or optimizing those already used in other fields (e.g., oncology) to make them compatible with the cardiovascular system.</p>","PeriodicalId":53181,"journal":{"name":"Chemical & Biomedical Imaging","volume":"3 4","pages":"209-224"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12042138/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143991748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kun Wu, Zhicong Chao, Subi Aji, Yu Zhu, Hongxia Zhao, Ying An, Huangxian Ju and Ying Liu*,
{"title":"Peroxynitrite Responsive Second Near-Infrared Cyanine Dye J-Aggregate for Drug-Induced Hepatotoxicity Monitoring","authors":"Kun Wu, Zhicong Chao, Subi Aji, Yu Zhu, Hongxia Zhao, Ying An, Huangxian Ju and Ying Liu*, ","doi":"10.1021/cbmi.4c0011110.1021/cbmi.4c00111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/cbmi.4c00111https://doi.org/10.1021/cbmi.4c00111","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Drug-induced hepatotoxicity is a long-standing concern of modern medicine. The production of peroxynitrite (ONOO<sup>–</sup>) is proposed as an early sign of the progression of drug-induced hepatotoxicity. However, conventional blood tests fail to offer a real-time unambiguous visualization of such hepatotoxicity <i>in vivo</i>. ONOO<sup>–</sup> probes that are currently reported are mainly located in the visible or the first near-infrared (NIR-I) window, which have limited <i>in vivo</i> biosensing application due to the autofluorescence and photon scattering. Here, we report an ONOO<sup>−</sup> responsive cyanine dye, IR-1061 <i>J</i>-aggregate (<i>J</i><sub>IR-1061</sub>), which exhibits a red shift over 500 nm, with an absorption peak at 1580 nm in the NIR-IIb region. By conjugating <i>J</i><sub>IR-1061</sub> with rare earth nanoparticles (RENPs) that have NIR-IIb emission at 1550 nm, a dual-mode imaging probe RENPs-<i>J</i><sub>IR-1061</sub> is developed. RENPs-<i>J</i><sub>IR-1061</sub> shows a fast and sensitive response to ONOO<sup>–</sup>, with activatable NIR-IIb fluorescence and a change in the photoacoustic signals, which is successfully applied for real-time monitoring of hepatotoxicity <i>in vivo</i>.</p>","PeriodicalId":53181,"journal":{"name":"Chemical & Biomedical Imaging","volume":"3 6","pages":"379–386 379–386"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.acs.org/doi/epdf/10.1021/cbmi.4c00111","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144338104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kun Wu, Zhicong Chao, Subi Aji, Yu Zhu, Hongxia Zhao, Ying An, Huangxian Ju, Ying Liu
{"title":"Peroxynitrite Responsive Second Near-Infrared Cyanine Dye <i>J</i>‑Aggregate for Drug-Induced Hepatotoxicity Monitoring.","authors":"Kun Wu, Zhicong Chao, Subi Aji, Yu Zhu, Hongxia Zhao, Ying An, Huangxian Ju, Ying Liu","doi":"10.1021/cbmi.4c00111","DOIUrl":"10.1021/cbmi.4c00111","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Drug-induced hepatotoxicity is a long-standing concern of modern medicine. The production of peroxynitrite (ONOO<sup>-</sup>) is proposed as an early sign of the progression of drug-induced hepatotoxicity. However, conventional blood tests fail to offer a real-time unambiguous visualization of such hepatotoxicity <i>in vivo</i>. ONOO<sup>-</sup> probes that are currently reported are mainly located in the visible or the first near-infrared (NIR-I) window, which have limited <i>in vivo</i> biosensing application due to the autofluorescence and photon scattering. Here, we report an ONOO<sup>-</sup> responsive cyanine dye, IR-1061 <i>J</i>-aggregate (<i>J</i> <sub>IR-1061</sub>), which exhibits a red shift over 500 nm, with an absorption peak at 1580 nm in the NIR-IIb region. By conjugating <i>J</i> <sub>IR‑1061</sub> with rare earth nanoparticles (RENPs) that have NIR-IIb emission at 1550 nm, a dual-mode imaging probe RENPs-<i>J</i> <sub>IR‑1061</sub> is developed. RENPs-<i>J</i> <sub>IR‑1061</sub> shows a fast and sensitive response to ONOO<sup>-</sup>, with activatable NIR-IIb fluorescence and a change in the photoacoustic signals, which is successfully applied for real-time monitoring of hepatotoxicity <i>in vivo</i>.</p>","PeriodicalId":53181,"journal":{"name":"Chemical & Biomedical Imaging","volume":"3 6","pages":"379-386"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12188419/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144509406","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jaume Ramon Otaegui, Deborah Sultan, Gyu Seong Heo and Yongjian Liu*,
{"title":"Positron Emission Tomography Imaging of the Adaptive Immune System in Cardiovascular Diseases","authors":"Jaume Ramon Otaegui, Deborah Sultan, Gyu Seong Heo and Yongjian Liu*, ","doi":"10.1021/cbmi.4c0011710.1021/cbmi.4c00117","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/cbmi.4c00117https://doi.org/10.1021/cbmi.4c00117","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death around the globe. In recent years, a crucial role of the immune system has been acknowledged in cardiac disease progression, opening the door for immunomodulatory therapies. To this ongoing change of paradigm, positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of the immune system has become a remarkable tool to reveal immune cell trafficking and monitor disease progression and treatment response. Currently, PET imaging of the immune system in cardiovascular disease mainly focuses on the innate immune system such as macrophages, while the immune cells of the adaptive immune system including B and T cells are less studied. This can be ascribed to the lack of radiotracers specifically binding to B and T cell biomarkers compatible with PET imaging within the cardiovascular system. In this review, we summarize current knowledge about the role of the adaptive immune system (e.g., B and T cells) in major cardiovascular diseases and introduce key biomarkers for specific targeting of these immune cells and their subpopulations. Finally, we present available radiotracers for these biomarkers and propose a pathway for developing probes or optimizing those already used in other fields (e.g., oncology) to make them compatible with the cardiovascular system.</p>","PeriodicalId":53181,"journal":{"name":"Chemical & Biomedical Imaging","volume":"3 4","pages":"209–224 209–224"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.acs.org/doi/epdf/10.1021/cbmi.4c00117","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143878147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}