{"title":"3D Optical Reconstruction of the Nervous System of the Whole-Body Marine Invertebrates","authors":"Valentin A. Milichko*, and , Vyacheslav Dyachuk*, ","doi":"10.1021/cbmi.3c00087","DOIUrl":"10.1021/cbmi.3c00087","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Optical clearing of invertebrates, the number of species of which is 20 times greater than that of vertebrates, is of fundamental and applied interest for neuroscience in general. Herein, the optical clearing of invertebrates to identify their morphology and neurostructure remains unrealized as of yet. Here, we report on fast (from a few seconds to minutes) and uniform whole-body optical clearing of invertebrates (bivalves, nemertines, annelids, and anomura) of any age and thickness (up to 2 cm) possessing complicated structures and integuments. We developed the protocol unifying dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)-based immunostaining of the animals followed by their optical clearing with benzyl alcohol/benzyl benzoate (BABB). Confocal microspectroscopy revealed that the protocol provides an increase of the fluorescence signal by 2 orders of magnitude and decrease of the light scattering by 2 orders of magnitude, thereby accelerating the confocal bioimaging of the whole body. Moreover, by tracking the optical clearing over time with 0.3 s resolution, we revealed that the clearing process is described by the Gompertz growth function, allowing us to determine the physical mechanism of the clearing and its optical parameters. Thereby, we were able to identify in detail and to describe previously unknown neurostructures of different invertebrate animals, paving the way to discovery in neuroscience.</p>","PeriodicalId":53181,"journal":{"name":"Chemical & Biomedical Imaging","volume":"1 9","pages":"852–863"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.acs.org/doi/epdf/10.1021/cbmi.3c00087","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135141302","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Li Zuo, Hallie King, Mohammad Akter Hossain, Fatiha Farhana, Madelyn M. Kist, Rebecca L. Stratton, Jiao Chen and Hao Shen*,
{"title":"Single-Molecule Spectroscopy Reveals the Plasmon-Assisted Nanozyme Catalysis on AuNR@TiO2","authors":"Li Zuo, Hallie King, Mohammad Akter Hossain, Fatiha Farhana, Madelyn M. Kist, Rebecca L. Stratton, Jiao Chen and Hao Shen*, ","doi":"10.1021/cbmi.3c00096","DOIUrl":"10.1021/cbmi.3c00096","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Gold nanoparticles are frequently employed as nanozyme materials due to their capacity to catalyze various enzymatic reactions. Given their plasmonic nature, gold nanoparticles have also found extensive utility in chemical and photochemical catalysis owing to their ability to generate excitons upon exposure to light. However, their potential for plasmon-assisted catalytic enhancement as nanozymes has remained largely unexplored due to the inherent challenge of rapid charge recombination. In this study, we have developed a strategy involving the encapsulation of gold nanorods (AuNRs) within a titanium dioxide (TiO<sub>2</sub>) shell to facilitate the efficient separation of hot electron/hole pairs, thereby enhancing nanozyme reactivity. Our investigations have revealed a remarkable 10-fold enhancement in reactivity when subjected to 530 nm light excitation following the introduction of a TiO<sub>2</sub> shell. Leveraging single-molecule kinetic analyses, we discovered that the presence of the TiO<sub>2</sub> shell not only amplifies catalytic reactivity by prolonging charge relaxation times but also engenders additional reactive sites within the nanozyme’s intricate structure. We anticipate that further enhancements in nanozyme performance can be achieved by optimizing interfacial interactions between plasmonic metals and semiconductors.</p>","PeriodicalId":53181,"journal":{"name":"Chemical & Biomedical Imaging","volume":"1 8","pages":"760–766"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.acs.org/doi/epdf/10.1021/cbmi.3c00096","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135091456","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Taegyun Moon, Andrew Heegeon Yang, Seungri Song, Malith Ranathunga, Yea-Jin Song, Mi-Sook Yang, Jaewoo Song* and Chulmin Joo*,
{"title":"Quantitative Measurements of Red Blood Cell Indices Using Spectroscopic Differential Phase-Contrast Microscopy","authors":"Taegyun Moon, Andrew Heegeon Yang, Seungri Song, Malith Ranathunga, Yea-Jin Song, Mi-Sook Yang, Jaewoo Song* and Chulmin Joo*, ","doi":"10.1021/cbmi.3c00090","DOIUrl":"10.1021/cbmi.3c00090","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Red blood cell (RBC) indices serve as clinically important parameters for diagnosing various blood-related diseases. Conventional hematology analyzers provide the highly accurate detection of RBC indices but require large blood volumes (>1 mL), and the results are bulk mean values averaged over a large number of RBCs. Moreover, they do not provide quantitative information related to the morphological and chemical alteration of RBCs at the single-cell level. Recently, quantitative phase imaging (QPI) methods have been introduced as viable detection platforms for RBC indices. However, coherent QPI methods are built on complex optical setups and suffer from coherent speckle noise, which limits their detection accuracy and precision. Here, we present spectroscopic differential phase-contrast (sDPC) microscopy as a platform for measuring RBC indices. sDPC is a computational microscope that produces color-dependent phase images with higher spatial resolution and reduced speckle noise compared to coherent QPIs. Using these spectroscopic phase images and computational algorithms, RBC indices can be extracted with high accuracy. We experimentally demonstrate that sDPC enables the high-accuracy measurement of the mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, red cell distribution width, hematocrit, hemoglobin concentration, and RBC count with errors smaller than 7% as compared to a clinical hematology analyzer based on flow cytometry (XN-2000; Sysmex, Kobe, Japan). We further validate the clinical utility of the sDPC method by measuring and comparing the RBC indices of the control and anemic groups against those obtained using the clinical hematology analyzer.</p>","PeriodicalId":53181,"journal":{"name":"Chemical & Biomedical Imaging","volume":"1 8","pages":"750–759"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.acs.org/doi/epdf/10.1021/cbmi.3c00090","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135476258","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"High-Throughput, Low Background, and Wide-Field Microscopy by Flat-Field Photobleaching Imprinting Microscopy","authors":"Yizhi Qin, Mengling Zhang, Huiwen Hao, Boxin Xue, Jiahao Niu and Yujie Sun*, ","doi":"10.1021/cbmi.3c00079","DOIUrl":"10.1021/cbmi.3c00079","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Wide-field photobleaching imprinting microscopy (PIM) can improve fluorescence image contrast by cleverly exploiting the fluorophores’ photobleaching properties. However, as conventional wide-field PIM commonly adopts Gaussian illumination with a nonuniform lateral fluence distribution, the field-of-view (FOV) and sampling density are largely reduced. In addition, the slow axial fluence gradient of Gaussian illumination limits the signal-to-background ratio (SBR) improvement and optical sectioning capability of PIM. Here, we present flat-field photobleaching imprinting microscopy (ffPIM) with a uniform lateral excitation fluence and sharp axial intensity gradient at the focal plane. ffPIM demonstrates low background, large FOV, and thin optical section. More importantly, compared to either conventional wide-field PIM or light-sheet microscopy, ffPIM shows much better balance for FOV, sampling density, SBR, and optical sectioning capability. The performance of ffPIM is characterized by simulation and resolving multiple cellular structures. Finally, ffPIM can be easily implemented to a standard commercial wide-field microscope and, thereby, allow general laboratories to benefit from this technique.</p>","PeriodicalId":53181,"journal":{"name":"Chemical & Biomedical Imaging","volume":"1 9","pages":"843–851"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.acs.org/doi/epdf/10.1021/cbmi.3c00079","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136233066","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Chemical Regulation of Fluorescence Lifetime","authors":"Jianan Dai, and , Xin Zhang*, ","doi":"10.1021/cbmi.3c00091","DOIUrl":"10.1021/cbmi.3c00091","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Fluorescence lifetime has significant applications in the field of fluorescence microscopy. Effective modulation of fluorescence lifetime can be achieved by controlling the radiative versus nonradiative processes of fluorophores. In this review, we systematically analyze and summarize chemical approaches that achieve fluorescence lifetime modulation for three different types of fluorophores, including small molecules, quantum dots, and metal complexes. In particular, this review is focused on the chemical mechanisms underlying fluorescence lifetime, the structure–function relationship that defines how chemical regulation is achieved, and the chemical principles that can be used to modulate different scaffolds of fluorophores. We aim to provide important resources for gaining a deeper understanding of fluorescence lifetime modulation, through in-depth investigation into the modulation mechanisms of various fluorescence systems. Perspectives are also proposed to enable future investigation on fluorescence lifetime modulation, a field that bears promises to drive the advancement and application of fluorescence imaging technology.</p>","PeriodicalId":53181,"journal":{"name":"Chemical & Biomedical Imaging","volume":"1 9","pages":"796–816"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.acs.org/doi/epdf/10.1021/cbmi.3c00091","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136376234","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yan Zhang, Ning Xu, Chunyu Yan, Xuelian Zhou, Qinglong Qiao, Lu Miao* and Zhaochao Xu*,
{"title":"Live-Cell Imaging to Resolve Salt-Induced Liquid–Liquid Phase Separation of FUS Protein by Dye Self-Labeling","authors":"Yan Zhang, Ning Xu, Chunyu Yan, Xuelian Zhou, Qinglong Qiao, Lu Miao* and Zhaochao Xu*, ","doi":"10.1021/cbmi.3c00094","DOIUrl":"10.1021/cbmi.3c00094","url":null,"abstract":"<p >The aggregation of fusion in sarcoma (FUS) in the cytoplasm and nucleus is a pathological feature of Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and Frontotemporal Dementia (FTD). Genetic mutations, abnormal protein synthesis, environmental stress, and aging have all been implicated as causative factors in this process. Salt ions are essential to many physiological processes in the body, and the imbalance of them is an important environmental stress factor in cells. However, their effect on liquid–liquid phase separation (LLPS) of FUS proteins in living cells is not well understood. Here, we map the various salt-induced LLPS of FUS in living cells by genetically coding and self-labeling FUS with organic dyes. The brightness and photostability of the dyes enable long-term imaging to track the mechanism of the assembly and disappearance of FUS phase separation. The FUS protein showed a better phase separation tendency under 0.3 M salt stimulation, and there was a large amount of FUS shuttling from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. At this concentration, various salt solutions displayed different effects on the phase separation of FUS protein, following the Hofmeister effects. We further observed that the assembly of FUS droplets underwent a process of rapid formation of small droplets, plateaus, and mutual fusion. Strikingly, The CsCl-stimulated FUS droplets were not completely reversible after washing, and some solid-like granules remained in the nucleus. Taken together, these results help broaden our understanding of the LLPS of FUS proteins in cellular stress responses.</p>","PeriodicalId":53181,"journal":{"name":"Chemical & Biomedical Imaging","volume":"2 1","pages":"70–80"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.acs.org/doi/epdf/10.1021/cbmi.3c00094","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135366671","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Meikun Shen, William H. Rackers and Bryce Sadtler*,
{"title":"Getting the Most Out of Fluorogenic Probes: Challenges and Opportunities in Using Single-Molecule Fluorescence to Image Electro- and Photocatalysis","authors":"Meikun Shen, William H. Rackers and Bryce Sadtler*, ","doi":"10.1021/cbmi.3c00075","DOIUrl":"10.1021/cbmi.3c00075","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Single-molecule fluorescence microscopy enables the direct observation of individual reaction events at the surface of a catalyst. It has become a powerful tool to image in real time both intra- and interparticle heterogeneity among different nanoscale catalyst particles. Single-molecule fluorescence microscopy of heterogeneous catalysts relies on the detection of chemically activated fluorogenic probes that are converted from a nonfluorescent state into a highly fluorescent state through a reaction mediated at the catalyst surface. This review article describes challenges and opportunities in using such fluorogenic probes as proxies to develop structure–activity relationships in nanoscale electrocatalysts and photocatalysts. We compare single-molecule fluorescence microscopy to other microscopies for imaging catalysis in situ to highlight the distinct advantages and limitations of this technique. We describe correlative imaging between super-resolution activity maps obtained from multiple fluorogenic probes to understand the chemical origins behind spatial variations in activity that are frequently observed for nanoscale catalysts. Fluorogenic probes, originally developed for biological imaging, are introduced that can detect products such as carbon monoxide, nitrite, and ammonia, which are generated by electro- and photocatalysts for fuel production and environmental remediation. We conclude by describing how single-molecule imaging can provide mechanistic insights for a broader scope of catalytic systems, such as single-atom catalysts.</p>","PeriodicalId":53181,"journal":{"name":"Chemical & Biomedical Imaging","volume":"1 8","pages":"692–715"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.acs.org/doi/epdf/10.1021/cbmi.3c00075","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135366056","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Allison R. Cutri, Joshua D. Shrout and Paul W. Bohn*,
{"title":"Metabolic and Oxidative Stress Effects on the Spectroelectrochemical Behavior of Single Pseudomonas aeruginosa Cells","authors":"Allison R. Cutri, Joshua D. Shrout and Paul W. Bohn*, ","doi":"10.1021/cbmi.3c00083","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/cbmi.3c00083","url":null,"abstract":"<p ><i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> is an opportunistic human pathogen capable of causing a wide range of diseases in immunocompromised patients. In order to better understand <i><i>P. aeruginosa</i></i> behavior and virulence and to advance drug therapies to combat infection, it would be beneficial to understand how <i>P. aeruginosa</i> cells survive stressful conditions, especially environmental stressors. Here, we report on a strategy that measures potential-dependent fluorescence of individual <i>P. aeruginosa</i> cells, as a sentinel, for cellular response to starvation, hunger, and oxidative stress. This is accomplished using a micropore electrode array capable of trapping large numbers of isolated, vertically oriented cells at well-defined spatial positions in order to study large arrays of single cells in parallel. We find that conditions promoting either starvation or oxidative stress produce discernible changes in the fluorescence response, demonstrated by an increase in the prevalence of fluorescence transients, one of three canonical spectroelectrochemical behaviors exhibited by single <i>P. aeruginosa</i> cells. In contrast, more modest nutrient limitations have little to no effect on the spectroelectrochemical response when compared to healthy cells in the stationary phase. These findings demonstrate the capabilities of micropore electrode arrays for studying the behavior of single microbial cells under conditions where the intercellular spacing, orientation, and chemical environment of the cells are controlled. Realizing single-cell studies under such well-defined conditions makes it possible to study fundamental stress responses with unprecedented control.</p>","PeriodicalId":53181,"journal":{"name":"Chemical & Biomedical Imaging","volume":"1 7","pages":"659–666"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.acs.org/doi/epdf/10.1021/cbmi.3c00083","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67733024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Xiao-Xiao Chen, Xing-Yi Rao, Qi-Xin Guan, Peng Wang and Cai-Ping Tan*,
{"title":"Quantitative Determination of Endoplasmic Reticulum Viscosity during Immunogenic Cell Death by a Theranostic Rhenium Complex","authors":"Xiao-Xiao Chen, Xing-Yi Rao, Qi-Xin Guan, Peng Wang and Cai-Ping Tan*, ","doi":"10.1021/cbmi.3c00084","DOIUrl":"10.1021/cbmi.3c00084","url":null,"abstract":"<p >The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an important targeting organelle for metal-based immunogenic cell death (ICD) inducers. Metal complexes can induce ER stress by causing protein misfolding, which can be reflected by alternations in microenvironmental parameters, including viscosity. We present here a theranostic Re(I) complex (<b>Re1</b>) that shows viscosity-dependent emission intensity and lifetime. <b>Re1</b> can trigger immunogenic cell death (ICD) in MDA-MB-231 cells by localizing in the ER and causing ER stress. We demonstrate that <b>Re1</b> can simultaneously induce and monitor the gradual increase in the ER viscosity quantitatively.</p>","PeriodicalId":53181,"journal":{"name":"Chemical & Biomedical Imaging","volume":"2 1","pages":"64–69"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.acs.org/doi/epdf/10.1021/cbmi.3c00084","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135968602","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Matthew J. Rames, John P. Kenison, Daniel Heineck, Fehmi Civitci, Malwina Szczepaniak, Ting Zheng, Julia Shangguan, Yujia Zhang, Kai Tao, Sadik Esener and Xiaolin Nan*,
{"title":"Multiplexed and Millimeter-Scale Fluorescence Nanoscopy of Cells and Tissue Sections via Prism-Illumination and Microfluidics-Enhanced DNA-PAINT","authors":"Matthew J. Rames, John P. Kenison, Daniel Heineck, Fehmi Civitci, Malwina Szczepaniak, Ting Zheng, Julia Shangguan, Yujia Zhang, Kai Tao, Sadik Esener and Xiaolin Nan*, ","doi":"10.1021/cbmi.3c00060","DOIUrl":"10.1021/cbmi.3c00060","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Fluorescence nanoscopy has become increasingly powerful for biomedical research, but it has historically afforded a small field-of-view (FOV) of around 50 μm × 50 μm at once and more recently up to ∼200 μm × 200 μm. Efforts to further increase the FOV in fluorescence nanoscopy have thus far relied on the use of fabricated waveguide substrates, adding cost and sample constraints to the applications. Here we report PRism-Illumination and Microfluidics-Enhanced DNA-PAINT (PRIME-PAINT) for multiplexed fluorescence nanoscopy across millimeter-scale FOVs. Built upon the well-established prism-type total internal reflection microscopy, PRIME-PAINT achieves robust single-molecule localization with up to ∼520 μm × 520 μm single FOVs and 25–40 nm lateral resolutions. Through stitching, nanoscopic imaging over mm<sup>2</sup> sample areas can be completed in as little as 40 min per target. An on-stage microfluidics chamber facilitates probe exchange for multiplexing and enhances image quality, particularly for formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue sections. We demonstrate the utility of PRIME-PAINT by analyzing ∼10<sup>6</sup> caveolae structures in ∼1,000 cells and imaging entire pancreatic cancer lesions from patient tissue biopsies. By imaging from nanometers to millimeters with multiplexity and broad sample compatibility, PRIME-PAINT will be useful for building multiscale, Google-Earth-like views of biological systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":53181,"journal":{"name":"Chemical & Biomedical Imaging","volume":"1 9","pages":"817–830"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.acs.org/doi/epdf/10.1021/cbmi.3c00060","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136014372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}