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Characterization of Isoclinic, Transversally Geodesic and Grassmannizable Webs 等轴网、横向测地网和可格拉斯曼网的表征
IF 2 3区 数学
Axioms Pub Date : 2024-06-06 DOI: 10.3390/axioms13060386
Jihad Saab, R. Absi
{"title":"Characterization of Isoclinic, Transversally Geodesic and Grassmannizable Webs","authors":"Jihad Saab, R. Absi","doi":"10.3390/axioms13060386","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/axioms13060386","url":null,"abstract":"One of the most relevant topics in web theory is linearization. A particular class of linearizable webs is the Grassmannizable web. Akivis gave a characterization of such a web, showing that Grassmannizable webs are equivalent to isoclinic and transversally geodesic webs. The obstructions given by Akivis that characterize isoclinic and transversally geodesic webs are computed locally, and it is difficult to give them an interpretation in relation to torsion or curvature of the unique Chern connection associated with a web. In this paper, using Nagy’s web formalism, Frölisher—Nejenhuis theory for derivation associated with vector differential forms, and Grifone’s connection theory for tensorial algebra on the tangent bundle, we find invariants associated with almost-Grassmann structures expressed in terms of torsion, curvature, and Nagy’s tensors, and we provide an interpretation in terms of these invariants for the isoclinic, transversally geodesic, Grassmannizable, and parallelizable webs.","PeriodicalId":53148,"journal":{"name":"Axioms","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141377132","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"数学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The New G-Double-Laplace Transforms and One-Dimensional Coupled Sine-Gordon Equations 新 G 双拉普拉斯变换与一维耦合正弦-戈登方程
IF 2 3区 数学
Axioms Pub Date : 2024-06-05 DOI: 10.3390/axioms13060385
Hassan Eltayeb, S. Mesloub
{"title":"The New G-Double-Laplace Transforms and One-Dimensional Coupled Sine-Gordon Equations","authors":"Hassan Eltayeb, S. Mesloub","doi":"10.3390/axioms13060385","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/axioms13060385","url":null,"abstract":"This paper establishes a novel technique, which is called the G-double-Laplace transform. This technique is an extension of the generalized Laplace transform. We study its properties with examples and various theorems related to the G-double-Laplace transform that have been addressed and proven. Finally, we apply the G-double-Laplace transform decomposition method to solve the nonlinear sine-Gordon and coupled sine-Gordon equations. This method is a combination of the G-double-Laplace transform and decomposition method. In addition, some examples are examined to establish the accuracy and effectiveness of this technique.","PeriodicalId":53148,"journal":{"name":"Axioms","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141383696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"数学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
A Proportional–Integral Observer-Based Dynamic Event-Triggered Consensus Protocol for Nonlinear Positive Multi-Agent Systems 基于比例积分观测器的非线性正多代理系统动态事件触发共识协议
IF 2 3区 数学
Axioms Pub Date : 2024-06-05 DOI: 10.3390/axioms13060384
Xiaogang Yang, Mengxing Huang, Yuanyuan Wu, Xuegang Tan
{"title":"A Proportional–Integral Observer-Based Dynamic Event-Triggered Consensus Protocol for Nonlinear Positive Multi-Agent Systems","authors":"Xiaogang Yang, Mengxing Huang, Yuanyuan Wu, Xuegang Tan","doi":"10.3390/axioms13060384","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/axioms13060384","url":null,"abstract":"This paper investigates the state estimation and event-triggered control for positive nonlinear multi-agent systems. Firstly, a proportional–integral observer is established to estimate the states of the considered nonlinear positive multi-agent systems based on the matrix decomposition method. Then, a dynamic event-triggered mechanism is constructed, and a control protocol is proposed based on the proportional–integral observer and event-triggered mechanism. By combining linear programming with linear co-positive Lyapunov functions, the considered multi-agent systems are guaranteed to be positive and achieve consensus. Moreover, by introducing three new variables and a finite vector, the final convergence point can be changed based on the given vector. Finally, two illustrative examples demonstrate the validity of the proposed theoretical results.","PeriodicalId":53148,"journal":{"name":"Axioms","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141386600","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"数学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Research on the Validity of Bootstrap LM-Error Test in Spatial Random Effect Models 空间随机效应模型中 Bootstrap LM-Error 检验的有效性研究
IF 2 3区 数学
Axioms Pub Date : 2024-06-04 DOI: 10.3390/axioms13060378
Tongxian Ren, Lin Xu, Zhengliang Ren
{"title":"Research on the Validity of Bootstrap LM-Error Test in Spatial Random Effect Models","authors":"Tongxian Ren, Lin Xu, Zhengliang Ren","doi":"10.3390/axioms13060378","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/axioms13060378","url":null,"abstract":"Under the condition of non-classical distributed errors, the test for spatial dependence in spatial panel data models is still a problem waiting to be solved. In this paper, we apply the FDB (Fast Double Bootstrap) method to spatial panel data models to test spatial dependence. In order to research the validity of the Bootstrap LM-Error test in spatial random effect models under the condition that the error term obeys a normal distribution, heteroscedasticity, or time-series correlation, we construct Bootstrap LM-Error statistics and make use of Monte Carlo simulation from size distortion and power aspects to carry out our research. The Monte Carlo simulation results show that the asymptotic LM-Error test in the spatial random effects model has a large size of distortion when the error term disobeys classical distribution. However, the FDB LM-Error test can effectively correct the size distortion of the asymptotic test with the precondition that there is nearly no loss of power in the FDB test. Obviously, compared to the asymptotic LM-Error test, the FDB LM-Error test is a more valid method to test spatial dependence in a spatial random effects model.","PeriodicalId":53148,"journal":{"name":"Axioms","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141266870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"数学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Fuzzy Testing Model Built on Confidence Interval of Process Capability Index CPMK 基于过程能力指数置信区间的模糊测试模型 CPMK
IF 2 3区 数学
Axioms Pub Date : 2024-06-04 DOI: 10.3390/axioms13060379
Wei Lo, Tsun-Hung Huang, Kuen-Suan Chen, Chun-Min Yu, Chun-Ming Yang
{"title":"Fuzzy Testing Model Built on Confidence Interval of Process Capability Index CPMK","authors":"Wei Lo, Tsun-Hung Huang, Kuen-Suan Chen, Chun-Min Yu, Chun-Ming Yang","doi":"10.3390/axioms13060379","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/axioms13060379","url":null,"abstract":"A variety of process capability indices are applied to the quantitative measurement of the potential and performance of processes in manufacturing. As it is easy to understand the formulae of these indices, this method is easy to apply. Furthermore, a process capability index is frequently utilized by a manufacturer to gauge the quality of a process. This index can be utilized by not only an internal process engineer to assess the quality of the process but also as a communication tool for an external sales department. When the manufacturing process deviates from the target value T, the process capability index CPMK can be quickly detected, which is conducive to the promotion of smart manufacturing. Therefore, this study applied the index CPMK as an evaluation tool for process quality. As noted by some studies, process capability indices have unknown parameters and therefore must be estimated from sample data. Additionally, numerous studies have addressed that it is essential for companies to establish a rapid response mechanism, as they wish to make decisions quickly when using a small sample size. Considering the small sample size, this study proposed a 100 (1 − α)% confidence interval for the process capability index CPMK based on suggestions from previous studies. Subsequently, this study built a fuzzy testing model on the 100 (1 − α)% confidence interval for the process capability index CPMK. This fuzzy testing model can help enterprises make decisions rapidly with a small sample size, meeting their expectation of having a rapid response mechanism.","PeriodicalId":53148,"journal":{"name":"Axioms","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141268505","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"数学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Analytical and Numerical Investigation for the Inhomogeneous Pantograph Equation 非均质受电弓方程的分析和数值研究
IF 2 3区 数学
Axioms Pub Date : 2024-06-04 DOI: 10.3390/axioms13060377
Faten Aldosari, A. Ebaid
{"title":"Analytical and Numerical Investigation for the Inhomogeneous Pantograph Equation","authors":"Faten Aldosari, A. Ebaid","doi":"10.3390/axioms13060377","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/axioms13060377","url":null,"abstract":"This paper investigates the inhomogeneous version of the pantograph equation. The current model includes the exponential function as the inhomogeneous part of the pantograph equation. The Maclaurin series expansion (MSE) is a well-known standard method for solving initial value problems; it may be easier than any other approaches. Moreover, the MSE can be used in a straightforward manner in contrast to the other analytical methods. Thus, the MSE is extended in this paper to treat the inhomogeneous pantograph equation. The solution is obtained in a closed series form with an explicit formula for the series coefficients and the convergence of the series is proved. Also, the analytic solutions of some models in the literature are recovered as special cases of the present work. The accuracy of the results is examined through several comparisons with the available exact solutions of some classes in the relevant literature. Finally, the residuals are calculated and then used to validate the accuracy of the present approximations for some classes which have no exact solutions.","PeriodicalId":53148,"journal":{"name":"Axioms","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141387004","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"数学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Exploring Clique Transversal Problems for d-degenerate Graphs with Fixed d: From Polynomial-Time Solvability to Parameterized Complexity 探索具有固定 d 的 d 退化图的簇横向问题:从多项式时间可解性到参数化复杂性
IF 2 3区 数学
Axioms Pub Date : 2024-06-04 DOI: 10.3390/axioms13060382
Chuan-Min Lee
{"title":"Exploring Clique Transversal Problems for d-degenerate Graphs with Fixed d: From Polynomial-Time Solvability to Parameterized Complexity","authors":"Chuan-Min Lee","doi":"10.3390/axioms13060382","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/axioms13060382","url":null,"abstract":"This paper explores the computational challenges of clique transversal problems in d-degenerate graphs, which are commonly encountered across theoretical computer science and various network applications. We examine d-degenerate graphs to highlight their utility in representing sparse structures and assess several variations of clique transversal problems, including the b-fold and {b}-clique transversal problems, focusing on their computational complexities for different graph categories. Our analysis identifies that certain instances of these problems are polynomial-time solvable in specific graph classes, such as 1-degenerate or 2-degenerate graphs. However, for d-degenerate graphs where d≥2, these problems generally escalate to NP-completeness. We also explore the parameterized complexity, pinpointing specific conditions that render these problems fixed-parameter tractable.","PeriodicalId":53148,"journal":{"name":"Axioms","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141267044","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"数学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The Existence and Uniqueness of Radial Solutions for Biharmonic Elliptic Equations in an Annulus 环面中双谐椭圆方程径向解的存在性和唯一性
IF 2 3区 数学
Axioms Pub Date : 2024-06-04 DOI: 10.3390/axioms13060383
Yongxiang Li, Yanyan Wang
{"title":"The Existence and Uniqueness of Radial Solutions for Biharmonic Elliptic Equations in an Annulus","authors":"Yongxiang Li, Yanyan Wang","doi":"10.3390/axioms13060383","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/axioms13060383","url":null,"abstract":"This paper concerns with the existence of radial solutions of the biharmonic elliptic equation ▵2u=f(|x|,u,|∇u|,▵u) in an annular domain Ω={x∈RN:r1<|x|<r2}(N≥2) with the boundary conditions u|∂Ω=0 and ▵u|∂Ω=0, where f:[r1,r2]×R×R+×R→R is continuous. Under certain inequality conditions on f involving the principal eigenvalue λ1 of the Laplace operator −▵ with boundary condition u|∂Ω=0, an existence result and a uniqueness result are obtained. The inequality conditions allow for f(r,ξ,ζ,η) to be a superlinear growth on ξ,ζ,η as |(ξ,ζ,η)|→∞. Our discussion is based on the Leray–Schauder fixed point theorem, spectral theory of linear operators and technique of prior estimates.","PeriodicalId":53148,"journal":{"name":"Axioms","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141266221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"数学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
A Selberg Trace Formula for GL3(Fp)∖GL3(Fq)/K GL3(Fp)∖GL3(Fq)/K 的塞尔伯格轨迹公式
IF 2 3区 数学
Axioms Pub Date : 2024-06-04 DOI: 10.3390/axioms13060381
Daksh Aggarwal, Asghar Ghorbanpour, M. Khalkhali, Jiyuan Lu, Balázs Németh, C. S. Yu
{"title":"A Selberg Trace Formula for GL3(Fp)∖GL3(Fq)/K","authors":"Daksh Aggarwal, Asghar Ghorbanpour, M. Khalkhali, Jiyuan Lu, Balázs Németh, C. S. Yu","doi":"10.3390/axioms13060381","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/axioms13060381","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we prove a discrete analog of the Selberg Trace Formula for the group GL3(Fq). By considering a cubic extension of the finite field Fq, we define an analog of the upper half-space and an action of GL3(Fq) on it. To compute the orbital sums, we explicitly identify the double coset spaces and fundamental domains in our upper half space. To understand the spectral side of the trace formula, we decompose the induced representation ρ=IndΓG1 for G=GL3(Fq) and Γ=GL3(Fp).","PeriodicalId":53148,"journal":{"name":"Axioms","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141266571","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"数学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abelian Extensions of Modified λ-Differential Left-Symmetric Algebras and Crossed Modules 修正λ差分左对称代数和交叉模块的阿贝尔扩展
IF 2 3区 数学
Axioms Pub Date : 2024-06-04 DOI: 10.3390/axioms13060380
Fuyang Zhu, Taijie You, Wen Teng
{"title":"Abelian Extensions of Modified λ-Differential Left-Symmetric Algebras and Crossed Modules","authors":"Fuyang Zhu, Taijie You, Wen Teng","doi":"10.3390/axioms13060380","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/axioms13060380","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we define a cohomology theory of a modified λ-differential left-symmetric algebra. Moreover, we introduce the notion of modified λ-differential left-symmetric 2-algebras, which is the categorization of a modified λ-differential left-symmetric algebra. As applications of cohomology, we classify linear deformations and abelian extensions of modified λ-differential left-symmetric algebras using the second cohomology group and classify skeletal modified λ-differential left-symmetric 2-algebra using the third cohomology group. Finally, we show that strict modified λ-differential left-symmetric 2-algebras are equivalent to crossed modules of modified λ-differential left-symmetric algebras.","PeriodicalId":53148,"journal":{"name":"Axioms","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141266911","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"数学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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