Journal of Affective Disorders Reports最新文献

{"title":"Variations in suicidality across multiple social identities in asexual people: An intersectionality analysis","authors":"Sinéad Kelleher ,&nbsp;Mike Murphy","doi":"10.1016/j.jadr.2025.100921","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jadr.2025.100921","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study draws upon intersectionality theory to describe variations in suicidal ideation and behaviour across gender, romantic identity, race and age among a sample of self-identified asexual individuals. Using data from the 2020 Ace Community Survey (<em>n</em> = 10, 005), interactive multinomial logistic regression models were used to assess the impact of various social identities on suicidal behaviour and ideation, as well as the presence of any significant interactions. Findings indicate that (a) being female and BIPOC and (b) being nonbinary/trans and aromantic or currently questioning one’s romantic identity yielded significantly higher odds of reporting suicidal ideation. Findings also indicate that being aromantic and in the middle (30 – 44) or older (45+) age category resulted in significantly lower odds of suicidal ideation. No interaction effects were found to be statistically significant for suicidal behaviour. This study contributes to growing research in the area of intersectionality and, specifically, the need for researchers to consider how multiple social identities interact to impact the mental health and well-being of asexual individuals. Policy and practice implications are discussed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52768,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Affective Disorders Reports","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100921"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143868211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The impact of prenatal maternal depression, during the COVID-19 pandemic on maternal postpartum depression: A prospective cohort study within the conception study","authors":"Vanina Tchuente ,&nbsp;Jessica Gorgui ,&nbsp;Sarah Lippé ,&nbsp;Anick Bérard ,&nbsp;the CONCEPTION Study Group","doi":"10.1016/j.jadr.2025.100926","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jadr.2025.100926","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The COVID-19 pandemic introduced unprecedented disruptions impacting perinatal mental health. We aimed to quantify the association between prenatal depression (PD) and postpartum depression (PPD), within this context. Data were collected from Canadian pregnant individuals (aged≥18) through web-based questionnaires. Individuals who completed both a baseline questionnaire (06/2020 to 12/2021) and the 2-month postpartum follow-up, were included. PD was assessed with the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), categorized as unlikely (EPDS 0–8), possible (9–11), highly possible (12–13), and probable (EPDS≥14). PPD was assessed at 2 months postpartum also using EPDS, and categorized as unlikely (EPDS 0–8), possible to probable (EPDS≥9). Self-reported data on sociodemographics, comorbidities, gestational age, anxiety (General Anxiety Disorder-7), stress, maternal hardship (CONCEPTION Assessment of Stress from COVID-19) were collected. We used a multivariate Poisson regression model to calculate relative risks (RRs) with 95 % confidence interval (CI) to assess the risk of PPD associated with PD. Among 1247 participants, 57.9 % had unlikely PD, 17.1 % possible PD, 9.3 % highly possible PD, 15.7 % probable PD. The overall prevalence of PPD was 39.5 %. Possible PD increased PPD risk (aRR 1.56, 95 % CI 1.18 – 2.05); Highly possible PD further heightened the risk (aRR: 2.24, 95 % CI 1.65 – 3.04); and the highest risk for probable PD (aRR 2.29, 95 % CI 1.66 – 3.15). PPD risk also increased with prenatal stress (aRR 1.07; 95 % CI 1.01 – 1.13) and nulliparity (aRR 1.26, 95 % CI 1.04 – 1.54). Addressing prenatal depression, especially during crises, is crucial to reduce PPD risk and improve maternal and child health.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52768,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Affective Disorders Reports","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100926"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143895231","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Examining the latent structure of adverse childhood experiences in a sample of adults from the United States using exploratory structural equation modelling","authors":"Christa McCutchen,&nbsp;Philip Hyland","doi":"10.1016/j.jadr.2025.100923","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jadr.2025.100923","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>A considerable amount of research has been conducted to determine the detrimental impacts that adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) can have on physical and mental health. Many studies have used ACE questionnaires to measure these events; however, there is some debate regarding the proper theoretical model for ACEs. This study was conducted to evaluate the most commonly used 10-item ACE questionnaire to determine the latent structure of ACEs in the context of psychological wellbeing and internalizing psychopathology.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A representative sample of adults (<em>n</em> = 1839) in the United States completed self-report measures. Exploratory Structural Equation Modelling (ESEM) was utilized to explore the latent structure of ACEs in the presence of negative and positive mental health outcomes and controlling for sex and race/ethnic categories.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>A one-factor model of the ACEs questionnaire provided reasonable fit to sample data and was deemed the most interpretable solution. The ACEs latent variables were positively correlated with internalizing psychopathology (β = 0.52) and negatively associated with psychological wellbeing (β = −0.44). Females had higher ACE scores and several racial/ethnic group differences were evident.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The optimal representation of the latent structure of the ten ACE items is a unidimensional structure. Implications for assessment and research are discussed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52768,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Affective Disorders Reports","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100923"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143873888","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"What you think is what you get: Fear of happiness and its causal effect on current depressed mood in depressed patients and nondepressed controls","authors":"Elisabeth A. Arens ,&nbsp;Johannes Falck ,&nbsp;Igor Nenadic ,&nbsp;Ulrich Stangier","doi":"10.1016/j.jadr.2025.100925","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jadr.2025.100925","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>There is evidence that depressed patients differ from non-depressed controls in their fear of happiness. This raises the question of whether fear of happiness causally impact depressive symptoms. The present study investigates the causal impact of fear of happiness on current depressed mood in depressed patients (<em>n</em> = 40) and nondepressed controls (<em>n</em> = 60) by experimentally manipulating fear of happiness. Level of depressed mood state was assessed before and after the manipulation. Depressed patients scored significantly higher on fear of happiness than nondepressed controls. Compared to a control group, participants who were experimentally induced to fear happiness, subsequently exhibited higher levels of depressed mood. This finding was evident in both groups, depressed patients and nondepressed controls. While further research is needed, the present results suggest the importance of fostering positive conceptions of happiness in the treatment of clinical depression as well as in its prevention.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52768,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Affective Disorders Reports","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100925"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143892301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigating cultural influences on the associations between rumination and symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder among European Australian and Chinese Australian trauma survivors","authors":"Haoxiang Li ,&nbsp;Larissa Shiying Qiu ,&nbsp;Joshua Wong ,&nbsp;Winnie Lau ,&nbsp;Richard Bryant ,&nbsp;July Lies ,&nbsp;Belinda Liddell ,&nbsp;Laura Jobson","doi":"10.1016/j.jadr.2025.100924","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jadr.2025.100924","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigated the moderating effect of cultural variables (cultural group, self-construal and cognitive style) on the association between rumination and PTSD symptoms among European Australian and Chinese Australian adult trauma survivors. European Australian (<em>n</em> = 111) and Chinese Australian (<em>n</em> = 111) trauma survivors were recruited through social media advertisements on Facebook, WeChat and RED and completed an on-line questionnaire assessing rumination, cultural variables and PTSD symptomatology. There was no evidence that cultural group moderated the associations between brooding and PTSD symptomatology. interdependent self-construal moderated the associations between all three types of rumination and PTSD symptomatology, such that the association between each type of rumination (brooding, reflection and trauma-specific) and PTSD symptomatology increased at higher levels of interdependence. These findings highlight the importance of considering rumination regardless of the cultural background of trauma survivors. Additionally, it may be clinically beneficial to consider the impacts of trauma and rumination on interdependent aspects of the self and consider the socio-cultural context (including an individual’s values and self-concept). Further research is crucial for integrate cross-cultural psychology theories and empirical research to better conceptualize rumination and its role in maintaining psychopathology in Asian contexts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52768,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Affective Disorders Reports","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100924"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143864217","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Perceived stigma, social support and depression among prison inmates in Northwest Ethiopia: Using structural equation modeling","authors":"Setegn Fentahun ,&nbsp;Shegaye Shumet ,&nbsp;Mamaru Melkam ,&nbsp;Gidey Rtbey ,&nbsp;Fantahun Andualem ,&nbsp;Gebremariam Wulie Geremew ,&nbsp;Tekletsadik Teklesilassie Alemayehu ,&nbsp;Samuel Teferi Chanie ,&nbsp;Melese Gobezie ,&nbsp;Getasew Kibralew ,&nbsp;Girum Nakie ,&nbsp;Girmaw Medfu Takelle ,&nbsp;Techilo Tinsae ,&nbsp;Gebresilassie Tadesse ,&nbsp;Mulualem Kelebie","doi":"10.1016/j.jadr.2025.100927","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jadr.2025.100927","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>There is a well-established empirical association between mental health problems and imprisonment. Depression is a widespread mental health condition that affects a variety of demographic groups, particularly individuals who are in prison. Among inmates, depression occurs much more frequently than in the general community, which puts them at a higher risk of suicide. Hence, the current study was conducted to estimate the prevalence of depression and its correlated factors among incarcerated individuals in Northwest Ethiopia.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A cross-sectional study was conducted on 410 prisoners who were recruited using a simple random sampling technique. The Patient Health Questionnaire-9 was used to evaluate depression through an interviewer-administered questionnaire. The direct, indirect, and total effects of predictors on depression have been examined using a Structural Equation Model. The standardized regression coefficient, 95 % confidence interval, and <em>p</em>-value &lt;0.05 were used to determine the significance of the correlation.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>This study revealed that depression affected 54.6 % of incarcerated individuals (95 % CI: 49.76, 59.41). Social support had a positive direct effect (β= 0.184, 95 % CI: 0.052, 0.309) and a negative indirect effect on depression (β= −0.025, 95 % CI:0.066, −0.002). Perceived stigma mediated the association between social support and depression and significantly correlated with depression (β=−0.158, 95 % CI:0.290, −0.027). Chronic medical illness (β=−0.127, 95 % CI: 0.028, 0.237) had a direct association with depression.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>In the current study, depression was reported in more than half of imprisoned people. Accordingly, incarcerated individuals need more attention, early screening, and intervention for depression by enhancing the provision of mental health services in correctional institutions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52768,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Affective Disorders Reports","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100927"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143877308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"1-year naturalistic follow-up of a Randomised Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial (“NoMAD”) Exploring the Effectiveness of Micronutrients in Improving Symptoms of Anxiety and Depression","authors":"Amy Coët,&nbsp;F. Meredith Blampied,&nbsp;Julia J. Rucklidge","doi":"10.1016/j.jadr.2025.100913","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jadr.2025.100913","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>A randomised controlled trial (NoMAD trial) showed micronutrients led to faster recovery from depression and anxiety compared with placebo. The RCT was followed by a 10 week open-label component and then a one year naturalistic review.</div></div><div><h3>Aims</h3><div>This 1-year follow-up of NoMAD explored the association between dominant treatment at 1-year follow-up with psychiatric outcomes.</div></div><div><h3>Study design/Methods</h3><div>Ninety-four (63 %) of the original 150 NoMAD participants completed 1-year follow-up. Primary outcomes included Generalised Anxiety Disorder-7 questionnaire (GAD-7), Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), and Modified-Clinical Global Impression-Improvements (MCGI-I). Outcomes were explored based on dominant therapy at 1-year follow-up: Micronutrients (<em>n</em> = 20), Psychiatric Medications (<em>n</em> = 9), and No Treatment (<em>n</em> = 56). Nine participants could not be grouped due to mixed treatments at follow-up.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Regardless of dominant therapy, participants were functioning significantly better at 1-year compared to baseline. There was little change from end of 10 weeks of open-label micronutrient treatment, with the exception of depression scores, which were significantly lower (<em>d</em> = 0.4; <em>p</em>&lt;.001). Most participants had either no or mild depression (78 %) and anxiety (85 %) scores at 1-year follow-up. Those who stayed on micronutrients were those who experienced better response at end of open-label compared with those who stopped or switched to medications. They also showed a greater reduction in health anxiety from end of open-label to 1-year follow-up compared with others. The main reason cited for stopping micronutrients was the cost. Limitations include a third of original sample lost to follow-up and uneven group sizes limit generalisability of results.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Participants, regardless of long-term supplementation, were functioning well at one year.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52768,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Affective Disorders Reports","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100913"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143807666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of acute stress on executive functions in depression, generalised anxiety and borderline personality disorder","authors":"T.M. Scott ,&nbsp;Joanne M. Dickson","doi":"10.1016/j.jadr.2025.100917","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jadr.2025.100917","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Acute stress adaptively alters executive functions (EFs) essential for emotion regulation. Emerging systems of psychiatric classification, such as the Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP) and the Research Domain Criteria, emphasise the underlying mechanisms and dimensional nature of psychopathology. Distress disorders—a subfactor within the HiTOP model including major depressive disorder, generalised anxiety disorder and borderline personality disorder—are characterised by altered stress reactivity, impaired emotion regulation, and modest responsiveness to first-line psychotherapies. This systematic review sought to examine whether distress disorders and their related symptoms confer heightened vulnerability to transient EF impairment under conditions of acute stress.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A comprehensive search of articles published in ProQuest, PsycINFO, PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science prior to December 31st, 2022 identified 17 suitable studies examining stress-induced alterations to working memory, inhibition and cognitive flexibility in the context of distress disorders and associated symptoms.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>This review found a heightened susceptibility to stress-induced impairment of working memory in depression, and of response inhibition in borderline personality disorder—even for sub-clinical presentations of depressive symptoms wherein diagnostic criteria for a depressive disorder were not met. Findings for cognitive flexibility were inconclusive.</div></div><div><h3>Limitations</h3><div>While a thorough systematic review was conducted, heterogeneity in study design and methodologies precluded inclusion of a meta-analysis<em>.</em></div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>The findings indicate that altered stress reactivity leads to maladaptation of EF under acute stress, and subsequent disruption of adaptive emotion regulation strategies. The present finding may help account for non-responsiveness among therapeutic interventions predicated upon cognitively-demanding emotion regulation strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52768,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Affective Disorders Reports","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100917"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143820817","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Virtual Reality in the treatment of depression; what therapeutic strategies does VR target?","authors":"Nancy Kramer Freher ,&nbsp;Martine van Bennekom ,&nbsp;Anika Bexkens ,&nbsp;Wim Veling ,&nbsp;Claudi L.H. Bockting","doi":"10.1016/j.jadr.2025.100912","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jadr.2025.100912","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is one of the most prevalent mental health conditions and has a tremendous impact on those affected. Immersive Virtual Reality (VR) technology has high potential to improve psychotherapy for MDD, as VR can personalize the treatment process and directly influence affect. Research on VR interventions for MDD is emerging, but current applications for treatment are heterogeneous and lack strong theoretical support. This scoping review aims to identify the therapeutic strategies that should and can be targeted in VR interventions for depression.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A systematic search of the literature was conducted in PubMed, PsycINFO, Ovid Medline, Embase, Web of Science, Google Scholar, Clinical Trials Register, and the ‘Dutch Trial Register’ from inception through November 2023 to identify the most relevant research.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Findings from 43 studies included in this review resulted in the following potential therapeutic strategies: 1) psychoeducation (n=5), 2) behavioral activation (n=16), 3) cognitive restructuring (n=4), 4) enhancing positive affect (n=5), 5) mental imagery (n=4), 6) skills training (n=3), 7) enhancing cognitive functioning (n=3), and 8) other (n=3).</div></div><div><h3>Limitations</h3><div>We did not conduct a systematic assessment of the methodological quality of the studies nor perform a statistical analysis of the results.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>VR shows potential to facilitate the treatment process for patients with depression in different ways, providing excellent prospects for personalizing and potentially improving the treatment of MDD. Future studies should focus on evaluating presumed mechanisms of change to fully understand the added value of VR in the treatment of depression.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52768,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Affective Disorders Reports","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100912"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143768523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Validity and Reliability of the Dutch version of the Affective Control Scale","authors":"Hendrik-Jan De Vuyst ,&nbsp;James W. Griffith ,&nbsp;Eline Belmans ,&nbsp;Filip Raes","doi":"10.1016/j.jadr.2025.100910","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jadr.2025.100910","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>The Affective Control Scale (ACS) is a widely-used instrument for evaluating the fear of losing control over emotions, a key factor implicated in anxiety and depressive disorders. However, despite its widespread use, substantial inconsistencies have raised questions about the scale's reliability and validity.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>This study aimed to assess the factor structure of the Affective Control Scale (ACS) using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) in two Dutch-speaking samples (n₁ = 250, n₂ = 325). Various factor structures, as previously proposed in the literature, were examined. Convergent validity was assessed by correlating the resulting factors with concurrent measures of anxiety and depression.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>In both samples, a bifactor model excluding reverse-scored items demonstrated the best overall fit. However, despite showing high reliabilities, the specific factors exhibited low attributable score variance. Furthermore, the convergent validity assessment revealed poor associations between these specific factors and measures of anxiety and depression.</div></div><div><h3>Limitations</h3><div>The study's generalizability is limited due to the predominantly female samples. Additionally, the complexities of bifactor models may lead to overfitting of the data.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>We conclude that a bifactor model excluding all reverse-scored items offers the most robust fit. Nevertheless, while the ACS is effective in measuring general fear of emotions, its ability to assess specific emotional fears is limited. Clinically, these findings underscore the importance of focusing on the overall fear of emotions rather than its specific components. Therefore, we recommend the use of a simplified, 30-item version of the ACS that assesses general fear of emotions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52768,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Affective Disorders Reports","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100910"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143833347","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}