Journal of Affective Disorders Reports最新文献

{"title":"The impact of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on anxiety and cognitive function in generalized anxiety disorder: a comprehensive review","authors":"Xuan Zhang ,&nbsp;Xiaodong Chen ,&nbsp;Leijun Li,&nbsp;Xiuhua Wu,&nbsp;Jiaxin Huang,&nbsp;Xin Qin,&nbsp;Qinsheng Chen,&nbsp;Hongyun Zhou,&nbsp;Jiong Tao,&nbsp;Jihui Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.jadr.2025.100945","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jadr.2025.100945","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Anxiety disorder is one of the major health burdens in the world, and most of the patients have significantly impaired social function, which seriously affects their quality of life. Currently, conventional treatment methods include medication and psychotherapy. However, due to the limitations of these treatments and the lack of response in some patients, finding effective alternative treatment options has become urgent. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), a relatively non-invasive and safe physical therapy, has been increasingly recommended for anxiety disorders in recent years. Nevertheless, the therapeutic effects, optimal stimulation sites, and stimulation parameters remain unclear. This article aims to provide a systematic review of the current state of rTMS treatment for generalized anxiety disorder(GAD), offering new perspectives for identifying more effective and personalised adjunctive options.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52768,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Affective Disorders Reports","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100945"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144595773","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Burnout in the general population: Role of anxiety, depression and traumatic events","authors":"Lucia Romo ,&nbsp;Clément Duret ,&nbsp;Laurent Cruchet ,&nbsp;Stéphanie Nann ,&nbsp;Samantha Tessier ,&nbsp;Oulmann Zerhouni","doi":"10.1016/j.jadr.2025.100941","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jadr.2025.100941","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>This study aims to examine the predictors of work exhaustion in the general population, with a particular focus on the roles of burnout, anxiety, depression, and trauma-related symptoms.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A cross-sectional survey was conducted among a sample from the French general population. The survey included measures of burnout using the Copenhagen Burnout Inventory (CBI), anxiety (GAD-7), depression (PHQ-9), and trauma-related symptoms (International Trauma Questionnaire [ITQ]). Correlation and Regression analyses were performed to identify significant predictors of work exhaustion</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The analysis revealed that personal burnout (CBI) were significant positive predictors of work exhaustion. Older individuals and men reported higher levels of work exhaustion. However, anxiety, depression, and trauma-related symptoms did not emerge as significant predictors.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The findings underscore the critical role of specific dimensions of burnout, particularly personal burnout, in predicting work exhaustion. These results suggest that targeted interventions addressing these aspects of burnout may be crucial in reducing work-related stress and improving employee well-being. The study also highlights the need for further research on the indirect effects of trauma on work exhaustion in the general population.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52768,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Affective Disorders Reports","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100941"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144536116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Decreased PON1 activity as a biological marker for depressive disorders: a narrative review","authors":"Oleg A. Levada,&nbsp;Oleksandra S. Troian","doi":"10.1016/j.jadr.2025.100947","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jadr.2025.100947","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>This study conducts a narrative review to summarize evidence regarding changes in serum/plasma paraoxonase 1 (PON1) activity in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) or other depressive disorders and assess their possible marker value.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We searched the PubMed database for articles published from inception to December 2024 on the relationship between depression and PON1 activities/concentrations.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Seventeen articles from 2006 to 2022 were included in the final analysis. 70 % of the studies demonstrated a decline in PON1 (predominantly arylesterase activity) during MDD episodes and depressive disorders induced by methamphetamine and Parkinson`s disease. Lower PON1 paraoxonase activity was associated with the number of previous depressive episodes (DE), worse outcomes, and higher DE severity. Two studies showed an increase in PON1 activity after antidepressant treatment. The decline of PON1 has a genetic predisposition. QQ and QR genotypes of PON1 increased the odds of depression. MDD patients with QQ genotype (in contrast to QR and RR) showed lowered PON1 activity.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>There is a decline in arylesterase/paraoxonase activity and PON1 concentrations in MDD and secondary depressive disorders. The decline is also associated with the severity and number of DE. Antidepressant treatment might increase PON1 activity. Genetic predisposition and epigenetic mechanisms that decrease PON1 activity might disrupt antioxidative mechanisms and lipid metabolism, which could be a part of complex pathogenesis and/or lead to comorbid somatic MDD pathology related to accelerated aging. PON1 activity and concentrations decline might be a marker for MDD and other DE, whereas PON1 increase – for treatment efficacy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52768,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Affective Disorders Reports","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100947"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144604215","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Suicide and utilisation of health-care services for depressive disorders among health-care professionals and clerics in Norway 2008–2021: a case-control study","authors":"Helene Seljenes Dalum ,&nbsp;Erlend Hem ,&nbsp;Øivind Ekeberg ,&nbsp;Kim Stene-Larsen ,&nbsp;Lars Johan Hauge","doi":"10.1016/j.jadr.2025.100944","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jadr.2025.100944","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>There is a lack of research on suicide and depression among health-care professionals, and most studies on depression are based on self-report. Thus, we conducted a register-based study to examine suicide risk and health-care utilisation for depressive disorders, both in the primary and specialist health-care services, among physicians, veterinarians, dentists, psychologists, pharmacists, physiotherapists, and nurses, as well as among clerics, compared to controls with higher and lower education.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>The study is a case-control analysis based on Norwegian nationwide registers from 2008 to 2021. Occupations were included according to the Classification of Occupations provided by Statistics Norway. Information on occupations were linked to the Norwegian Cause of Death Registry, the Norwegian Patient Registry, and the Norwegian Registry for Primary Care.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Suicide risk was not significantly elevated in any of the professions investigated. Physicians, psychologists, physiotherapists, and nurses had significantly lower rates as compared to controls with lower education. Psychologists and clerics had a higher likelihood of utilising specialist health-care services for depression as compared to controls with both higher and lower education. Clerics also utilised primary health-care services for depression to a larger extent as compared to both groups.</div></div><div><h3>Limitations</h3><div>Occupational exposure is only one of many factors contributing to depression and suicide risk. Other risk factors such as working conditions or mental illnesses other than depression were not accounted for in the present study.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Preventive mental health measures and timely treatment of depression among health-care professionals in need is important and may contribute to suicide prevention.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52768,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Affective Disorders Reports","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100944"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144595774","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Knowledge mapping of biofeedback for depression from 1999 to 2023: A bibliometric analysis","authors":"Junzhe Cheng ,&nbsp;Zhenchu Tang ,&nbsp;Yubo Wang ,&nbsp;Shazia Rehman ,&nbsp;Zhixuan Ren ,&nbsp;Yumeng Ju ,&nbsp;Jin Liu ,&nbsp;Mi Wang ,&nbsp;Bangshan Liu ,&nbsp;Yan Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.jadr.2025.100946","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jadr.2025.100946","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Depression is a leading neuropsychiatric disorder causing disability worldwide. In recent years, biofeedback has been increasingly applied in the clinical treatment of depression. This study aims to explore the emerging trends and knowledge structure in biofeedback for depression.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>The retrieval was conducted in the Science Citation Index-Expanded database from 1999 to 2023. The CiteSpace, VOSviewer, Microsoft Excel 365, and a bibliometric online platform were used to visualize bibliometric networks and conduct statistical analyses, exploring the relationships and contributions among countries/regions, institutions, funding agencies, journals, authors, and keywords.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>A total of 540 publications related to biofeedback for depression were included in this analysis, revealing a two-phase growth trend. From 1999 to 2013, there was steady but slow growth, with a compound annual growth rate of 7.49 %. This was followed by an explosive growth phase from 2014 onwards, with a 23.02 % annual growth rate, peaking at 71 publications in 2022. The United States ranked top in the number of publications, citations, and h-index, while Bodurka, J was the most prolific author. The University of London produced the highest number of publications. The most frequent keywords were \"depression\" and \"biofeedback,\" with \"anxiety,\" \"chronic pain,\" and \"therapy\" also prominent, underscoring the potential of biofeedback in treating depression and its comorbidities.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Since 2010 and 2016, scientific interest in biofeedback for depression has experienced two significant growths. The United States leads in this field, with Germany and China following. However, the scope of biofeedback applications for depression treatment is still limited, and there is a lack of inter-institutional collaboration. Biofeedback is an important direction of non-invasive adjuvant options for depression treatment in clinical practice.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52768,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Affective Disorders Reports","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100946"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144595775","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence and influential factors of symptom and medication persistence in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) during COVID-19 pandemic","authors":"Pongpan Suriyong ,&nbsp;Penkarn Kanjanarat ,&nbsp;Shih-Hsien Lin ,&nbsp;Thawari Khansamrong ,&nbsp;Nootjaree Kamduang ,&nbsp;Jenwara Pisitsupamitr ,&nbsp;Khwandao Sudthanaphan","doi":"10.1016/j.jadr.2025.100952","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jadr.2025.100952","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>The COVID-19 pandemic significantly impacted worldwide populations, triggering substantial societal changes and notably affecting children with ADHD's health<em>.</em> This study examined the prevalence and influential factors of ADHD symptoms and medication persistence in children during COVID-19.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>This cross-sectional study at Rajanagarindra Institute of Child Development in Thailand, analyzed ADHD symptom management and medication persistence among children, using administrative data from April 3, 2019, to December 31, 2022. Supplemented by telephone interviews with parents, the study identified responsive and refractory groups, employing the SNAP IV scale and physician assessments for symptom evaluation. Medication persistence was evaluated through the medication possession ratio, dosage adjustments, additional psychiatric medications, and treatment discontinuation exceeding six months post-COVID-19. The study analyzed the influential factors using logistic regression analysis.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>During the COVID-19 pandemic, 1864 individuals accessed hospital services, with 90.7 % experiencing poor medication persistence, 33.4 % showing refractory ADHD symptoms, and 27.5 % exhibiting both. Among the 191 subjects (predominantly male), children aged 10–12 and 13–18 demonstrated better medication persistence than those aged 7–9, with aOR = 2.44 (95 % CI: 1.23–4.85; <em>P</em> = 0.011) and 4.55 (95 % CI: 1.84–11.28; <em>P</em> = 0.001), respectively. Symptom-responsive children with sustained medication persistence had improved hospital access compared to the refractory group (aOR = 0.43; 95 % CI: 0.19–0.98; <em>P</em> = 0.045). Additionally, 17.3 % reported adverse drug events.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>During COVID-19, Thai children with ADHD struggled with severe symptoms and medication persistence, influenced by age and hospital access; telehealth and telepharmacy could offer support.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52768,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Affective Disorders Reports","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100952"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144687041","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Barriers to and facilitators for a healthy lifestyle in people with mood and anxiety disorders: a qualitative study preceding the start of a multicomponent lifestyle intervention in secondary care","authors":"J.O. Kik ,&nbsp;M.A. Alma ,&nbsp;M. Hofman ,&nbsp;J.A. Panjer ,&nbsp;M.Y. Berger ,&nbsp;H. Burger ,&nbsp;D.C. Cath","doi":"10.1016/j.jadr.2025.100948","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jadr.2025.100948","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>People with mood and/or anxiety disorders often experience compromised mental and physical health, but these can be enhanced through multicomponent lifestyle interventions (MLIs). However, current MLIs are not sufficiently adapted to address the specific motivational challenges faced by these individuals. This study aimed to identify facilitators and barriers to achieving a healthy lifestyle in these patients, including their expected challenges and supports when participating in an MLI within secondary care.</div><div>We conducted a qualitative study using semi-structured interviews with sixteen patients mood and/or anxiety disorders, and ten of their buddies, just before or at the beginning of their participation in our MLI <em>LIVES-SC</em>. Thematic analysis was used for analyzing data.</div><div>Thematic analysis identified four themes: health (mental and physical), awareness and motivation, social support, and environment. Physical health only posed barriers, while mental health could be both a barrier and a facilitator. Increased awareness of physical health enhanced motivation for lifestyle changes, especially through practical exercises. Social support, both at home and work, was crucial, with patients valuing a strong support system. For environmental factors, patients and buddies mentioned that buddies found that having a structured life with financial freedom supports a healthy lifestyle.</div><div>This qualitative study highlights how physical and mental health challenges, combined with environmental factors and social context, shape the ability of patients with mental health issues to adopt a healthier lifestyle. Despite various barriers, patients were motivated to change their lifestyle and valued the personalised, practical approach of the <em>LIVES-SC</em> intervention.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52768,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Affective Disorders Reports","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100948"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144687043","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pandemic-related anxiety and screen time: A mediation analysis","authors":"Hailey Burns ,&nbsp;Abiaz Hossain ,&nbsp;Alyssa Forbes ,&nbsp;Sana Sheikh ,&nbsp;Ravishankar Subramani Iyer ,&nbsp;Silvia Marin-Dragu ,&nbsp;Davi Pereira dos Santos ,&nbsp;Rita Orji ,&nbsp;Tomas Hajek ,&nbsp;Sherry Stewart ,&nbsp;Alexa Bagnell ,&nbsp;Sandra Meier","doi":"10.1016/j.jadr.2025.100940","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jadr.2025.100940","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>The COVID-19 pandemic brought worldwide lockdowns and social distancing, causing feelings of pandemic-related anxiety and consequentially poorer mental health and loneliness. While social isolation and poor mental health have both been previously linked to increased screen time, it is unclear if they can explain the increased screen time during the pandemic.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>This study investigated whether pandemic-related anxiety is associated with increased screen time, and whether this relationship is mediated by an increase in internalizing and externalizing symptoms, as well as loneliness.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>572 Canadian participants (average age 27.60) completed an online survey between June 2020 to November 2021. The survey measured pandemic-related anxiety, emotional and behavioral symptoms, and loneliness. Participants also used a mobile sensing app over two weeks to record their daily objective screen time. A structural equation model assessed the relationship of pandemic-related anxiety with general mental health and loneliness, as well as the relationship between these psychological constructs and objective daily screen time.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Pandemic-related anxiety was associated with greater screen time. Externalizing symptoms and loneliness mediated the association of screen time with worries about the consequences of the pandemic, but not with worries about contracting the disease.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Worrying about contracting the disease is an independent risk factor in developing more concerning patterns of screen use. Additionally, worrying about the consequences of the pandemic is not an independent factor but rather is mediated by externalizing symptoms and loneliness. This has implications for conceptualizing problematic screen use and the development of intervention and prevention efforts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52768,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Affective Disorders Reports","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100940"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144517112","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intranasal racemic ketamine in treatment-resistant depression: Efficacy and tolerability in outpatient treatment","authors":"Jan Sarlon ,&nbsp;Timur Liwinski ,&nbsp;Annette Beatrix Bruehl ,&nbsp;Deanne Thomi ,&nbsp;Undine Emmi Lang","doi":"10.1016/j.jadr.2025.100954","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jadr.2025.100954","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background and aim</h3><div>Intranasal racemic ketamine is an off-label alternative for treatment-resistant depression (TRD), offering a non-invasive and compared to esketamine less expensive option. However, its efficacy and safety in outpatient settings remain underexplored. This study aimed to assess the safety, tolerability, and efficacy of intranasal racemic ketamine in patients with TRD.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>This retrospective analysis included 45 patients (mean age 50.7 years, 21 women) who completed an induction phase of eight treatments with intranasal racemic ketamine over four weeks. Symptom severity was measured using the Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS). A complete response was defined as <em>a</em> ≥ 50 % reduction in MADRS scores from baseline, and a partial response as a 25–50 % reduction.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The mean racemic ketamine dose was 114.0 mg, the mean MADRS score reduction after four weeks was 34.5 %. The mean increase in blood pressure was 7.4 mmHg systolic and 6.9 mmHg diastolic. A paired <em>t</em>-test comparing baseline and week 8 MADRS scores revealed a statistically significant reduction in scores, with a mean difference of 10.04. Cohen’s d for MADRS reduction was 1.30, indicating a large effect. A total of 31.1 % of patients achieved a complete response, and 33.3 % had a partial response. Euphoria was a significant predictor of treatment response (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.001). Adverse events requiring medical intervention occurred in four patients, and the drop-out rate due to adverse effects was 4.2 %.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Intranasal racemic ketamine is an effective, well-tolerated treatment for TRD, with favorable safety outcomes and substantial antidepressant effects.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52768,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Affective Disorders Reports","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100954"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144680581","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Temporal and generational changes in depression among young American adults","authors":"Ashley W. Kranjac ,&nbsp;Dinko Kranjac ,&nbsp;Valentine Chung","doi":"10.1016/j.jadr.2025.100949","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jadr.2025.100949","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The prevalence of depression among young American adults has risen significantly over the past two decades, but the mechanisms that underlie the population-level changes in depressive symptoms severity remain unclear. We used data from the 2005–2023 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) and hierarchical age–period–cohort (HAPC) analysis to examine developmental (i.e., age), life stage (i.e., period), and generational (i.e., cohort) distribution of depressive symptoms among American adults aged 20–30 years old over an 18-year period. Our model results indicate that the probability of either mild, moderate, or severe depression increased among young adult females and males between 2005 and 2023 due to a positive age, period, and cohort effect. Specifically, when we consider the historical context (i.e., period-specific changes) and the generational shift (i.e., birth cohort membership), the youngest women and men have the highest probability of either mild or moderate depression, but the probability of severe depression increases among the individuals of both sexes with each consecutive year of age. Policy makers must develop population-level depression prevention strategies that focus on age and sex differences in illness symptoms severity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52768,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Affective Disorders Reports","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100949"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144687042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}