Biomarkers in Neuropsychiatry最新文献

{"title":"Is low-grade inflammation related to cognitive performance during a sustained attention task in depression? – A case-control study","authors":"Bruno Pedraz-Petrozzi ,&nbsp;Eva Kathrin Lamadé ,&nbsp;Nils Mischa Hübner ,&nbsp;Jil Zippelius ,&nbsp;Elena Neumann ,&nbsp;Gebhard Sammer","doi":"10.1016/j.bionps.2025.100121","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bionps.2025.100121","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study aimed to investigate the associations between inflammatory cytokines and cognitive performance in individuals with depression compared to healthy controls, while accounting for variables, such as perceived fatigue, BMI, and age. Individuals diagnosed with depression (n = 23) and healthy controls (n = 31) were included in the study. A 15-minute sustained attention task (subtest of the Test Battery for Attention, version 2.3.1) was administered with concurrent electroencephalographic recordings to evaluate P300 amplitude and latency. Peripheral inflammation was assessed by measuring IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α levels. Perceived fatigue was assessed using the German version of the Fatigue Impact Scale. Generalized linear models (GLM) were used to evaluate the main aims of the study. Results indicated that depression was associated with reduced P300 amplitudes (p = 0.011), and age was significantly associated with P300 amplitude, with older participants showing reductions (p = 0.016). However, no significant effects of inflammatory markers on P300 components were found. While no group differences were observed in the total number of hits, both perceived fatigue (p = 0.033) and TNF-α (p = 0.007) were significantly associated with hit accuracy. A post-hoc mediation analysis explored that perceived fatigue mediates the relationship between depression and number of hits. These findings suggest that low-grade inflammation may not directly influence P300 components, though inflammation and fatigue appear linked to accuracy deficits. Finally, the impact of depression on the number of hits is primarily mediated by perceived fatigue, suggesting that fatigue is a crucial factor in how depression affects cognition.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52767,"journal":{"name":"Biomarkers in Neuropsychiatry","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100121"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143387470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advancing transdiagnostic data analytics using knowledge graphs","authors":"Fiona Klaassen ,&nbsp;Emanuel Schwarz","doi":"10.1016/j.bionps.2025.100122","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bionps.2025.100122","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Artificial intelligence approaches have tremendous potential to advance our understanding of biological and other processes contributing to mental illness risk. An important question is how such approaches can be tailored to support transdiagnostic investigations that are considered central for gaining deeper insight into etiological processes and psychopathology that may not align well with categorical illness delineations. Here, we present the so-called “knowledge graphs” that could be leveraged in analytic approaches to synthesize multimodal data of transdiagnostic relevance, identify important latent structures and biomarkers, and support the evaluation of existing transdiagnostic frameworks.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52767,"journal":{"name":"Biomarkers in Neuropsychiatry","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100122"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143288352","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biomarkers in alcohol use disorder - The promise and pitfalls of neuroimaging drug cue reactivity","authors":"Marlen Pfisterer ,&nbsp;Sina Zimmermann ,&nbsp;Judith Zaiser ,&nbsp;Sarah Gerhardt ,&nbsp;Sabine Vollstädt-Klein ,&nbsp;Falk Kiefer ,&nbsp;Patrick Bach","doi":"10.1016/j.bionps.2025.100119","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bionps.2025.100119","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":52767,"journal":{"name":"Biomarkers in Neuropsychiatry","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100119"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143181182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Developing non-invasive molecular markers for early risk assessment of Alzheimer's disease","authors":"Tapas K. Sur ,&nbsp;Tanmoy Mondal ,&nbsp;Zarish Noreen ,&nbsp;Jheannelle Johnson ,&nbsp;Gail Nunlee-Bland ,&nbsp;Christopher A. Loffredo ,&nbsp;Brent E. Korba ,&nbsp;Vijay Chandra ,&nbsp;Siddhartha S. Jana ,&nbsp;Bernard Kwabi-Addo ,&nbsp;Sumit Sarkar ,&nbsp;Somiranjan Ghosh","doi":"10.1016/j.bionps.2025.100120","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bionps.2025.100120","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a heterogeneous neurodegenerative disease, with no standard biomarker(s) to detect or confirm its risk at an early stage. The prevalence of AD increases exponentially worldwide in people of ages over 65 and older. Current improvements have unveiled the disease's pathophysiology and clinical diagnostic tests, targeting the neurological changes (neurodegeneration, amyloid precursor protein metabolism and tangle pathology) with precise PET/MRI imaging and xMAP/SIMOA (Multiplex simultaneous detection/single molecule array) to identify and quantify β-amyloids (Aβ40, Aβ42), total tau (T-tau) and phosphorylated tau (P-tau) proteins in the brain and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients. However, their utility for diagnosis in routine clinical practice is still challenging because of cost, accessibility, standardization, procedural limitation, and regulatory approval. Further research is needed to establish affordable, patient-friendly, easy, quick, and robust biomarkers for early AD detection, progression, and therapeutic management. Research on blood-based preclinical diagnosis and clinical practice for AD has advanced significantly in the last decade. Emerging literature supports the importance of new molecular biomarkers and signature genes from blood to detect and predict AD in advance. This review examines the potential applications of these blood-based target biomarkers for early disease detection, co-morbid condition risk prediction, and treatment management of AD.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52767,"journal":{"name":"Biomarkers in Neuropsychiatry","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100120"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143352413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cognitive performance and differentiation of B-SNIP psychosis Biotypes: Algorithmic Diagnostics for Efficient Prescription of Treatments (ADEPT) - 2","authors":"Brett A. Clementz ,&nbsp;Ishanu Chattopadhyay ,&nbsp;S. Kristian Hill ,&nbsp;Jennifer E. McDowell ,&nbsp;Sarah K. Keedy ,&nbsp;David A. Parker ,&nbsp;Rebekah L. Trotti ,&nbsp;Elena I. Ivleva ,&nbsp;Matcheri S. Keshavan ,&nbsp;Elliot S. Gershon ,&nbsp;Godfrey D. Pearlson ,&nbsp;Carol A. Tamminga ,&nbsp;Robert D. Gibbons","doi":"10.1016/j.bionps.2024.100117","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bionps.2024.100117","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>The B-SNIP consortium validated neurobiologically defined psychosis Biotypes (BT1, BT2, BT3) using cognitive and psychophysiological measures. B-SNIP’s biomarker panel is not practical for most settings. Previously, B-SNIP developed an efficient classifier of Biotypes using only clinical assessments (called ADEPT-CLIN) with acceptable accuracy (∼.81). Adding cognitive performance may improve ADEPT’s performance.</div></div><div><h3>Method</h3><div>Clinical assessments from ADEPT-CLIN plus 18 cognitive measures from 1907 individuals with a B-SNIP psychosis Biotype were used to create an additional diagnostic algorithm called ADEPT-COG. Extremely randomized trees were used to create this low burden classifier.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Total Biotype classification accuracy peaked at 94.6 % with 65 items. A reduced set of 18 items showed 90.5 % accuracy. Only 9–10 items achieved a one-vs-all (e.g., BT1 or not) accuracy of ∼.95, considerably better than using clinical assessments alone. The top discriminators of psychosis Biotypes were antisaccade proportion correct, BACS total, symbol coding, antisaccade correct response latency, verbal memory, digit sequencing, stop signal reaction times, stop signal proportion correct, Tower of London, and WRAT Reading. Except for antisaccade proportion correct and Tower of London, there was no overlap of the top discriminating items for B-SNIP Biotypes and DSM psychosis categories.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>This low-burden algorithm using clinical and cognitive measures achieved high classification accuracy and can support Biotype-specific etiological and treatment investigations in clinical and research environments. It may be especially useful for clinical trials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52767,"journal":{"name":"Biomarkers in Neuropsychiatry","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100117"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143181181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A systematic review of neurobiological aspects of borderline personality disorder among adolescent patients","authors":"Liliana Cruz-Ausejo ,&nbsp;Alex Rojas-Ortega ,&nbsp;Glauco Valdivieso-Jiménez ,&nbsp;Anthony Copez-Lonzoy ,&nbsp;Andrea Matayoshi ,&nbsp;Josmel Pacheco-Mendoza ,&nbsp;Vicente A. Benites-Zapata","doi":"10.1016/j.bionps.2024.100114","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bionps.2024.100114","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Borderline personality Disorder is a complex mental health condition with disturbances in emotions, self-perception, and relationships. Emerging in adolescence, it reaches its peak in early adulthood, impacting 1 %-3 % of individuals.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We documented this review in PROSPERO with the registration code CRD4202126220. Subsequently, we conducted a comprehensive search across Pubmed, PsycINFO, Medline, Embase, Web of Science and Scopus databases. A systematic synthesis focusing on the neurobiological foundations of borderline personality disorder is presented.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>A total of 22 studies and 1400 participants were included. Most of the studies 10/22 and 4/22 were from Australia and Germany, respectively. Genetic findings linked the short allele of 5-HTTLPR to the elevated borderline personality disorder traits and revealed neuroendocrine alterations. While imaging studies documented structural brain changes in areas such as the dorsolateral frontal gyrus and hippocampus, and reduced volumes in the anterior cingulate cortex and corpus callosum. Electrophysiological studies indicated abnormal cerebral maturation with diminished P300 amplitudes and increased alpha phase synchrony in borderline personality disorder adolescents, particularly during emotional tests.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>We concluded that while borderline personality disorder symptoms may endure from adolescence into adulthood, existing evidence lacks consistency in neurobiological findings. Differences in the prefrontal cortex, orbitofrontal cortex, amygdala and hippocampus showed potential significance, however, electrophysiological, biochemical and genetic presented insufficient generalizable evidence for adolescents. Longitudinal studies and further investigation are needed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52767,"journal":{"name":"Biomarkers in Neuropsychiatry","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100114"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143181180","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"HPA system in anxiety disorder patients treated with cognitive behavioural therapy: A review","authors":"Jennifer Lange ,&nbsp;Angelika Erhardt-Lehmann","doi":"10.1016/j.bionps.2024.100116","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bionps.2024.100116","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Anxiety disorders (AD) have a complex etiology involving genetic, psychophysiological and environmental factors. Recent biomarker research in AD shows alterations in anatomical, biochemical and physiological pathways as well as in endocrinological processes. Perceived stress is one of the factors often reported in relation to the onset and the course of AD. Hence, the function of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, the endogenous system regulating the stress response homeostasis, may serve as biomarker in disease etiology and response to treatment. Vice versa, successful treatment could have an advantageous effect on the function of the HPA system. In the present review, we summarize findings on the HPA system in relation to AD and first results on its modifiability in response to cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), one of the most efficacious psychotherapeutic treatments for AD. We specifically focus on findings of experimental studies that explored cortisol levels before, during and after exposure-based CBT. A systematic search was conducted in MEDLINE/PubMed, PsycINFO, Web of Science, and in references of retrieved studies until April 2024. The inclusion criteria were studies enclosing keywords related to the HPA axis, an anxiety disorder and CBT techniques. The results of the summarized studies suggest that cortisol levels have the potential to indicate the AD disease status and serve as possible biomarker in outcome prediction. Global dysfunction of the HPA system seems to point to higher symptom burden and less advantageous response to CBT. Furthermore, low cortisol levels elicited in relation to exposure interventions are repeatedly associated with risk for non-response. Additionally, some evidence suggests that successful CBT containing exposure sessions as well as cognitive techniques induces normalization of the HPA system by reducing acute response to fear related stimuli in parallel to normalizing basal cortisol levels. To conclude, cortisol seems to be a promising candidate to depict several aspects of AD-related disease status and CBT effects, however, additional prospective studies are needed to evaluate the mode of applications of this marker in the clinical routine.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52767,"journal":{"name":"Biomarkers in Neuropsychiatry","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100116"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143181167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ECT & CRP, quo vadis? - A retrospective study of low-grade inflammation in patients with depression undergoing electroconvulsive therapy","authors":"Moritz Spangemacher ,&nbsp;Sebastian Karl ,&nbsp;Suna Su Aksay ,&nbsp;Eva Kathrin Lamadé ,&nbsp;Jana Plemper ,&nbsp;Alexander Sartorius ,&nbsp;Bruno Pedraz-Petrozzi","doi":"10.1016/j.bionps.2024.100115","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bionps.2024.100115","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is the most effective treatment for severe depression. Depression has been associated with low-grade inflammation (LGI), as indicated by elevated C-reactive protein (CRP) levels compared to healthy individuals. While the effect of ECT on inflammation markers remains unclear, some evidence suggests that higher baseline CRP levels may predict remission in ECT. Additionally, LGI could influence the seizure threshold and thus the required stimulation dose.</div></div><div><h3>Materials and methods</h3><div>This retrospective study examined the potential link between LGI and treatment outcomes as well as stimulation doses across multiple ECT sessions, controlling for age and interparticipant variability. The hypothesis of this study was that LGI was associated with ECT remission as well as with ECT dosing in people with depression. Two groups were defined, depending on CRP levels, those with LGI (CRP 3–10 mg/L) and those without (CRP &lt; 3 mg/L). Generalized linear models were used to analyze maximum ECT doses, while linear mixed models were applied to assess changes in ECT doses over time.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>After 10 ECT sessions, we found no significant difference in remission rates between patients with (n = 52) and without LGI (n = 143). However, patients with baseline LGI had higher maximum ECT doses. A linear mixed model revealed that the number of sessions and baseline LGI significantly influenced ECT doses, with patients with baseline LGI needing higher doses, particularly at the seventh session. Age also was associated with both maximum doses and dose adjustments throughout the ECT series, but the influence of LGI on ECT dose was independent of age, since no age differences were observed between groups.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Baseline inflammation was not associated with remission rates, but it had a significant association with ECT dosing. Therefore, while CRP may not be a reliable biomarker for predicting ECT response in depression, baseline inflammation could indicate the need for a higher stimulation dose.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52767,"journal":{"name":"Biomarkers in Neuropsychiatry","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100115"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143181169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Subjective experience, psychosocial functioning and different psychomotor clusters in catatonia: How are they connected?","authors":"Geva A. Brandt ,&nbsp;Stefan Fritze ,&nbsp;Dilsa Cemre Akkoc Altinok ,&nbsp;Sebastian Volkmer ,&nbsp;Jacqueline Kukovic ,&nbsp;Jonas Daub ,&nbsp;Katharina M. Kubera ,&nbsp;Georg Northoff ,&nbsp;Andreas Meyer-Lindenberg ,&nbsp;Dusan Hirjak","doi":"10.1016/j.bionps.2024.100113","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bionps.2024.100113","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Catatonia involves decreased, increased, and abnormal psychomotor activity, but most previous studies mainly focused on motor signs, neglecting the patients' subjective experiences. This study aimed to characterize psychomotor activity levels as introduced in the ICD-11 and their relation to subjectivity and overall psychosocial functioning in catatonia.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We examined 54 patients with catatonia and 90 patients with schizophrenia spectrum- or mood disorders according to ICD-11 using an extensive battery of psychomotor-related clinical rating scales and Northoff Scale for subjective experience in catatonia (NSSC). For catatonia patients partial correlation coefficients between ICD-11 psychomotor clusters and their surrogate parameters were calculated. Group differences were analyzed using MANCOVA and post-hoc ANOVA. Finally, linear discriminant analysis (LDA) was used to examine the classification value of the respective rating scales and different surrogate parameters of ICD-11-related psychomotor activity.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>In catatonia patients decreased psychomotor activity was associated with psychomotor retardation (p&lt;.05)), while increased activity was positively correlated with impulsivity and negatively correlated with psychomotor retardation (both p-values&lt;.01). Abnormal psychomotor activity was positively associated with stereotypies as well as mannerisms, affectation and posturing. Significant group differences were observed in subjective experience, social performance, trait anxiety, psychomotor slowing, processing speed, and cognitive functioning. LDA revealed that the respective psychomotor-related rating scales are capable of distinguishing between diagnostic groups, albeit with varying degrees of classification accuracy (61.8 %-87.5 %).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>We identified a relationship between varying levels of psychomotor activity, subjective experiences, and psychosocial functioning in catatonia as defined by the ICD-11. Future large-scale studies are needed to validate these findings and refine assessment tools, such as the NSSC, by integrating subjective experiences with objective rating scales. This approach could pave the way for more tailored treatment options that consider the unique subjective experiences of catatonia patients.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52767,"journal":{"name":"Biomarkers in Neuropsychiatry","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100113"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143181168","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Uncovering nesfatin-1 and irisin hormones in schizophrenia and psychosis patients: A comparative investigation","authors":"Erhan Dinçer ,&nbsp;Sermin Algul ,&nbsp;Oguz Ozcelik","doi":"10.1016/j.bionps.2024.100112","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bionps.2024.100112","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>This study aims to elucidate the potential roles of the hormones nesfatin-1 and irisin in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and psychosis.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>The study involved 80 participants, divided into three groups: schizophrenia (n=30), psychosis (n=20), and controls (n=30). Blood samples were collected from these participants, and the levels of irisin and nesfatin-1 were measured using the ELISA method.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The findings revealed that nesfatin-1 levels in schizophrenia patients were significantly higher compared to those in psychosis patients and controls. Additionally, nesfatin-1 levels in psychosis patients were significantly higher than in controls. In contrast, irisin levels were significantly lower in schizophrenia patients compared to both psychosis patients and controls.</div></div><div><h3>Discussion</h3><div>These results suggest that nesfatin-1 and irisin may have important implications for understanding and treating schizophrenia and psychosis. Further research is needed to explore the roles of these hormones in the etiology, diagnosis, and treatment of these conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52767,"journal":{"name":"Biomarkers in Neuropsychiatry","volume":"11 ","pages":"Article 100112"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142651802","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}