Biomarkers in Neuropsychiatry最新文献

{"title":"Analysis of choroidal vessel density in patients with multiple sclerosis","authors":"Jeniffer Jesus ,&nbsp;Raquel Soares ,&nbsp;Rafael Geraldes ,&nbsp;Maria Matias ,&nbsp;João Chibante","doi":"10.1016/j.bionps.2021.100040","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bionps.2021.100040","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><p>Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic neuro inflammatory disease which leads to progressive disability. Recent evidence suggests that vascular impairment may contribute to MS onset and progression. Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography (OCT-A) has emerged as an important imaging tool which should allow further exploration of the vessel changes in the pathogenesis and prognosis of MS.</p></div><div><h3>Purpose</h3><p>To quantify the vascular density (VD) of the choroid (CH) and choriocapillaris (CC) in patients with MS, comparing with normal eyes.</p></div><div><h3>Materials and Methods</h3><p>45 eyes of 45 MS patients [31 female; mean age (years ± SD) 41,87 ± 11.04; axial length (AL) (AL ± SD) 23.68 ± 0.90) and 45 aged-matched control subjects (33 female; mean age 39,.6 ± 8,93; AL 23.36 ± 0.75] were enrolled in this prospective study. We obtained OCT-A images based on a full-spectrum amplitude de-correlation angiography (FSADA) algorithm. The OCT-A images of the CH and CC were used for quantitative assessment in three regions of the fovea, namely, Region 1 (0–500 μm) Region 2 (500–1000 μm) and Region 3 (1000−1500 μm). Relationships of VD between MS patients with and without optic neuritis (ON) and controls were investigated by binary vessel maps generated from OCT-A slabs and analyzed using ImageJ software.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Compared to controls, in eyes with MS, CH VD was significantly decreased in Region 2 (p = 0.01) and Region 3 (p &lt; 0.01). CCVD was not different between the groups although showing a decreasing tendency in the MS group. Between eyes with and without ON there were a tendency to reduced VD in the ON group in all regions analyzed for both CH and CC layer. All the layers analyzed revealed a positive correlation between CH VD and CC VD and a negative correlation between CC VD and AL.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>Although studies have assessed retinal VD in MS using OCT-A, the choroidal vasculature in MS remains understudied. Our results cautiously suggest a functional circulatory disturbance of choroidal vasculatures in MS patients, mainly in those who have previous ON history.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":52767,"journal":{"name":"Biomarkers in Neuropsychiatry","volume":"5 ","pages":"Article 100040"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.bionps.2021.100040","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"93560341","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Post-traumatic stress disorder: A biopsychosocial case-control study investigating peripheral blood protein biomarkers","authors":"Daniel Maguire ,&nbsp;Joanne Watt ,&nbsp;Cherie Armour ,&nbsp;Melissa Milanak ,&nbsp;Susan Lagdon ,&nbsp;John V. Lamont ,&nbsp;Mary Jo Kurth ,&nbsp;Peter Fitzgerald ,&nbsp;Tara Moore ,&nbsp;Mark W. Ruddock","doi":"10.1016/j.bionps.2021.100042","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bionps.2021.100042","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Experiencing traumatic events is unfortunately commonplace and, in some cases, may lead to the onset of debilitating mental health disorders, such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Current diagnostic criteria for PTSD results in high depression and anxiety comorbidity. Better understanding of biological mechanisms and pathways underlying PTSD could aid in more accurate case identification and stratification of treatments. Recent meta-analysis has identified chronic PTSD to be associated with increased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and alterations in neuronal structures which contribute to an overall reduction in brain volume. Despite this, there are currently no biological markers in clinical use to identify PTSD or monitor treatment. This case-control study (n = 40) aimed to identify differences in peripheral blood biomarkers, and biomarker combinations, able to distinguish PTSD participants from controls, and examine in a biopsychosocial framework. The levels of 5/37 biomarkers investigated were significantly altered in the serum of PTSD participants: HDL and LDL cholesterol, tPA, IL-8 and EGF. Biomarkers could be used in combination with psychological criteria, in a biopsychosocial model, to support clinical management decisions and ensure appropriate individual treatment pathways.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":52767,"journal":{"name":"Biomarkers in Neuropsychiatry","volume":"5 ","pages":"Article 100042"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666144621000137/pdfft?md5=73d2423b60848b106a92368a53ffdb8c&pid=1-s2.0-S2666144621000137-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42493362","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Serum Neurofilament Light concentrations are not associated with renal function in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis","authors":"T. Williams ,&nbsp;H. Zetterberg ,&nbsp;J. Chataway","doi":"10.1016/j.bionps.2021.100044","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bionps.2021.100044","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Neurofilament Light (NFL) is a promising biomarker of neuroaxonal injury. Its utility may be improved by expression relative to age-matched controls and by adjusting for other covariates, such as body mass index. It has recently been suggested that renal function may modulate the rate of clearance of NFL from circulation, which if confirmed would make renal function an important additional covariate to take into account when interpreting NFL data in research or clinical settings. Here we explore the relationship between renal function and NFL in a cohort of patients with secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (SPMS).</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>We examined data from patients with SPMS who took part in the MS-STAT randomised controlled trial. We use multivariable linear regression to explore the relationship between serum NFL and renal function, and additionally to examine whether including renal function as a covariate improves the ability of NFL to predict the subsequent rate of whole brain atrophy.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Data on renal function and serum NFL was available for 122 patients. Mean eGFR 88 ml/min/1.73 m² (range 38.2–121.9). We found no evidence to support a relationship between renal function and serum NFL in this cohort. Furthermore, the inclusion of eGFR as a covariate in models assessing the relationship between NFL and the rate of whole brain atrophy had no significant effect upon the relationships observed.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>We find no evidence for a relationship between renal function and NFL in a cohort of patients with secondary progressive multiple sclerosis. We hypothesise that the previously observed relationships between NFL and renal function related to associations between renal function and subclinical neuropathology, rather than due to modulating clearance of NFL from the circulation, but further research would be required to confirm such mechanisms.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":52767,"journal":{"name":"Biomarkers in Neuropsychiatry","volume":"5 ","pages":"Article 100044"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666144621000150/pdfft?md5=c6d9c9c04450fe116697648504114ae7&pid=1-s2.0-S2666144621000150-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48701122","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diagnostic biomarkers in Alzheimer’s disease","authors":"Emerlee Andersen ,&nbsp;Bryce Casteigne ,&nbsp;William Daniel Chapman ,&nbsp;Andrew Creed ,&nbsp;Forrest Foster ,&nbsp;Allison Lapins ,&nbsp;Rhonna Shatz ,&nbsp;Russell P. Sawyer","doi":"10.1016/j.bionps.2021.100041","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bionps.2021.100041","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this review article we examine the various types of diagnostic biomarkers which are used in the early detection of Alzheimer’s disease. This review summerizes the A/T/N classification system for Alzheimer’s biomarkers and its use in the biomarker-based diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease. Furthermore we review the use of structural MRI, 18F-FDG PET, Amyloid PET, Tau PET, cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers, and the emerging role of plasma biomarkers in the diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease. In doing so we discuss each biomarkers correlation with pathologic findings, ability to distinguish Alzheimer’s disease from healthy aging, ability to distinguish Alzheimer’s disease from other neurodegenerative diseases, role in A/T/N classification system, and limitations of each biomarker.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":52767,"journal":{"name":"Biomarkers in Neuropsychiatry","volume":"5 ","pages":"Article 100041"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.bionps.2021.100041","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"100058129","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advancing translational research through the interface of digital phenotyping and neuroimaging: A narrative review","authors":"Erica Camacho ,&nbsp;Roscoe O. Brady Jr ,&nbsp;Paulo Lizano ,&nbsp;Matcheri Keshavan ,&nbsp;John Torous","doi":"10.1016/j.bionps.2021.100032","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bionps.2021.100032","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Instead of matching neuroimaging to static clinical targets, it is currently possible to use dynamic biobehavioral markers of cognition, functioning, behavior, and symptoms captured through a person’s smartphone. This paper reviews the published literature linking neuroimaging and smartphone data to understand the feasibility, methods, and potential of using smartphone sensing (often called digital phenotyping) as a target for neuroimaging. On June 30, 2020, a literature search was conducted on PubMed and PsycINFO for studies utilizing neuroimaging and smartphones tools. We excluded EEG focused studies, conference proceedings and abstracts. A snowball approach was applied to further locate papers. We utilized the NIMH’s Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) framework to organize results. 262 publications uncovered by the search were screened, and 14 papers were included in the final analysis. All studies differed in terms of the type of data collected from smartphones, type of neuroimaging used, areas of the brain measured, and population studied. The average duration before or after neuroimaging and smartphone assessments was 39 days. While it was not possible to directly compare studies, a majority of the included reports were classified under the Negative Valence Systems category in the RDoC framework. All studies reported statistically significant relationships between the information collected via the digital tool and the brain scans, and support feasibility of this method. The current literature connecting smartphone data and neuroimaging is nascent but holds the potential to better understand the ability of digital tools to inform brain structure and/or function. Although the protocols and studies from this search were heterogenous, results suggest feasibility and practicality of this work.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":52767,"journal":{"name":"Biomarkers in Neuropsychiatry","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100032"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.bionps.2021.100032","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"106330396","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Backtracing persistent biomarker shifts to the age of onset: A novel procedure applied to men’s and women’s white blood cell counts in post-traumatic stress disorder","authors":"Vladeta Ajdacic-Gross ,&nbsp;Lena Ajdacic ,&nbsp;Yanhua Xu ,&nbsp;Mario Müller ,&nbsp;Stephanie Rodgers ,&nbsp;Christine Wyss ,&nbsp;Sebastian Olbrich ,&nbsp;Anna Buadze ,&nbsp;Erich Seifritz ,&nbsp;En-Young N. Wagner ,&nbsp;Dragana Radovanovic ,&nbsp;Viktor von Wyl ,&nbsp;Nina Steinemann ,&nbsp;Markus A. Landolt ,&nbsp;Enrique Castelao ,&nbsp;Marie-Pierre F. Strippoli ,&nbsp;Mehdi M. Gholamrezaee ,&nbsp;Jennifer Glaus ,&nbsp;Caroline Vandeleur ,&nbsp;Martin Preisig ,&nbsp;Roland von Känel","doi":"10.1016/j.bionps.2021.100030","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bionps.2021.100030","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Traumatic experiences tend to be preserved in altered biomarker profiles. These profiles can be traced back from cross-sectional data regarding the age of exposure. Consequently, the change across developmental stages, e.g. from childhood to adulthood, can also be reconstructed. This study introduces a backtrace procedure that is illustrated using white blood cell (WBC) counts in full / partial post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The procedure was applied separately on men's and women's data to provide a replication of the analysis based on different subsamples.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>The analysis was carried out with data from the CoLaus|PsyCoLaus study (N = 5111, 2370 men and 2741 women, age range 35–88 years). It was restricted to traumatic experiences that occurred until the age of 35, i.e., the lower age limit of the sample. The WBC counts from up to two assessments were standardized, pooled and assigned to the reported age of trauma exposure. This resulted in age series for each marker, whereas the reference values were based on subjects who did not experience any trauma exposure. The backtrace procedure ascertained the peaks and troughs of the age series and determined the best-fitting critical age range surrounding each peak or trough based on the best p-value from simple t-tests.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>In CoLaus|PsyCoLaus, 750 participants reported trauma exposure until the age of 35, and 86 (out of 329) men and 187 (out of 421) women thereof were coded with a full or partial PTSD. Full / partial PTSD after trauma exposure in childhood was characterized by increased WBC counts (lymphocytes, eosinophils – in women also neutrophils). This pattern was partly retained during adolescence, in men due to eosinophils counts and in women due to lymphocyte counts. For exposure in young adulthood, the deviations were in the negative direction – in men with decreased basophils, in women with decreased lymphocytes and monocytes.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>Summarizing, the backtrace approach revealed WBC profiles in PTSD that were specific to particular developmental age stages. The strongest persistent upregulation of the immune system related to trauma exposure was traceable to childhood / early adolescence both in men and in women. Further research will show which biomarkers are similarly suitable for backtracing as WBC counts. As in PTSD, the backtrace approach could also be applied to identifying persistent biomarker profiles in other mental disorders, as well as autoimmune and other chronic diseases.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":52767,"journal":{"name":"Biomarkers in Neuropsychiatry","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100030"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.bionps.2021.100030","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42138733","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Is a paired-stimuli configuration necessary to obtain typical evoked response differences in studies of psychosis? An MEG study","authors":"William Oliver ,&nbsp;David Parker ,&nbsp;William Hetrick ,&nbsp;Brett A. Clementz","doi":"10.1016/j.bionps.2021.100033","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bionps.2021.100033","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Paired-stimuli (S1-S2) procedures have long been used to assess auditory processing in psychosis. Such studies have shown aberrant evoked responses (ERPs) following long (S1 response) and/or short (S2 response) inter-stimulus intervals. The historical tendency from paired stimuli outcomes in the schizophrenia (SZ) literature is for (i) response to the first stimulus (S1) to be smaller among SZ, and (ii) response to the second stimulus (S2) to be larger among SZ in relation to the size of their S1. An interpretation of these two findings is that SZ have poor auditory response suppression to redundant stimuli (“poor gating”). The present study sought to determine if the reported S1 and S2 effects in SZ (smaller S1 and larger S2 in relation to S1 magnitude) require the paired-stimuli presentation format. Participants (18 schizophrenia and 17 healthy persons) were administered the equivalent of S1 (after a 4.5-sec ISI – “long ISI”) and S2 (after a 500-ms ISI – “short ISI”) stimuli under four conditions (traditional paired long and short, randomly interleaved long and short, block of long, block of short). Neural activity differences were consistent between-groups independent of condition: (i) schizophrenia cases had greater activity in the pre-stimulus to very early post-stimulus period, (ii) healthy persons had greater M100 activity to long ISI stimuli, and (iii) healthy persons had greater activity after the M50/M100 evoked fields (recovery phase) following short ISI stimuli. Simple early auditory processing in psychosis may be largely independent of stimulus presentation condition, an outcome that may help re-frame future translational studies. Traditional paired-stimuli auditory neural response effects may not require the paired-stimuli format.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":52767,"journal":{"name":"Biomarkers in Neuropsychiatry","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100033"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.bionps.2021.100033","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40705822","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biomarkers and neurobehavioral diagnosis","authors":"Joshua B. Ewen ,&nbsp;William Z. Potter ,&nbsp;John A. Sweeney","doi":"10.1016/j.bionps.2020.100029","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bionps.2020.100029","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Our current diagnostic methods for treatment planning in Psychiatry and Neurodevelopmental Disabilities leave room for improvement, and null results in clinical trials in these fields may be a result of insufficient tools for patient stratification. Great hope has been placed in novel technologies to improve clinical and trial outcomes, but we have yet to see a substantial change in clinical practice. As we examine attempts at biomarker validation within these fields, we find that it may be the diagnoses themselves that fall short. We now need to improve neuropsychiatric nosologies with a focus on validity based not solely on behavioral features, but on a synthesis that includes genetic and biological data as well. The eventual goal is diagnostic biomarkers and diagnoses themselves based on distinct mechanisms, but such an understanding of the causal relationship across levels of analysis is likely to be elusive for some time. Rather, we propose an approach in the near-term that deconstructs diagnosis into a series of independent, empiric and clinically relevant associations among a single, defined patient group, a single biomarker, a single intervention and a single clinical outcome. Incremental study across patient groups, interventions, outcomes and modalities will lead to a more interdigitated network of knowledge, and correlations in metrics across levels of analysis will eventually give way to the causal understanding that will allow for mechanistically based diagnoses.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":52767,"journal":{"name":"Biomarkers in Neuropsychiatry","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100029"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.bionps.2020.100029","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39344103","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How not to think about biomarkers in psychiatry: Challenges and conceptual pitfalls","authors":"Awais Aftab ,&nbsp;Manu Sharma","doi":"10.1016/j.bionps.2021.100031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bionps.2021.100031","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":52767,"journal":{"name":"Biomarkers in Neuropsychiatry","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100031"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.bionps.2021.100031","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91686551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Treatment response biomarkers in anxiety disorders: From neuroimaging to neuronally-derived extracellular vesicles and beyond","authors":"Jeffrey R. Strawn ,&nbsp;Amir Levine","doi":"10.1016/j.bionps.2020.100024","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bionps.2020.100024","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Multiple and diverse psychotherapeutic or psychopharmacologic treatments effectively reduce symptoms for many patients with anxiety disorders, but the trajectory and magnitude of response vary considerably. This heterogeneity of treatment response has invigorated the search for biomarkers of treatment response in anxiety disorders, across the lifespan. In this review, we summarize evidence for biomarkers of treatment response in children, adolescents and adults with generalized, separation and social anxiety disorders as well as panic disorder. We then discuss the relationship between these biomarkers of treatment response and the pathophysiology of anxiety disorders. Finally, we provide context for treatment response biomarkers of the future, including neuronally-derived extracellular vesicles in anxiety disorders and discuss challenges that must be overcome prior to the debut of treatment response biomarkers in the clinic. A number of promising treatment response biomarkers have been identified, although there is an urgent need to replicate findings and to identify which biomarkers might guide clinicians in selecting from available treatments rather than just simply identifying patients who may be less likely to respond to a given intervention.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":52767,"journal":{"name":"Biomarkers in Neuropsychiatry","volume":"3 ","pages":"Article 100024"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.bionps.2020.100024","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38417472","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}