Journal of Trauma and Injury最新文献

{"title":"Penetrating orbital floor injury by an undetected foreign body: a case report.","authors":"Simon Chummar, Yamini Ghatikar, K Thoi Thoi Singha, Divya Ann Mathews","doi":"10.20408/jti.2025.0025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20408/jti.2025.0025","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Orbital trauma can result in significant complications, particularly when accompanied by foreign body entrapment. Wooden foreign bodies are rare but carry a high risk of infection and chronic inflammation. In these cases, immediate surgical intervention is critical for restoring orbital anatomy and preventing complications. A 16-year-old male patient presented with a 2-month history of persistent pus discharge from his right cheek following facial trauma sustained from a fall. Initial management involved drainage of the abscess; however, the condition persisted. On examination, the patient exhibited infraorbital nerve paresthesia and an orbital floor fracture, and his history was notable for prior foreign body retrieval involving wooden fragments. Computed tomography revealed retained foreign bodies and discontinuity of the orbital floor. Surgical management included foreign body retrieval, the Caldwell-Luc procedure, and orbital floor reconstruction with mesh and platelet-rich fibrin placement. The patient's symptoms progressively improved over 6 months, with a reduction in paresthesia and no ocular or intracranial complications despite the delayed presentation. This case highlights the challenges of diagnosing and managing penetrating wooden foreign bodies in orbital trauma. It underscores the importance of prompt surgical intervention and interdisciplinary care to prevent potentially critical complications.</p>","PeriodicalId":52698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Trauma and Injury","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145001927","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Management of posttraumatic refractory paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity with bromocriptine: a case report.","authors":"Min-Seok Woo, Seong-Hyun Park, Jeong-Hyun Hwang, Chaejin Lee","doi":"10.20408/jti.2025.0016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20408/jti.2025.0016","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This case report describes a unique instance of refractory paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity (PSH) in a 19-year-old woman following a traumatic brain injury sustained in a motorcycle accident. The patient presented in a semicomatose state with a Glasgow Coma Scale score of 3 (E1, VT, M2), a significant left frontotemporal subdural hematoma, and a midline shift that necessitated emergency craniectomy and hematoma evacuation. Postoperatively, she developed recurrent episodes of hyperthermia, tachycardia, hypertension, tachypnea, diaphoresis, rigidity, and eyeball deviation triggered by non-noxious stimuli. These episodes proved resistant to conventional treatments, including opioids, sedatives, and β-blockers. Based on the clinical presentation and a Paroxysmal Sympathetic Hyperactivity-Assessment Measure score of 28 (out of 29), a diagnosis of PSH was established. Bromocriptine was initiated at 0.025 mg/kg every 12 hours and later increased to every 8 hours, leading to a significant reduction in both the frequency and severity of episodes within days. Complete resolution of PSH episodes was observed by the sixth day of bromocriptine treatment, with no recurrence during the remaining treatment period. Bromocriptine was administered for a total of 1 month before being discontinued, and the patient remained symptom-free over a 10-month follow-up period. This case highlights the efficacy of bromocriptine in managing refractory PSH and underscores the importance of early recognition and targeted intervention for this rare but debilitating condition. Bromocriptine may offer a valuable therapeutic option for similar cases, particularly when conventional therapies fail.</p>","PeriodicalId":52698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Trauma and Injury","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145001976","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identification of predictive factors and development of a prediction model for rehabilitation facility discharge in patients with traumatic spinal cord injury: a retrospective analysis of the National Trauma Data Bank.","authors":"James Bridges, Norris C Talbot, Michael Folse, Stephen Whipple, Bharat Guthikonda, Navdeep Samra, Deepak Kumbhare","doi":"10.20408/jti.2025.0049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20408/jti.2025.0049","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Previous studies have shown that early rehabilitation is associated with better long-term outcomes in patients with traumatic spinal cord injury. However, data are still limited regarding which factors are associated with discharge to a rehabilitation facility. This study aims to expand on prior research by identifying factors associated with disposition and by introducing a prediction model for these factors.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The National Trauma Data Bank was queried for patients aged 18 years or older who presented to US trauma centers from 2019 to 2021 with traumatic spinal cord injury. Multivariate logistic regression models were used to determine which patient, injury, and hospital variables were significant factors for disposition to a rehabilitation facility, compared to home and intermediate care facilities. Prediction modeling was then performed using these factors.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Overall, 14,597 patients were identified, of whom 6,220 were discharged to a rehabilitation facility, 2,647 to an intermediate care facility, and 5,730 to home. Significant factors associated with discharge to a rehabilitation facility compared to home included age, injury location and severity, insurance type, estimated length of stay, systolic blood pressure at admission, and admission blood alcohol level and drug screen results. Similarly, when comparing discharge to a rehabilitation facility with discharge to an intermediate care facility, sex, age, race, estimated length of stay, systolic blood pressure at admission, drug screen results, and coexisting substance use and metabolic conditions all significantly influenced disposition. Fine tree binary classification achieved a prediction accuracy of 72.5% when comparing discharge to a rehabilitation facility and home, and a prediction accuracy of 70.0% when comparing discharge to a rehabilitation facility and an intermediate care facility.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study demonstrates significant factors associated with discharge to a rehabilitation facility in patients with traumatic spinal cord injury. Further studies are needed to improve prediction accuracy.</p>","PeriodicalId":52698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Trauma and Injury","volume":"38 3","pages":"255-267"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145208510","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correlation of base deficit and age shock index with in-hospital mortality in geriatric major trauma patients: a 1-year retrospective study at a single level I trauma center in Indonesia.","authors":"Miftahul Khairat Musmar Elbama, M Iqbal Rivai, Irwan, Avit Suchitra, Aulia Rahman, Rose Dinda Martini","doi":"10.20408/jti.2025.0021","DOIUrl":"10.20408/jti.2025.0021","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Base deficit (BD) and age shock index have been utilized as an indicator of resuscitation adequacy and a predictor of poor outcomes in trauma cases, respectively. However, evidence regarding their correlation with in-hospital mortality among geriatric major trauma patients remains scarce in the literature.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This analytical observational study employed a retrospective cohort design involving 82 geriatric major trauma patients treated at our institution between November 2023 and November 2024. Data were collected from patients' medical records at admission (age, trauma mechanism, vital signs, Glasgow Coma Scale [GCS], Injury Severity Score, hemoglobin, BD, and comorbidities) and at discharge (survival or death).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The geriatric major trauma patients who experienced in-hospital mortality were predominantly male, with an average age of 69.6 years. Traffic accidents constituted the most common trauma mechanism. Most patients presented with a GCS score between 13 and 15, and hypertension was the most frequently recorded comorbidity. BD demonstrated a significant correlation with in-hospital mortality (P<0.05). Severe BD was associated with the highest odds of in-hospital mortality (adjusted odds ratio, 40.72; 95% confidence interval, 2.90-560.86). Although age shock index did not directly correlate with mortality, it played a confounding role. Additionally, a GCS score of <9 was significantly correlated with in-hospital mortality (P<0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The findings of this study can inform initial clinical management strategies for geriatric major trauma patients at trauma centers. Prompt resuscitation and treatment should be prioritized for patients presenting with moderate or severe BD to reduce preventable mortality in this population.</p>","PeriodicalId":52698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Trauma and Injury","volume":" ","pages":"204-210"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12489159/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145001934","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Silent ST elevation: unmasking blunt cardiac injury: a case report.","authors":"Vasudha Dinesh, Arun A Mohanan, Swetha Ramesh, Amaravathi Uthayakumar","doi":"10.20408/jti.2025.0034","DOIUrl":"10.20408/jti.2025.0034","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Blunt cardiac injury is a rare but serious complication of thoracic trauma. We present the case of a 22-year-old male pedestrian involved in a road traffic accident (pedestrian vs. four‑wheeler) who was found to have ST‑segment elevation on electrocardiography during trauma evaluation. Despite being hemodynamically stable and lacking clinical signs or symptoms of cardiac injury, his electrocardiography showed ST elevations in the inferior leads. This case underscores the importance of vigilant cardiac monitoring in polytrauma patients, in whom blunt cardiac injury may be easily overlooked.</p>","PeriodicalId":52698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Trauma and Injury","volume":" ","pages":"294-298"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12489157/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144486926","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Incidence and predictors of mortality among traumatic brain injury patients in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","authors":"Addisu Waleligne Tadesse, Derara Girma Tufa, Hiwot Dejene Dissassa, Melese Wagaye","doi":"10.20408/jti.2024.0104","DOIUrl":"10.20408/jti.2024.0104","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Traumatic brain injury (TBI) represents a significant public health concern due to its high incidence, substantial prevalence of chronic neuropsychiatric sequelae, disabilities, and economic burdens. Although several primary studies have examined mortality rates among individuals with TBI in Ethiopia, no systematic reviews and meta-analyses have yet synthesized these findings to provide a comprehensive nationwide estimate.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A systematic search for Ethiopian TBI mortality studies was conducted using PubMed, MEDLINE, Hinari, ScienceDirect, Ovid, the Web of Science, the Directory of Open Access Journals, and the African Journals Online. Following the PRISMA guidelines, we screened eligible studies, assessed quality with the Joanna Briggs Institute tool, and analyzed data in Stata ver. 18. A random-effects model estimated TBI mortality and the pooled odds ratios (PORs) of predictors. Heterogeneity (I2) was assessed, and subgroup analyses, meta-regression, forest plots, and funnel plots with Egger and Begg tests addressed variability and publication bias.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of 100 records, 23 studies (n=7,866) met inclusion. The pooled incidence of mortality from TBI in Ethiopia was 15.69% (95% confidence interval [CI], 12.41-18.96). Regional incidence varied from 3.15% (95% CI, 1.23-5.08) in the Sidama Region to 39.42% (95% CI, 33.25-45.59) in the Amhara Region. Identified predictors of mortality included aspiration pneumonia (POR, 10.41; 95% CI, 3.25-33.40), penetrating injury (POR, 1.76; 95% CI, 1.07-2.90), road traffic accident injuries (POR, 1.71; 95% CI, 1.11-2.64), severe Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) scores (POR, 18.94; 95% CI, 7.37-48.7), moderate GCS scores (POR, 2.95; 95% CI, 1.60-5.44), bilateral pupillary reaction (POR, 24.56; 95% CI, 7.72-78.19), unilateral pupillary reaction (POR, 7.75; 95% CI, 4.45-13.48), hypoxia (POR, 8.22; 95% CI, 2.42-27.98), concomitant injuries (POR, 2.15; 95% CI, 1.05-4.38), complications (POR, 4.76; 95% CI, 2.49-9.09), surgical management (POR, 0.58; 95% CI, 0.36-0.94), and mechanical ventilation (POR, 4.45; 95% CI, 2.00-9.88).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The high TBI mortality in Ethiopia underscores the urgent need to expand advanced trauma care centers, deploy trained personnel beyond urban areas, and strengthen road safety policies to achieve Sustainable Development Goal targets by 2030.</p>","PeriodicalId":52698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Trauma and Injury","volume":"38 3","pages":"181-194"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12489160/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145208469","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Trauma eponyms (1837-1950): a comprehensive historical review.","authors":"Halil Tekiner, Eileen S Yale, Jacob Draves, Steven H Yale","doi":"10.20408/jti.2025.0037","DOIUrl":"10.20408/jti.2025.0037","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Trauma eponyms reflect historical advancements in trauma medicine across various organ systems, often honoring pioneering physicians. These terms trace the evolution of medical understanding, particularly during wartime, though some have been replaced by more precise terminology. A comprehensive literature review was performed using the PubMed database to identify trauma-related eponyms described from 1837 to 1950. Supplementary biographical sources were also consulted. Eponyms were analyzed regarding their geographic distribution, affected organ systems, and ongoing clinical relevance, emphasizing connections to advancements in imaging, surgical procedures, and trauma care. A total of 30 trauma-related eponyms were identified, predominantly originating from France and Germany, highlighting the European leadership in medical research during the 19th and early 20th centuries. The pre-World War I period (1837-1914) emphasized anatomical and pathological observations, exemplified by eponyms such as Ollivier syndrome (1837), Curling ulcer (1842), and Klumpke paralysis (1885). The World Wars and subsequent postwar era (1914-1950) prompted significant innovations in battlefield medicine and surgical techniques, resulting in eponyms such as Tinel sign (1915), Bywaters syndrome (1941), and Fegeler syndrome (1949). While some eponyms have become obsolete, others remain clinically relevant due to clearly defined pathophysiological characteristics. Developments in imaging modalities (x-rays, magnetic resonance imaging, and computed tomography) and surgical methods have reinforced the contemporary relevance of these terms. Trauma-related eponyms provide a historical framework for understanding the evolution of trauma care. Their continued use highlights their diagnostic value and the enduring influence of historical medical discoveries on contemporary clinical practice.</p>","PeriodicalId":52698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Trauma and Injury","volume":"38 3","pages":"168-180"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12489155/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145208517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spontaneous resolution of papilledema and multilayered hemorrhages in Terson syndrome associated with subarachnoid hemorrhage: a case report.","authors":"Shreyas Temkar, Hemanth Ramachandar, Astha Gupta, Amit Kumar Deb","doi":"10.20408/jti.2024.0097","DOIUrl":"10.20408/jti.2024.0097","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Terson syndrome (TS) is a condition characterized by the association of intraocular hemorrhages with an underlying intracranial bleed. Although it is widely postulated that the condition arises from raised intracranial pressure, the occurrence of papilledema is rarely reported in TS. We present a case involving a 35 year old male patient who developed TS following a head injury. Papilledema was incidentally detected and managed with measures aimed at reducing intracranial pressure. The patient subsequently experienced spontaneous resolution of both the cerebral and ocular hemorrhages, as well as resolution of the papilledema. A dilated fundus examination is strongly recommended for any patient presenting with intracranial hemorrhage (especially subarachnoid hemorrhage) to identify intraocular hemorrhages and papilledema.</p>","PeriodicalId":52698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Trauma and Injury","volume":" ","pages":"290-293"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12489152/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144486927","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of pedestrian injury characteristics between preschoolers and early school-aged children in Korea: a cross-sectional study.","authors":"Ha Na Jeong, Chan Yong Park","doi":"10.20408/jti.2025.0040","DOIUrl":"10.20408/jti.2025.0040","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Pedestrian traffic injuries pose a significant public health issue worldwide and remain prevalent in Korea despite ongoing efforts to improve traffic safety. To inform future initiatives aimed at addressing this problem, this study compared pedestrian injuries between preschoolers (aged 4-5 years) and early school-aged children (aged 6-7 years), using national data on pedestrian injuries in these groups.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study analyzed secondary data from the 2020 Community-Based Severe Trauma Surveillance (2016-2020). Injury-related characteristics and outcome variables were compared between the two age groups. Additionally, the distribution of pedestrian injuries was analyzed by month, day, and time.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of 413 pedestrian injuries, 173 (41.9%) occurred in preschoolers and 240 (58.1%) occurred in early school-aged children. Injuries most frequently occurred in July for preschoolers (18.5%) and in June for early school-aged children (13.3%). Preschoolers experienced more injuries on Saturdays (22.0%), whereas early school-aged children had higher injury rates on Tuesdays and Thursday both (17.9%). Peak injury times were around 5 PM for preschoolers (16.2%) with a secondary peak at 9 AM (15.6%). For early school-aged children, 5 and 6 PM were peak injury times (both 14.6%), with a secondary peak at 3 PM (14.2%). The severe injury group (Injury Severity Score, 16-75) had a significantly higher mortality rate than the mild/moderate injury group (Injury Severity Score, 1-15; odds ratio, 5.65; P=0.006). Furthermore, the mortality rate was significantly higher at local emergency centers than at regional trauma centers (odds ratio, 4.00; P=0.011).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Understanding the distinct characteristics of pedestrian injuries among young children can inform targeted interventions and policies, ultimately mitigating this problem and improving traffic safety for children in Korea and globally.</p>","PeriodicalId":52698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Trauma and Injury","volume":"38 3","pages":"211-220"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12489158/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145208464","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Open total talar dislocation treated with reimplantation of the talus and reverse adipofascial sural flap: a case report.","authors":"Antonio Gilli, Maria Gabriella Lettera, Neomi Stefanetti, Georgios Touloupakis, Emmanouil Theodorakis, Elisa Pernigotti, Guido Antonini","doi":"10.20408/jti.2025.0010","DOIUrl":"10.20408/jti.2025.0010","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Talar extrusion is an extremely rare injury, with few cases described in the literature. Treatment options vary and are primarily determined by the degree of soft tissue involvement and the surgeon's experience. Good or acceptable outcomes have been reported with talar reimplantation, even in cases of open dislocations with severe contamination. However, a high complication rate has been observed, with infections and avascular necrosis of the talus representing the most frequent complications. The aim of this study is to present a case of open talar dislocation that was successfully treated. An 18-year-old male patient with an open talar extrusion and severe soft tissue damage was treated with reimplantation of the talus, yielding favorable results. Soft tissues were simultaneously reconstructed using a reverse adipofascial sural flap. The patient remained infection-free, and no signs of avascular necrosis were observed 1 year after the trauma.</p>","PeriodicalId":52698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Trauma and Injury","volume":" ","pages":"280-284"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12489161/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144978256","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}