Trauma eponyms (1837-1950): a comprehensive historical review.

Trauma eponyms reflect historical advancements in trauma medicine across various organ systems, often honoring pioneering physicians. These terms trace the evolution of medical understanding, particularly during wartime, though some have been replaced by more precise terminology. A comprehensive literature review was performed using the PubMed database to identify trauma-related eponyms described from 1837 to 1950. Supplementary biographical sources were also consulted. Eponyms were analyzed regarding their geographic distribution, affected organ systems, and ongoing clinical relevance, emphasizing connections to advancements in imaging, surgical procedures, and trauma care. A total of 30 trauma-related eponyms were identified, predominantly originating from France and Germany, highlighting the European leadership in medical research during the 19th and early 20th centuries. The pre-World War I period (1837-1914) emphasized anatomical and pathological observations, exemplified by eponyms such as Ollivier syndrome (1837), Curling ulcer (1842), and Klumpke paralysis (1885). The World Wars and subsequent postwar era (1914-1950) prompted significant innovations in battlefield medicine and surgical techniques, resulting in eponyms such as Tinel sign (1915), Bywaters syndrome (1941), and Fegeler syndrome (1949). While some eponyms have become obsolete, others remain clinically relevant due to clearly defined pathophysiological characteristics. Developments in imaging modalities (x-rays, magnetic resonance imaging, and computed tomography) and surgical methods have reinforced the contemporary relevance of these terms. Trauma-related eponyms provide a historical framework for understanding the evolution of trauma care. Their continued use highlights their diagnostic value and the enduring influence of historical medical discoveries on contemporary clinical practice.