Carbon Trends最新文献

{"title":"Graphene-enhanced Raman spectroscopy in ultra-low concentrations of pharmaceuticals","authors":"Nayeli Y. Gómez-Castillo ,&nbsp;Nardy J. Sallo-Chabla ,&nbsp;Daniela Pérez-Zárate ,&nbsp;María Fernanda Bósquez-Cáceres ,&nbsp;Julio C. Chacón-Torres","doi":"10.1016/j.cartre.2025.100505","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cartre.2025.100505","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this work, we provide a novel metrology method to detect the presence of ultra-low concentrations of ibuprofen and paracetamol dissolved in water by Raman spectroscopy. We have deposited a single microdrop of the contaminated water solution onto a graphene substrate. We found that low concentrations of pharmaceuticals trigger a Graphene Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy response allowing for the detection of pharmaceuticals in the low concentration limit of <span><math><mrow><mn>100</mn><mspace></mspace><mi>μ</mi><mi>g</mi></mrow></math></span>/mL. The enhancement factor observed for GERS in the G- and 2D lines reached up to 48 times derived from the molecular interaction of both molecules (graphene and the pharmaceutical), and 200 times for the D-line. Thus, we observed that the graphene monolayer enhances the pharmaceutical bands and quenches its fluorescence, allowing the identification of the pharmaceutical characteristic spectrum, which can be employed as a bio-marker of the pharmaceutical molecular presence. Finally, we performed a high-temperature treatment in vacuum conditions to study the recovery of graphene. After the thermal treatment, no contributions from ibuprofen were evident by Raman spectroscopy, but a high functionalization/oxidation stage. The conductivity of the graphene surface was also analyzed and it showed: (I) a decrease in the conductivity after the deposition of the pharmaceutical, and (II) a recovered conductance after the thermal treatment, which indicates a partial recovery of the substrate’s properties. This project brings an innovative tool for the detection of ultra-low concentrated pharmaceuticals when deposited on graphene. This discovery opens doors to a better understanding of the pollutant sources that will potentially contribute to the preservation of public sanity, pharmaceutical pollution research, and water quality monitoring in developing countries like Ecuador.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52629,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Trends","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100505"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143855960","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ultrafast dynamics of carrier relaxation determining the quasi-1D and non-1D electronic behaviors in carbon nanostructures","authors":"Godai Noyama ,&nbsp;Thomas Gauthier ,&nbsp;Yusuke Arashida ,&nbsp;Yui Iwasaki ,&nbsp;Riyo Nagao ,&nbsp;Yuri Saida ,&nbsp;Nicolas Godin ,&nbsp;Gaël Privault ,&nbsp;Hiroo Suzuki ,&nbsp;Yasuhiko Hayashi ,&nbsp;Shota Ono ,&nbsp;Roman Bertoni ,&nbsp;Masaki Hada","doi":"10.1016/j.cartre.2025.100510","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cartre.2025.100510","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We investigate the relaxation dynamics of photoexcited carriers in bundled few-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and van der Waals (vdW) heterostructures of CNTs covered with boron nitride nanotubes (BNNT) using ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopy from the near-infrared to the ultraviolet spectral range. The relaxation constant of the photoexcited carriers in bundled CNTs decreases with the photon energy of the probe, conversely, that in vdW heterostructures is almost constant with respect to the photon energy. The energy dependence of the relaxation constants for the probing photon energy determines whether the bundled CNT materials show one-dimensional (1D) or non-1D electronic behavior. The bundled CNTs show a non-1D electronic character, and the vdW heterostructures show a quasi-1D electronic one. It suggests that the bundled structure and intercalation of the insulating BNNT layer strongly influence their electronic dimensionality. These insights, offering a precise understanding of material properties, are beneficial for designing future optoelectronic devices based on nanostructured materials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52629,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Trends","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100510"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143848225","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Highly efficient caffeine-based PVA composite film for UV shielding","authors":"José I. Trujillo Galarza ,&nbsp;Luis G. Corredor González ,&nbsp;Christian Luciani ,&nbsp;Julio C. Chacón-Torres","doi":"10.1016/j.cartre.2025.100502","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cartre.2025.100502","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A transparent film based on a composite of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and caffeine was prepared for UV light absorption. The caffeine was extracted from ground coffee without further purification; in parallel, a 5.00 wt<span><math><mtext>%</mtext></math></span> aqueous PVA solution was prepared and mixed at different concentrations from the extracted caffeine. Polymeric films were prepared by spin-coating the mixed solution of PVA/caffeine deposited onto a borosilicate glass substrate. UV–Vis spectroscopy was employed to test the transparency and efficiency of UV absorption from the film. Our results revealed that the film prepared from the 1.00 wt<span><math><mtext>%</mtext></math></span> precursor solution of extracted caffeine exhibited the best absorption at the UV-C region (200 – 275 nm). On the other hand, the film prepared at the highest concentration of 5.00 wt<span><math><mtext>%</mtext></math></span> showed the best absorption in both UV-A and UV-B regions, although it was quite brittle compared to the rest. Our FTIR analysis showed a significant decrease in the OH band from PVA after adding 1.00 wt<span><math><mtext>%</mtext></math></span> crude caffeine, implying that the hydroxide sites of PVA interact with the caffeine molecules, up to saturation. This result verifies the correct integration of crude caffeine filler within the polymeric matrix <em>via</em> hydrogen bonding. X-ray diffraction analysis suggests that the <span><math><mi>α</mi></math></span>-phase of caffeine is crystallized in the composite film, however, the disappearance of the characteristic [11̄2] peak indicates the formation of caffeine clusters with preferred orientations along the [110] planes after saturation (1.00 wt<span><math><mtext>%</mtext></math></span>). It is also confirmed that the most amorphous film was 1.00 wt<span><math><mtext>%</mtext></math></span> caffeine, with a crystalline degree of approximately 14.82%. Our XPS analysis confirmed a caffeine concentration of about 0.94%, impurity level of 13.57%, and humidity level of 32.74% for the composite film prepared at 1.00 wt<span><math><mtext>%</mtext></math></span> PVA/caffeine solution. These results are of high importance in the field of polymer engineering research. Countries like Ecuador must develop coating materials that can effectively block or absorb harmful UV radiation in UV-shielding applications, which would enhance durability, performance, and protection.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52629,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Trends","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100502"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143850607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development and Optimization of Electrospun Respiratory Face Masks Utilizing PVDF, Graphene Oxide, and Copper Oxide Nanoparticles for Enhanced Efficiency and Antiviral Protection","authors":"Mohammad Mahdi Alaeddin ,&nbsp;Abbas Honarbakhsh Raouf ,&nbsp;Zohreh Bahrami ,&nbsp;Reza Faridi Majidi","doi":"10.1016/j.cartre.2025.100508","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cartre.2025.100508","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The development of efficient respiratory face masks is crucial, particularly in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. This study fabricates an antiviral respiratory face mask electrospun technology and optimizes its parameters through response surface methodology (RSM). A three-component nanocomposite comprising polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), graphene oxide (GO), and copper oxide (Cu₂O) nanoparticles was investigated. The effects of varying concentrations of PVDF, GO, and Cu₂O on the mask's properties, including efficiency and pressure drop were assessed. Box-Behnken design-based response surface models were employed to predict optimal conditions. Results indicated that concentrations of PVDF (16.09%), GO (2.40%), and Cu₂O (0.4414%) provided the best performance, achieving an efficiency of 99% and a pressure drop of 36.57 Pa under optimal conditions. The nanofibers exhibited positive morphological traits, and the addition of graphene oxide and copper oxide enhanced the beta phase in the nanocomposite. Additionally, the antibacterial and antiviral properties of the mask were evaluated, demonstrating its effectiveness against microbial pathogens. Overall, the optimized nanocomposite mask presents a promising solution for enhanced respiratory protection during infectious disease outbreaks.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52629,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Trends","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100508"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143838795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synthesis of graphene oxide: A refined approach","authors":"Maria Refalo Magro,&nbsp;Daniel A. Vella,&nbsp;Glenn Cassar","doi":"10.1016/j.cartre.2025.100509","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cartre.2025.100509","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The conventional method for preparing graphene oxide (GO) relies on the use of corrosive acids namely concentrated H₂SO₄, HNO₃, and H₃PO₄ as well as aggressive oxidizing agents such as KMnO₄ and KClO₄. The application of heat further exacerbates the preparation, promoting the release of harmful acidic NO<em>_x</em> and ClO₂ fumes. The formation of the by-product Mn₂O₇ could also increase the risk of explosion. A safe(r) and shorter method of preparation of GO has been a challenge for many researchers. This study presents a method of preparing GO, that reduces risks by eliminating the need for heating and shortening the oxidation step. This method utilises mixtures of concentrated H₂SO₄ and KMnO₄ with graphite thus eliminating the release of toxic fumes.</div><div>Characterization studies revealed that the graphite precursor with an average lateral flake size of 15.06 ±1.87 µm was successfully oxidized to GO and subsequently exfoliated to thinner sheets. The resulting GO exhibited a reduced average lateral sheet size of 10.22 0.62 µm and comprised approximately 10 layers, indicating that the precursor material is polycrystalline. Comprehensive XPS analysis revealed that the oxygen content and chemical states of carbon in the synthesized GO was comparable to that of commercially available GO, with similar distribution of oxygen functionalities. In the in-house produced GO, the predominant functional group was found to be the C-O bond corresponding to the epoxy group, followed by the ester and acid anhydride functional groups. Furthermore, the decrease in the percentage of sp² hybridized carbon in GO to 45.52 %—measured using X-ray induced Auger spectroscopy—confirms the successful oxidation of the precursor, which initially exhibited 80.21 % sp² character in graphite.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52629,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Trends","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100509"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143864132","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A comprehensive review of methylene blue dye adsorption on activated carbon from edible fruit seeds: A case study on kinetics and adsorption models","authors":"Safaa Talib Al-Asadi ,&nbsp;Zainab Haider Mussa ,&nbsp;Fouad Fadhil Al-Qaim ,&nbsp;Hesam Kamyab ,&nbsp;Haider Falih Shamikh Al-Saedi ,&nbsp;Issa Farhan Deyab ,&nbsp;Nisreen Jawad Kadhim","doi":"10.1016/j.cartre.2025.100507","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cartre.2025.100507","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In recent years, several industries have discharged wastewater containing high quantities of dyes directly into the ecosystem, creating a significant environmental hazard due to the contamination of soil, groundwater, and surface water. The rapid growth of the textile industry has exacerbated this issue, as residual materials, particularly dyes, in treated wastewater contribute to environmental degradation. Recent studies have demonstrated that activated carbon is highly effective in removing cationic dye, specifically methylene blue (MB), from wastewater. Adsorption has become the most widely used separation technique due to its efficiency in contaminant adsorption. This study focuses on the use of both treated and untreated adsorbents derived from discarded fruit seeds. Given the global demand for food and fruits, the use of fruit seeds to produce adsorbents has gained popularity due to their low cost, biocellulose content, and availability. The adsorbents were analyzed using FTIR, BET, SEM, and thermogravimetric (TG) methods. The relationship between the pH of the methylene blue solution and the pHpzc (point of zero charge) of the adsorbent surface was thoroughly characterized. This study provides a comprehensive examination of isothermal models, kinetic models, and thermodynamic functions. The phenomenon of adsorption, along with its relationship to surface area and pH, is also investigated. Finally, it was found that biowaste fruit seeds can serve as a low-cost alternative to commercial activated carbon for the effective removal of various pollutants from the aquatic environment on a large scale.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52629,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Trends","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100507"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143838796","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biochar from waste coffee husk as a thermal conductivity enhancer in palm stearin BPCMs","authors":"Andrés Chico-Proano ,&nbsp;Juan Francisco Nicolalde ,&nbsp;Milagros Boada ,&nbsp;Omar Bonilla ,&nbsp;Cristina Riofrio ,&nbsp;Juan Andrés Cueva ,&nbsp;Francisco Rodríguez-Clavijo ,&nbsp;Jennyfer Bolaños-Belalcazar ,&nbsp;Carla Suárez-Beltrán ,&nbsp;Maria A. Sandoval. R ,&nbsp;Haziel Diaz ,&nbsp;Javier Martínez-Gómez","doi":"10.1016/j.cartre.2025.100501","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cartre.2025.100501","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Bio-based phase change materials (BPCM) integrate natural sources like vegetable oils. While they typically have lower phase-change enthalpy than synthetic options, they are valued for their low toxicity and environmental impact. BPCMs provide a biodegradable alternative, but their low thermal conductivity limits efficiency in heat transfer applications. This study investigates the use of biochar derived from coffee husks as an additive to enhance thermal conductivity of palm stearin Biochar, characterized by stable chemical properties, high porosity, and significant adsorption capacity, is produced via pyrolysis, which also addresses waste management in the coffee industry and promotes renewable energy solutions, converting coffee husks into biochar effectively captures carbon that would be lost during combustion. In this way, the sample was characterized through proximate analysis, higher calorific value, crystallographic structure, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) to evaluate its thermal decomposition under pyrolysis conditions. Results indicate that coffee husk is an ideal candidate for pyrolysis applications; thus, biochar was produced from coffee husk in a 125 mL reactor, with a heating rate of 50 °C/min, from room temperature up to a maximum of 600 °C. TGA and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were employed to evaluate both palm stearin and the produced biochar, focusing on their thermal decomposition profiles. Results show that incorporating even small amounts of biochar (as low as 0.013 wt. %) significantly improves the thermal conductivity of the PCM. This study highlights the different pyrolysis temperature zones of coffee husks and compares them with the thermal behavior of palm stearin. Overall, this work underscores the potential of biochar as a sustainable additive to enhance the thermal properties of organic PCMs, contributing to the circular economy while mitigating greenhouse gas emissions from coffee waste.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52629,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Trends","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article 100501"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143815037","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rapid and green synthesis of graphitic carbon from coconut shell waste by arc plasma for high performance symmetric supercapacitors","authors":"Mohamed Apsar J ,&nbsp;Ramachandran K ,&nbsp;Nalini B","doi":"10.1016/j.cartre.2025.100500","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cartre.2025.100500","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The sustainable conversion of biomass derived from low-cost agro waste into useful products is gaining popularity as global attention shifts towards green initiatives and energy efficiency. Coconut shell is considered as a potential raw material to synthesise carbon by burning it in a controlled atmosphere followed by physical / chemical activation. Various methods have been used to produce activated carbon from coconut shell. Production of graphitic carbon, which is preferred over activated carbon in supercapacitor applications, is a time consuming process and literature on the same from coconut shell is scanty. In this work, the graphitic carbon is produced rapidly and environment friendly by processing the coconut shell in thermal plasma and its potential use in energy storage applications are explored. Chemical composition, specific surface area, pore volume and average pore diameter of synthesized carbons are analyzed. An electrode for the supercapacitor is prepared from this material and electrochemical studies are performed. The specific capacitance and its retention as well as power and energy densities are notable and compared with previously published results.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52629,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Trends","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article 100500"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143786013","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A core-shell model for oxidation-driven evolution of porous carbon nanoparticles","authors":"A. Raiolo,&nbsp;C. Stockinger,&nbsp;U. Nieken","doi":"10.1016/j.cartre.2025.100503","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cartre.2025.100503","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The gasification of soot and carbon black nanoparticles is a fluid-solid reaction in which the solid phase undergoes structural changes. As the particles are permeable to the gas phase, oxidation takes place at the outer surface as well as in the interior. During oxidation progress, the internal porosity increases, resulting in an extreme increase in surface area. Experimental findings have recently been described by a model that treats oxidation by random removal of the solid phase. While these statistical models are computationally expensive and rely on tessellation of the solid, we propose a simple analytical expression to describe the gasification on the nanoparticle scale in the kinetically controlled regime. This novel model accounts for simultaneous internal and external oxidation and considers the heterogeneity of the particle, which consists of a core and a shell region that differ in their initial internal porosity. The model can explain the experimental observations found in literature, which report a sharp increase in specific surface area with subsequent flattening as oxidation progresses. Also, the experimental observation that the absolute surface undergoes a maximum can be well reproduced. An extension of our analytical model allows to account for the shift between the maximum reaction rate and the maximum surface area, often observed in experiments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52629,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Trends","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article 100503"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143786015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of reduction duration on reduced graphene oxide for supercapacitor energy storage enhancement","authors":"Sanjeev Gautam ,&nbsp;Jaswinder Singh Sidhu ,&nbsp;Monika Verma","doi":"10.1016/j.cartre.2025.100499","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cartre.2025.100499","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Reduced graphene oxide (rGO) has attracted significant attention in carbon-based energy storage devices due to its promising electrochemical properties. The performance of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) in supercapacitor energy storage devices is remarkably influenced by the duration of its reduction process. In this study, graphene oxide (GO) synthesized via a modified Hummer’s method and systematically reduced over varying durations to investigate the impact of reduction time on the structural and electrochemical properties of rGO. The reduction process was monitored using <em>ex-situ</em> X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, and High-resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HR-TEM) to gain detailed insights into the evolution of rGO over time. Structural analyses employing XRD, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and Raman spectroscopy revealed that prolonged reduction led to increase crystallite size, decrease interlayer spacing, and reduced defect densities. Cyclic voltammetry measurements demonstrated a direct correlation between reduction duration and specific capacitance, with longer reduction times enhancing the energy storage performance of rGO. These findings, including Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS), underscore the critical influence of reduction duration on optimizing rGO for supercapacitor applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52629,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Trends","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article 100499"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143799778","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}