Carbon Trends最新文献

{"title":"Comparison of microwave heating of pure and functionalized graphene-nanoplatelet polymer composites: experimental and finite element Study","authors":"Mahima Dua ,&nbsp;Qi Zhang ,&nbsp;Pierre Mertiny","doi":"10.1016/j.cartre.2025.100481","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cartre.2025.100481","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Microwave heating can potentially speed up the joining of thermoplastic polymer components compared to modern electrofusion procedures that employ embedded wires for Joule heating. This could result in shorter fusion times, improved heating consistency, and lower energy usage. This work examines how functionalized graphene nanoplatelets (fGNP) can create multifunctional polylactide acid (PLA) composites with substantial microwave absorption. Tannic acid was used to treat graphene nanoplatelets, resulting in fGNP. The fGNP/PLA nanocomposites were produced using a two-step scalable manufacturing process that involved solution blending and hot compression moulding. The composites' fGNP concentration ranged between 0 and 8% by weight. The samples were evaluated for dielectric permittivity, heat capacity, and electrical and thermal conductivity. Thermal imaging was utilized to determine the effectiveness of microwave heating in fGNP/PLA nanocomposites as a function of microwave power and filler weight fraction. The microwave heating process in the composites was investigated using Multiphysics finite element software. The experimental results were compared to numerical model projections of the maximum temperature and microwave energy absorbed. The experimental and computational results for fGNP/PLA nanocomposites were contrasted to similar results for plain (non-functionalized) GNP in PLA. The generated nanocomposites were discovered to have excellent microwave absorption properties and, hence, quick heating, making this composite type a promising candidate for gasket materials that promote fusion bonding for thermoplastic-based components by localized heating.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52629,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Trends","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article 100481"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143455054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Solvent free mechanical grinding assisted synthesis of reduced graphene oxide and its composites with porphyrins for fabricating UV–vis photodetectors","authors":"Indranee Hazarika ,&nbsp;Saponjeet Borah ,&nbsp;Amreen Ara Hussain ,&nbsp;Deepali Sarkar ,&nbsp;Bedanta Gogoi","doi":"10.1016/j.cartre.2025.100482","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cartre.2025.100482","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Reduced graphene oxide (rGO) is one of the most demanding carbon based materials for energy conversion and optoelectronics. However, its synthesis from graphene oxide (GO) is still challenging and requires high-energy consumption with longer reaction time. Herein, a solvent free mechanical grinding (MG) method was realized for synthesizing rGO from GO by mechanical grinding for 30 minutes (MG-0.5H) and one hour (MG-1H). The formation of rGO was confirmed spectroscopically with substantial oxygen reduction in MG-1H, restoration of sp² conjugation, and the C/O ratio of approximately 5.59. Furthermore, we prepared its composites with hemin (Hm) and protoporphyrin IX (P IX) using an ex-situ (E) MG method, along with conventional solvent assisted in-situ (I) method and named as rGO-HmE, rGO-P(IX)E, GO-HmI, rGO-P(IX)I. These materials were subjected to a facile technique for fabricating photodetectors that exhibit detectivity of 1.43 × 10¹³, 2.68 × 10¹³, 9.98 × 10¹³, and 4.91 × 10¹³ Jones respectively. Such high detectivity is due to π-π interaction and electron transfer between rGO and the porphyrins and hence the materials do not require supporting materials such as electron and hole transport layer to enhance the efficacy of the photodetectors. Therefore, it can be stated that the mechanical grinding method serve as a greener alternative with low-cost, low-energy consumption, short reaction time for the synthesis of superior optoelectronic material and its composites.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52629,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Trends","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article 100482"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143446014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative evaluation of cationic and anionic dye removal using graphene oxide fabricated by Hummers and Couette-Taylor flow methods","authors":"Chaehwi Lim ,&nbsp;Namgyu Kim ,&nbsp;Junho Lee ,&nbsp;Yeojoon Yoon","doi":"10.1016/j.cartre.2025.100476","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cartre.2025.100476","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Graphene oxide (GO) has garnered significant attention from researchers owing to its exceptional physicochemical properties. GO is typically synthesized through chemical oxidation followed by exfoliation processes. In this study, we employed the Hummers method and the Couette-Taylor flow method to produce GO. The Couette-Taylor flow method offers the advantage of shorter oxidation reaction times and reduced wastewater compared to the Hummers method. We conducted surface analysis (including scanning electron microscope(SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS), Zeta potential, multiple-point Brunauer Emmett Teller(BET), and atomic force microscope(AFM)) to assess and compare the surface characteristics of GO. Our analysis revealed that GO synthesized using the Couette-Taylor flow method (GO/Taylor) exhibited smaller lateral sizes. Additionally, we performed Particle Size Distribution Analysis (PSA) to verify the particle distribution of GO. The mean particle sizes of GO produced via the Hummers method and the Couette-Taylor flow method were determined to be 49.87 μm and 28.97 μm, respectively. These differences in surface properties and particle sizes influenced the adsorption capacity of GO for dyes. Considering the polarity, Cationic dye (BV1) and anionic dye (RR141) were selected for our adsorption experiments based on their polarity. Furthermore, we employed kinetic and isotherm adsorption modeling to analyze the adsorption mechanism in detail.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52629,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Trends","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article 100476"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143396255","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Electrospun polyvinylpyrrolidone fibers with cobalt ferrite nanoparticles","authors":"Vinicio J. Cevallos ,&nbsp;Sarah Briceño ,&nbsp;Guillermo Solorzano ,&nbsp;Jules Gardener ,&nbsp;Alexis Debut ,&nbsp;Raúl Dávalos ,&nbsp;Werner Bramer-Escamilla ,&nbsp;Gema González","doi":"10.1016/j.cartre.2025.100478","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cartre.2025.100478","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) fibers with cobalt ferrite nanoparticles (CoFe₂O₄) were prepared by an electrospinning technique to study the electrical resistance and magnetic properties of the nanocomposite. The samples were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Magnetic properties were measured using vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM). PVP fibers showed an average diameter of <span><math><mrow><mn>3</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>74</mn><mspace></mspace><mi>μ</mi><mi>m</mi></mrow></math></span> with a resistance of 121.58 G<span><math><mi>Ω</mi></math></span> and <span><math><mrow><mn>2</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>22</mn><mspace></mspace><mi>μ</mi><mi>m</mi></mrow></math></span> and 1.20 G<span><math><mi>Ω</mi></math></span> with the incorporation of CoFe₂O₄ nanoparticles. Cobalt ferrite nanoparticles have a maximum magnetization of 81.9 emu/g, and the CoFe₂O₄/PVP fibers present a diamagnetic behavior with a maximum magnetization of 0.07 emu/g. Combining the versatility of PVP as a polymer matrix with the magnetic and electric properties of cobalt ferrite nanoparticles, this nanocomposite may open up new potential applications for developing electrically conductive novel nanomaterials and devices.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52629,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Trends","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article 100478"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143377756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Distinguishing physical vs. chemical templating mechanisms for inducing graphitization in novolac matrix","authors":"Sandra N Ike ,&nbsp;Randy Vander Wal","doi":"10.1016/j.cartre.2025.100480","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cartre.2025.100480","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Our previous work investigated the templating ability of graphene oxide-derived additives to induce graphitization of the novolac matrix. The findings led to two working hypotheses: the additives act as templates that promote matrix aromatic alignment to their basal planes during carbonization (referred to here as <em>physical templating</em>) in addition to forming radical edge sites that bond to the decomposing matrix (referred to here as <em>chemical templating</em>). However, results mainly underscored the role of functional groups on the GO additives (<em>chemical templating</em>)<em>.</em> The aim of this current work seeks to differentiate the contributions of the operative mechanisms on graphitization. To study this, 2D materials with minimal oxygen functionalization, graphene and hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) were used as templates to induce graphitization of novolac matrix. First, the optimum weight percent of the 2D materials was determined with the composite graphitic quality measured by X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy. Results revealed that hBN did not induce graphitization of novolac and was attributed to the absence of a sp² framework in hBN, unable to provide the crucial π-π interactions with the aromatic rings of the matrix. In contrast, the graphene additives mirrored one another and showed improved graphitization of the novolac. From these results, it was surmised that both mechanisms are operative; while physical templating offers control over long-range order in the form of crystallite height, chemical templating contributes to carbon reorganization and lateral growth extent.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52629,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Trends","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article 100480"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143349684","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of a bimetal Mn/Zn catalyst supported on activated carbon for selective oxidation of ethyl lactate to ethyl pyruvate","authors":"G. Madhanagopal ,&nbsp;K. Premalatha ,&nbsp;P.N. Poovizhi ,&nbsp;V. Sumithra ,&nbsp;S. Mahalingam ,&nbsp;L. Guganathan ,&nbsp;S. Sivakumar ,&nbsp;A. Subramani ,&nbsp;P. Tamizhdurai","doi":"10.1016/j.cartre.2025.100472","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cartre.2025.100472","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigated the conversion of ethyl lactate to ethyl pyruvate using a bar reactor. A novel heterogeneous catalyst, AC/Mn/Zn (manganese and zinc supported on mesoporous activated carbon), was synthesized using a cost-effective and efficient approach that prioritizes affordability and accessibility. This approach utilizes readily available starting materials and a streamlined process, making the AC/Mn/Zn catalyst commercially attractive for large-scale production. Furthermore, the synthesis minimizes the use of harmful chemicals and generates minimal waste, contributing to an environmentally friendly process that aligns with growing demands for sustainable production methods. Additionally, the straightforward procedures employed allow for simple and replicable catalyst production, ensuring consistent quality control. Following synthesis, various characterization techniques (XRD, TPD, BET, FT-IR, HR-SEM, HR-TEM) confirmed the successful formation of the AC/Mn/Zn catalyst with desired properties. The AC/Mn/Zn catalyst possessed a unique combination of Brønsted and Lewis acid sites, making it ideal for the target reaction. Reaction parameters were optimized, with a temperature of 90 °C, WHSV of 1.0 h⁻¹, atmospheric pressure, and air as the oxidant being employed. The AC/Mn/Zn catalyst exhibited exceptional performance, achieving a remarkable 91 % conversion and 90 % selectivity for ethyl pyruvate, surpassing other investigated catalysts. This success is attributed to the well-designed structure incorporating zinc into the AC-supported manganese. Interestingly, the formation of additional acidic compounds beyond the desired reaction time was observed, suggesting potential side reactions. Further investigation into these side reactions is necessary for complete optimization. The AC/Mn/Zn catalyst offers a compelling combination of high performance, a cost-effective and environmentally friendly synthesis method, and straightforward production procedures. These factors highlight its potential as a promising candidate for industrial ethyl pyruvate production.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52629,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Trends","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article 100472"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143349671","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental evidence of flexural phonons in low-temperature heat capacity of carbon nanotubes","authors":"M.S. Barabashko ,&nbsp;A.I. Krivchikov ,&nbsp;A. Jeżowski ,&nbsp;O. Bezkrovnyi ,&nbsp;M.I. Bagatskii ,&nbsp;V.V. Sumarokov ,&nbsp;V. Boiko ,&nbsp;D. Szewczyk","doi":"10.1016/j.cartre.2025.100479","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cartre.2025.100479","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Low-temperature specific heat of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) with different grinding was studied. Two sets of modified, milled and oxidized/milled MWCNTs with an average outer diameter of 9.4 nm were used. The experimental results were compared with literature data for different carbon systems: bundles of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs), graphite and other MWCNTs. The contributions of phonon spectrum characteristics and intertube interactions were found to be significant factors influencing the heat capacity both in the case of MWCNTs and bundles of SWCNTs. The grinding effect, associated with the reduction of the size of MWCNTs agglomerates, leads to an increased heat capacity. It was demonstrated that the lowest-temperature heat capacity consists of two main contributions: the Debye (<em>C₃T³</em>) and the dispersive (<em>C₅T⁵</em>) one. The obtained negative <em>C₅</em> parameter indicated flexural dispersion for phonons. The magnitudes of Debye and flexural dispersive components depend on structural parameters of nanotubes: such as the diameter of individual nanotubes, the average diameter of the bundle and the size of agglomerates. A monotonic proportional correlation was observed between <em>C₃</em> and |<em>C₅</em>| parameters: |<em>C₅</em>| increases following a power law with an exponent of 1.5 with the increase of <em>C₃</em>. The maximum values of <em>C₃</em> and |<em>C₅</em>| correspond to SWCNT systems, while the minimum values correspond to MWCNTs. These results show that the heat capacity of the nanotube system increases if the interaction forces between neighbouring SWCNTs in the bundle or between the walls inside of MWCNTs decrease. This dependence is confirmed by the grinding effect in the MWCNTs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52629,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Trends","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article 100479"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143147346","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advanced stress imaging in periodically strained, suspended, quasi-2D membranes: Manifestation of Fano resonance and phonon dynamics insights","authors":"Souvik Bhattacharjee ,&nbsp;Biswajit Das ,&nbsp;Anibrata Banerjee ,&nbsp;Kalyan Kumar Chattopadhyay","doi":"10.1016/j.cartre.2025.100477","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cartre.2025.100477","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Raman imaging is a robust tool for probing nanomaterials, especially 2D systems, regarding phase conformation, composition, defects, internal stress, interfacial interactions, and phonon dynamics. This work presents the first proof-of-concept demonstration of mapping stress distribution, charge-phonon coupling, phonon lifetime, and associated vibrational attributes using a point-by-point, full-spectrum Breit-Wigner-Fano (BWF) analysis over a scalable mesh, cast upon the Raman image. Starting from ultrathin nanostructures, the potency of this technique extends to multi-layered quasi-2D flakes, encompassing vibrational modulations of particular molecular bonds compelled by interlayer van der Waals interactions. The experimental realization involves wrapping chemically processed reduced graphene oxide (rGO) over uniformly spaced, vertically aligned e-beam lithographed pillars. The theoretical foundation is derived from density functional theory (DFT)-based calculations on phonon dispersion, Raman spectra, and associated thermodynamic attributes for layer-specific graphene against varying biaxial tensile stress. Our results unlock the true spectroscopic potential of Raman microscopy in characterizing ‘on-chip’ stressed membranes for emerging applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52629,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Trends","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article 100477"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143464877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pseudo bismuth vanadate anchored EDLC-MWCNTs: Supercapacitive electrode to a symmetric solid-state device","authors":"Lakshmana Kumar Bommineedi ,&nbsp;Tushar B. Deshmukh ,&nbsp;Avinash C. Mendhe ,&nbsp;Sachin R. Rondiya ,&nbsp;Babasaheb R. Sankapal","doi":"10.1016/j.cartre.2025.100475","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cartre.2025.100475","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sponge analogous nano pebbles of bismuth vanadate (BiVO₄) decorated over multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) synthesized by the successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction (SILAR) method have been explored towards supercapacitor application through enhanced (8 times) surface roughness (S_a) compared to bare MWCNTs; well supported by wettability studies. Electrochemical studies through CV, GCD, EIS, and electrochemical stability performances of the electrode have been performed in 1 M KCl electrolyte where MWCNTs/BiVO₄ showed the highest capacitance (1334.66 F/g) at 3 mV/s with good electrochemical stability of 103 % even after 3500 CV cycles. Interestingly, symmetric solid-state supercapacitor assembled using PVA embedded LiClO₄ gel exhibited a remarkable potential window of 1.83 V with corresponding energy and power densities of 18.38 Wh/kg and 2.13 kW/kg, respectively at 1 mA/cm². The novelty of this work lies in the introduction of a symmetric device using MWCNTs/BiVO₄ electrodes for the first time along with its potential for real-world use by illuminating ‘VNIT ‘acronym consisting of 21 red LEDs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52629,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Trends","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article 100475"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143147811","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recent application of carbon nanotubes in energy storage and conversion devices","authors":"Abdulazeez Tunbosun Lawal","doi":"10.1016/j.cartre.2025.100470","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cartre.2025.100470","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Worldwide energy demand is increasing at an unprecedented rate due to rapid population growth and industrialization. Hence, renewable and environmentally friendly energy production platforms are more needed than ever as alternatives to fossil fuels, which is a critical societal dilemma. The superior mechanical, electrical, thermal, and electrochemical properties of Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) make them a promising next-generation material for energy conversion and storage applications. CNTs can be synthesized using various methods, such as chemical vapor deposition, laser ablation, and carbon arc discharge. Each of their properties makes them an ideal candidate for various energy conversion and storage devices. Moreover, the performance of CNTs in these energy devices can be improved by surface functionalization, heteroatom doping, structural modification, introductions of defects, promoting transport hydrodynamic processes, and resolving existing degradation issues, such as catalyst poisoning and precipitation. Owing to their highest specific capacitance, enhanced rate capability, and extended cycle life, CNTs have been used in electrochemical energy storage systems, such as supercapacitors, batteries, and supercapattery, as well in energy conversion platforms, such as fuel cells, microbial fuel cells, and solar cells. Since CNTs are emerging as a technologically promising multi-functional nanomaterial due to their unique nanostructure and physical and chemical properties, this review also covers the challenges in realizing the full potential of CNTs for our energy storage and conversion technologies, together with future research directions needed to optimise their structure, properties and functionalisation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52629,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Trends","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article 100470"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143147406","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}