City and Environment Interactions最新文献

{"title":"Influencing factors of urban wind environments in comprehensive functional areas along subway corridors","authors":"Fusheng Ma,&nbsp;Hong Lv,&nbsp;Peiying Li","doi":"10.1016/j.cacint.2026.100437","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cacint.2026.100437","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the context of rapid urbanization, heat island effects and microclimate degradation caused by poor ventilation have become important challenges for sustainable urban development. Taking the comprehensive functional area along the Qingnian Street metro corridor in Shenyang, China, as the study area, this study combines multi-season CFD simulations, urban block morphological indicators, the XGBoost machine learning model, and the SHAP interpretability method to systematically evaluate the influence mechanisms of block-scale morphological factors on the near-ground wind environment. The results show that the wind environment in the study area exhibits significant seasonal variation and spatial heterogeneity. The area of stagnant-wind zones follows the order of summer &gt; winter &gt; autumn &gt; spring. Ventilation conditions are relatively weak in the high-density blocks in the northern part of the study area, while comfortable wind zones are mainly distributed along major roads and open spaces in the southern part. Further analysis indicates that enclosure degree, sky view factor, frontal area index, building density, building height, building volume density, green space ratio, and impervious surface ratio are the main morphological factors affecting the wind environment, and their effects show obvious seasonal sensitivity. Highly enclosed urban forms significantly suppress ventilation in summer, whereas the winter wind environment is more dependent on the guidance of airflow by road networks and spatial openness. The SHAP marginal effect results further reveal the nonlinear responses and threshold characteristics of key morphological factors. For example, when the enclosure degree is approximately 2, building density is approximately 0.3, sky view factor is above 0.85, and green space ratio is above 0.3, the effects of some indicators on the wind environment change significantly. This study verifies the interpretability and applicability of the XGBoost-SHAP method in urban wind environment modeling, reveals the nonlinear influence mechanism of urban block morphology on the wind environment, and provides quantitative evidence and methodological references for high-density urban block planning oriented toward ventilation optimization and microclimate improvement.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52395,"journal":{"name":"City and Environment Interactions","volume":"31 ","pages":"Article 100437"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148736215","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spatial strategies for urban data centres","authors":"Alok Tiwari,&nbsp;Apri Zulmi Hardi,&nbsp;Abdualghani Almalki,&nbsp;Abdulkarim Alqarni,&nbsp;Abdullah Tawlah,&nbsp;Amr Alghamdi,&nbsp;Hussam Janba,&nbsp;Mohammed Abduljabbar,&nbsp;Mohammed Almutairy,&nbsp;Saleh AlHumaydani,&nbsp;Waleed Qutub,&nbsp;Walid Abdelhady","doi":"10.1016/j.cacint.2026.100425","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cacint.2026.100425","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study examines the geography of urban data centres (DCs) and develops a spatial strategy framework that explains the concentration of DCs and the infrastructural conditions that support these clusters. The paper addresses the lack of integrated, spatially specific site models by considering DC location as a decision-making problem influenced by power and network infrastructure, environmental aspects, and urban factors. Four metropolitan case studies: Paris (Île-de-France), Ashburn (Northern Virginia), Beijing, and Riyadh are examined as hubs in the centre network. The methodology combines DBSCAN clustering and kernel density estimation with a GIS-based multi-criteria suitability analysis. Six factors (power-grid substations, fibre hubs, telecom hubs, rivers/water sources, major roads and central business districts) are transformed and scaled into 1–5 suitability scores and integrated through a weighted overlay. Results show that DCs are strongly clustered rather than randomly distributed in all four cities, with distinct morphologies in each case. Clustered facilities consistently exhibit higher suitability scores than non-clustered sites (0.7–1.7 on a 1–5 scale). Regression models demonstrate strong correlations between cluster membership and suitability (<em>R</em> = 0.71–0.90) and contribute 50% to over 80% of the variance in suitability (R² = 0.50–0.81, all <em>p &lt; 0.001</em>), confirming the significant influence of proximity to high-capacity power and fibre infrastructure, enhanced by road access and urban demand. The framework provides planners and policymakers with a useful tool to identify current and prospective DC corridors, align grid and fibre investments with land-use planning, and predict the challenges associated with the rapid growth of digital infrastructure.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52395,"journal":{"name":"City and Environment Interactions","volume":"31 ","pages":"Article 100425"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148736256","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Are home-to-park distance and park size associated with the frequency of park visits among older adults?: a multilevel analysis of location data from the global positioning system","authors":"Hiroaki Yoshida,&nbsp;Masamichi Hanazato,&nbsp;Yoko Matsuoka,&nbsp;Yu-Ru Chen,&nbsp;Kazushige Ide,&nbsp;Shoko Sakuraba,&nbsp;Go Muto,&nbsp;Katsunori Kondo","doi":"10.1016/j.cacint.2026.100443","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cacint.2026.100443","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Parks play a crucial role in promoting human health. However, most studies on park visits rely on subjective constructs rather than objective measurements. We used the global positioning system to objectively determine the number of visits by older adults to 25 parks within a 1600 m buffer zone from the homes of 40 older adults residing in suburban areas of Japan. Multilevel negative binomial regression analysis showed a positive association between the number of park visits and park size, but no significant association between the number of park visits and home-to-park distance. These findings suggest that park size may be associated with older adults' park visits. Location data revealed that park visitors were concentrated in large grounds and on walking trails. These exploratory findings suggest that park size, large grounds, and walking paths may be relevant considerations when planning neighborhood environments that support older adults' health and well-being.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52395,"journal":{"name":"City and Environment Interactions","volume":"31 ","pages":"Article 100443"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148736213","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ventilation–shelter sequences organize wind–thermal conditions during the Qingming–Guyu period in the humble administrator's garden, Suzhou","authors":"Haosheng Zhang,&nbsp;Yongli Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.cacint.2026.100442","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cacint.2026.100442","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Rapid urbanization degrades near-surface wind environments and microclimate regulation in southern China, whereas traditional Jiangnan gardens offer climate-responsive spatial models through integrated corridor–water–building systems. Yet how these configurations regulate wind–thermal conditions beyond summer heat remains unclear. This study examined the Humble Administrator's Garden in Suzhou during the cool-to-mild Qingming–Guyu period to clarify how spatial sequences organize airflow, radiant exposure, and thermal conditions. A 1:1 geometric model coupled steady RNG k–ε Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes simulation with Radiance-based radiation analysis and Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI) post-processing. Numerical checks and Pingjiang Road measurements assessed airflow performance (RMSE = 0.23 m s⁻¹; NMSE = 0.09). Of 20,330 points, 13,937 cells supported strong-hierarchy response-surface modelling and leakage-controlled validation. The quadratic model reproduced the calculated UTCI field (R² = 0.9961; RMSE = 0.215 °C) and remained accurate in 20 m block cross-validation (R² = 0.996; RMSE = 0.219 °C), although buffered east–west transfer weakened (R² = 0.975; RMSE = 0.542 °C). The robust statistical feature was a nonlinear conditional response rather than a stable directional wind × MRT interaction. Open water edges, lawns, and inflow-aligned gaps formed low-obstruction ventilation paths, whereas corridors, buildings, rockeries, and large-canopy-tree geometry redirected flow and generated localized wakes, shade, and shelter. These findings identify seasonal coordination between ventilation exposure and protected refuge as a key adaptive mechanism, providing a transferable, mechanism-based framework for climate-sensitive heritage management and contemporary open-space renewal.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52395,"journal":{"name":"City and Environment Interactions","volume":"31 ","pages":"Article 100442"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148736211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Historical population exposure to compound dry-hot extremes over the China-Pakistan economic corridor region","authors":"Hui Tao,&nbsp;Zehua Fang,&nbsp;Jianqing Zhai","doi":"10.1016/j.cacint.2026.100436","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cacint.2026.100436","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Compound dry-hot extremes represent a major driver of socio-economic losses globally, including property damage, morbidity and loss of life. Therefore, it is crucial to investigate the spatial and temporal variability of compound dry-hot extremes (CDHEs) and quantify population exposure to these extremes under a changing climate. Using the gridded dataset of daily precipitation, temperature and potential evapotranspiration, we calculated the Standardized Compound Dry and Heat Index (SCDHI) based on copula theory for the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) region. Specifically, we first examined the variability of SCDHI and key climatic factors (precipitation, temperature and potential evapotranspiration) during the period 1981–2020. Secondly, we identified the individual contribution of those climatic factors to SCDHI variability using ridge regression. Finally, we estimated population exposure to CDHEs using population data from the Global Human Settlements Layer Population (GHS-POP) project for four selected periods (the 1980s, 1990s, 2000s, and 2010s). Results show an insignificant decreasing trend (<em>p</em> &gt; 0.05) in SCDHI at a rate of −0.05 per decade during 1981 to 2020, which implies a slight warming and drying tendency across the CPEC region. Spatially, a significant decrease in the SCDHI is observed in the northern mountain regions, whereas an increasing is evident over the Indus Plain. With respect to extreme compound dry-hot conditions (SCDHI≤-2), changes in their frequency and duration of show an increasing trend in high altitude areas such as Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Gilgit Baltistan, Azad Kashmir and Kashgar, whereas the Indus Plain exhibits a decreasing trend in intensity. Temperature (44.2%) and potential evapotranspiration (41.7%) emerged as the dominant climatic drivers of interannual variability in the SCDHI, with precipitation contributing the least (14.1%). Total population exposure, quantified in person-days, captures the synergistic effect of intensifying compound dry-hot extremes and rapid population growth. Our decomposition analysis reveals that that population growth accounts for 52% of the observed increase in population exposure, significantly exceeding the contribution from climate change (27%). Overall, our findings demonstrate that the escalating total population exposure across the CPEC region is predominantly driven by demographic changes rather than the intensification of compound dry-hot extremes in isolation. This dual-driver dynamic highlights the urgent need for integrated risk management strategies that combine climate change mitigation and adaptation measures with public health development and enhanced disaster response capabilities in this vulnerable region.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52395,"journal":{"name":"City and Environment Interactions","volume":"31 ","pages":"Article 100436"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148635416","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Vegetation design versus urban thermal performance: Strategies for outdoor open spaces in small-scale residential complexes","authors":"Naziha Tamimi,&nbsp;Bader Alatawneh","doi":"10.1016/j.cacint.2026.100446","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cacint.2026.100446","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Rapid urbanization increases outdoor thermal discomfort in residential areas, especially in areas with limited vegetation and dense urban forms, thereby intensifying the heat island effect. This study investigates how tree typologies, shape, density, height, trunk size, and spatial arrangement can enhance outdoor thermal comfort across different residential morphologies in Hebron, Palestine. Two small-scale residential settings were selected, and ENVI-met simulations were used to assess thermal performance in the case studies in Hebron's Mediterranean climate, after validation with field-collected data. The results for Case 1 (dense heart-shaped crowns) show a 2 °C reduction in operative temperature, a 5% increase in relative humidity (%RH), and a reduction in wind speed. PMV improved from 4 to 2.5. For Case 2 (semi-open outdoor area), results show greater improvements, with a 4 °C reduction in temperature, a 10% increase in %RH, and a 1 m/s decrease in wind speed. PMV decreased from 4.5 to 2.8. Finally, tree configurations significantly improved the microclimate, but they are not sufficient on their own. The study recommends combining vegetation with passive strategies, such as vertical gardens and shading devices, to improve thermal performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52395,"journal":{"name":"City and Environment Interactions","volume":"31 ","pages":"Article 100446"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148776479","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A hybrid Z-number-based framework for prioritizing barriers to sustainable municipal waste management: insights from Mashhad, Iran","authors":"Pooria Nematollahi,&nbsp;Mohammad Rostami","doi":"10.1016/j.cacint.2026.100445","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cacint.2026.100445","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Achieving sustainable municipal solid waste management (MSWM) remains a major challenge for large urban areas. This challenge is particularly acute in developing countries where rapid urban growth places significant pressure on public services. This study examines the barriers that hinder the effective implementation of sustainable MSWM in Mashhad, Iran, a metropolitan city with a high influx of religious tourists and significant fluctuations in waste generation.</div><div>A hybrid decision-making framework was employed to identify and prioritize these barriers. Initially, a panel of ten experts participated in the Fuzzy Delphi screening, which reduced an initial set of 125 barriers to 42 critical barriers across seven dimensions. Subsequently, a <em>Z</em>-number-based SWARA (Z-SWARA) approach was applied to rank the validated barriers while accounting for both uncertainty and the reliability of expert judgments.</div><div>The results indicate that socio-cultural and governance–regulatory barriers exert the greatest influence on the sustainability of MSWM in Mashhad. These two dimensions together account for more than 60% of the total relative importance. At the individual level, lack of citizen cooperation and participation, weak regulatory and supervisory frameworks, and low public awareness emerge as the most critical barriers. In contrast, financial and technical barriers receive comparatively lower priority, suggesting that technological solutions alone are unlikely to ensure sustainable outcomes. The proposed hybrid framework offers a practical and transferable decision-support tool for urban policymakers seeking to prioritize interventions and strengthen sustainability and resilience in metropolitan waste management systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52395,"journal":{"name":"City and Environment Interactions","volume":"31 ","pages":"Article 100445"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148776480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Designed adaptation: A multidisciplinary framework for urbanized river-landform design and communication","authors":"Corey Dawson,&nbsp;Gregory B. Pasternack","doi":"10.1016/j.cacint.2026.100456","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cacint.2026.100456","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Urbanized riverscapes are vulnerable to changing flow and sediment regimes with consequences including increased flooding and habitat degradation. The conventional engineering solution in this situation involves gray infrastructure, including concrete-lined trapezoidal channels and flood-prevention structures, retention and detention ponds, and closed subsurface piped systems. Gray infrastructure is failing to mitigate flooding under changing climate conditions, particularly in coastal regions impacted by rising sea levels, and it is well understood to eliminate essential, natural ecosystem functions and services. This study presents a multidisciplinary design framework to support adaptive riverscape planning with additional and complementary modeling applications. It integrates synthetic 3D rivers and real-world topographic data for design development, testing and selection, refinement, and presentation to yield project-specific alternatives to gray infrastructure while enhancing stakeholder engagement. The framework was applied to a semi-alluvial urban stream as a coastal case study. Three river-design scenarios were developed upstream from a flood-prone urban site to improve water retention and soil infiltration while reducing downstream flow rates for enhanced flood mitigation. Improved river-design outcomes are demonstrated by modeling flow velocity and water depth to test hydraulic responses to river-designs. Sediment transport models are presented to understand how river-designs may adapt to elevation change and the geomorphic-form-variation approach is applied as a measure of habitat heterogeneity. The framework's flexibility is showcased by revising a river-design and re-simulating hydraulic responses to new surface-form configurations. We also present a rendered perspective image to illustrate a tool available for communicating a nature-based solution action in urbanized contexts. The framework can be adapted to diverse urban riverscape projects that require hydraulic, geomorphic, ecological, and social trade-offs by supporting a collaborative planning approach for nature-based solutions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52395,"journal":{"name":"City and Environment Interactions","volume":"31 ","pages":"Article 100456"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148854107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mental models shaping post-COVID-19 household hygiene behaviours in Dodoma City Tanzania: A Structural Modelling analysis","authors":"Fransisca M. Luumi,&nbsp;Anthony D. Funga,&nbsp;Emmanuel L. Ndetto","doi":"10.1016/j.cacint.2026.100440","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cacint.2026.100440","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sustaining household hygiene behaviours (HBs) after COVID-19 remains a public health challenge in rapidly urbanising African cities. Accordingly, this study investigates mental determinants associated with sustained practice of HBs beyond the pandemic context. This cross-sectional study examined mental models influencing HBs among 437 residents of urban Dodoma, Tanzania, selected through stratified random sampling. A structured questionnaire measured eight cognitive constructs: Confidence in Actions (CIA), Habit Formation (HF), Trust in Authorities (TIA), Perception of Risk (POR), Outcome Expectancies (OE), Social Responsibility (SR), Injunctive Norms (IN), and Descriptive Norms (DN), alongside five HBs: handwashing, hand sanitizing, mask wearing, physical distancing, and avoiding handshakes. Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling was used. The measurement model demonstrated strong reliability and validity (Cronbach's α &gt; 0.849; composite reliability &gt;0.908; AVE &gt; 0.768). The structural model explained 29.5% of HBs variance (R² = 0.295; Q² = 0.265). There was evidence that CIA (β = 0.225), HF (β = 0.153), TIA (β = 0.149), POR (β = 0.138), OE (β = 0.092), and SR (β = 0.086) were positively associated with HBs. There was weak evidence for an association between injunctive norms and HBs, but no evidence for an association between descriptive norms and HBs. Findings indicate that sustained HBs are primarily driven by internalised cognitive factors rather than external enforcement or social norms. Importance–Performance Map Analysis identified CIA and HF as priority intervention targets. Overall, the study provides theory-driven insights to inform context-sensitive strategies for improving long-term HBs and strengthening urban environmental health resilience.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52395,"journal":{"name":"City and Environment Interactions","volume":"31 ","pages":"Article 100440"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148736210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reframing urban hydropower through nature-based solutions: Constructed wetlands for climate-resilient water and energy systems","authors":"Gonzalo Chiriboga,&nbsp;Michel Núñez,&nbsp;Teresa Palacios,&nbsp;Andrés Cepeda,&nbsp;Michael Vega,&nbsp;Carolina Montero,&nbsp;Luis Castillo,&nbsp;Jorge López,&nbsp;Jhoselin Alvear,&nbsp;Ghem Carvajal","doi":"10.1016/j.cacint.2026.100459","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cacint.2026.100459","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Urban hydropower is increasingly threatened by climate variability and urbanization, which generate nutrient- and sediment-rich runoff that degrades water quality and undermines energy reliability. This study presents the first documented integration of constructed wetlands (CWs) installed upstream of and between reservoirs to intercept these loads, demonstrating feasibility through a reproducible, uncertainty-bounded engineering framework. The approach is applied to the Guangopolo–Cumbayá hydropower cascade in Quito, Ecuador (61 MW; ∼219 GWh yr⁻¹), where field measurements confirm active eutrophication — mean orthophosphate concentrations of 0.80–1.12 mg L⁻¹ at both reservoirs exceed the OECD eutrophication threshold by an order of magnitude. Achieving full-flow treatment would require wetland areas one to two orders of magnitude larger than available riparian land, rendering it infeasible in this densely urbanized catchment. Instead, a climate-adaptive strategy is proposed, diverting 6.5% of cascade inflow through a sequential hybrid system (FWS → VSSF → HSSF). This configuration removes up to 59% NO₃⁻, 36% NH₄⁺, and 24% PO₄³⁻ while preserving ecological base flows. Normalized to the cascade's energy output, the intervention requires 3.53 m² of constructed wetland per MWh generated — a novel benchmark linking ecological infrastructure to urban energy services. These findings position constructed wetlands as quantifiable components of urban climate-resilience infrastructure, providing a reproducible framework for integrating nature-based solutions into hydropower licensing and climate adaptation strategies within densely urbanized catchments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52395,"journal":{"name":"City and Environment Interactions","volume":"31 ","pages":"Article 100459"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148854109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}