Geography and Sustainability最新文献

{"title":"Macrosystems ecology: A new engine and frontier in contemporary ecosystem science","authors":"Guirui Yu ,&nbsp;Zongxu Yu ,&nbsp;Zhi Chen ,&nbsp;Qiufeng Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.geosus.2025.100334","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geosus.2025.100334","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ecosystems are complex systems shaped by both self-organization and anthropogenic regulation, emerging from the dynamic interplay among water, land, climate, biota, and human activities. As the foundational habitat for human well-being, they provide essential services including ecological goods, natural resources, cultural value, and livable environments. Amid accelerating global change, intensifying environmental pressures, and deepening disciplinary integration, ecosystem science is entering a period of transformative development. This study identifies macrosystems ecology, grounded in the principles of large-scale ecological processes, as a pivotal framework for driving the future of ecosystem science. We propose an integrated theoretical, epistemological, engineering and technological system to support this evolution, and retrospectively examine the origins and scientific mission of macrosystems ecology. Core questions, practical applications, research subjects, paradigms, and methodological systems are systematically outlined. In addition, we articulate the multidisciplinary principles, epistemological framework, and axiomatic system that underpin a coherent structure for macrosystems ecology. Together, these components offer strategic guidance for advancing both theoretical understanding and practical innovation in sustainable ecosystem management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52374,"journal":{"name":"Geography and Sustainability","volume":"6 5","pages":"Article 100334"},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144680379","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Vegetation restoration reduces landscape ecological risk in the Loess Plateau","authors":"Hu Yu ,&nbsp;Xinyue Hu ,&nbsp;Ling Yao","doi":"10.1016/j.geosus.2025.100320","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geosus.2025.100320","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Vegetation restoration (VR) is critical for enhancing the resilience of fragile ecosystems, yet its impact on landscape ecological risk (LER) remains uncertain. The VR project on the Loess Plateau in Shaanxi Province (LPSX) was taken as a case study to address ecological and environmental challenges, including soil erosion and land degradation. This study used multi-source data, including land cover, fractional vegetation cover, and nighttime light. It employed landscape pattern analysis, spatio-temporal correlation analysis, and causality analysis to assess the impacts. This study found a generally positive relationship between VR and the mitigation of LER in LPSX, though spatial and temporal variations exist from 2000 to 2020. Localized VR significantly influenced 17.66 % to 27.03 % of the study area. Positive effects were mainly observed in sandy and gully-hilly regions, showing an upward fluctuating trend that peaked at 21.91 % in 2010. After 2010, negative effects in the Fen-Wei Plain, Qinling Mountains, and Liupan Mountains outweighed the positive effects and continued to expand. Urbanization had a broader impact on LER distribution compared to VR. The findings indicate that future VR projects should focus on the spatial pattern of restoration and its associated eco-social effects to ensure sustainable development.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52374,"journal":{"name":"Geography and Sustainability","volume":"6 5","pages":"Article 100320"},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144298357","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Inequality of divided and shared socio-economic resources in 15-minute cities of China","authors":"Shijie Li ,&nbsp;Xin Cao ,&nbsp;Luling Liu ,&nbsp;Anqi Li","doi":"10.1016/j.geosus.2025.100337","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geosus.2025.100337","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The inequality of socio-economic resources has threatened individual well-being and urban sustainability. However, the inequality in different resource allocation scenarios is still unclear, and the accessibility distance to resources has not been considered. We developed a large-scale, long-term, and multi-perspective quantitative evaluation framework of inequality in the dividing-resource and sharing-resource scenarios over the past 31 years (1992–2022) within 15-minute cities. This framework is informed by patterns of urban development and the spatial distribution of resources and population. The results from 334 Chinese cities demonstrate the differences in inequality between developed and developing cities. When individuals share resources within 15-minute accessibility distance, inequality is lower in developed cities relative to developing cities due to more spatially balanced resources, with a decreasing trend over the past 31 years. However, due to the uneven spatial distribution of the population in developed cities, inequality among individuals has increased when resources are divided within 15-minute accessibility distance. We suggest that the government avoid policy lagging and reduce inequality by rationalizing the spatial configuration of socio-economic resources. Developed cities could adopt policies to direct the overpopulation of city centers outward, and developing cities should care about resources for suburban citizens.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52374,"journal":{"name":"Geography and Sustainability","volume":"6 5","pages":"Article 100337"},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144766834","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Agricultural and socioeconomic effects of vegetation restoration on the Loess Plateau, China","authors":"Xianlei Fan ,&nbsp;Yangjian Zhang ,&nbsp;Jing Zhang ,&nbsp;Edith Bai","doi":"10.1016/j.geosus.2025.100326","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geosus.2025.100326","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Although Vegetation Restoration Programs (VRPs) on the Loess Plateau, China, have significantly improved the region’s ecological condition, their impact on the local economy and agriculture remain unclear. Here we used the difference-in-differences analysis to quantify the effects of the VRPs on population, economic, and agricultural aspects. Results suggest that the implementation of the VRPs increased mean county-based Gross Domestic Product by 148 % and per capita grain production by 30 %, but decreased rural labor resources by 11 %. VRPs promoted the transfer of population to the secondary industry and increased the income of local farmers. We predict that grain production will likely start to decline when the restoration area exceeds approximately 55 % of the total county area in the future. Our study suggests that while VRPs on the Loess Plateau are economically sustainable, their expansion beyond a certain threshold could jeopardize agriculture.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52374,"journal":{"name":"Geography and Sustainability","volume":"6 5","pages":"Article 100326"},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144536189","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Urban flourish or peril: Navigating the safe and just space through the lens of ecosystem services in China’s urbanization","authors":"Qin Zhou ,&nbsp;Changgao Cheng ,&nbsp;Zhou Fang ,&nbsp;Shi Xue ,&nbsp;Qiuya Zhao ,&nbsp;Zhongde Huang ,&nbsp;Jie Wang ,&nbsp;Wei Jin ,&nbsp;Chenjun Zhang ,&nbsp;Yang Bai ,&nbsp;Ni Geng ,&nbsp;Hengquan Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.geosus.2025.100331","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geosus.2025.100331","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Urbanization develops with the goal of establishing improved and more sustainable habitats for residents. Environmental and social performance must be simultaneously monitored to ascertain whether regions are progressing towards or deviating from the safe and just space (SJS) in urbanization. Despite relevant studies, the absence of indicators that bridge ecological preservation and human well-beings renders dual monitoring challenging. This study bridged the gap by exploring the interactions between urbanization, ecosystem services (ESs), and basic water, energy, and food (WEF) needs within the SJS framework across China and its provinces. By quantifying the minimum and actual demands for freshwater withdrawal, carbon emissions, phosphorus emissions, and land use, as well as the supply of ESs into unified biophysical indicators, we found that: (1) China can meet the basic WEF needs for all from 2000 to 2020, but only water and land provisioning ESs can operate within the SJS. Carbon emissions surpassed the sequestration capacity in 2010, while phosphorus purification ES has consistently been unsafe. (2) The SJS performance in terms of ecological and social fulfilment exhibited scale differences and undergone changes with urbanization. Overall, no province in China can consistently operate within all SJSs. (3) In the process of urbanization, improvements in ecological protection and production practices in most provinces expanded the size of SJS, but the continuous increase in total demand failed to steer regions toward safer spaces. Our framework emphasized the common but differentiated pathways that regions at varying stages of urbanization navigate to achieve safety and justice. It also provides an applicable solution for regions aiming to pursue urban growth while maintaining ecological conservation and social justice, ultimately achieving sustainable development.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52374,"journal":{"name":"Geography and Sustainability","volume":"6 5","pages":"Article 100331"},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144680378","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The value of water in agriculture over the past 30 years on the north slope of the Tianshan Mountains","authors":"Peifang Leng ,&nbsp;Zhipin Ai ,&nbsp;Fadong Li","doi":"10.1016/j.geosus.2025.100327","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geosus.2025.100327","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Water is an indispensable resource for agricultural production. However, its value in agriculture remains largely unknown. This oversight results in agriculture water value being seldom integrated into water pricing, thereby restricting the information available for water allocation decisions. In this study, we estimated irrigation water value over the last 30 years on the north slope of the Tianshan Mountains, where agriculture is largely dependent on irrigation water supply. Using a data-parsimonious biophysical framework with a function of crop growth and water-demanding dynamics, we estimate the additional net economic benefit of irrigated agriculture relative to rainfed conditions for three major crops at the county level. Our results reveal that mean irrigation water values were 0.27, 0.32, and 0.16 USD m^–3 for cotton, maize, and wheat, respectively, which were 2.0 − 3.2 times higher than global estimates. The value of irrigation water significantly increased over time, primarily driven by rising crop prices and improved water use efficiency. Our findings indicate that farmers in arid regions with water limitations may favor crops with high irrigation water use efficiency. Wheat is suggested to be spatially reallocated in light of the economic benefit, given its relatively low output price and water use efficiency. Irrigation water value was more sensitive to precipitation than air temperature by lowering crop prices and narrowing the gap between rain-fed and irrigated yields. The inclusion of irrigation water value in planning could lead to more efficient use of water resources and support decisions regarding irrigation investments, water use rights, and, ultimately, food sustainability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52374,"journal":{"name":"Geography and Sustainability","volume":"6 5","pages":"Article 100327"},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144563482","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Geographical linkage and trade disruption within global photovoltaic supply chains","authors":"Weilong Li ,&nbsp;Meng Zhang ,&nbsp;Mengyao Han","doi":"10.1016/j.geosus.2025.100323","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geosus.2025.100323","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Photovoltaics play an essential role in supporting the unprecedented growth of renewable energy transition as well as facing a series of trade risks due to complex international dynamics and intermittent trade disruptions. By combining complex network modeling and shock propagation analysis, the spatial-temporal evolution of photovoltaic supply chains worldwide was depicted, and the potential trade risks under different scenarios were elucidated in this study. The results show that the trade patterns of photovoltaic supply chains have evolved significantly, particularly characterized by the rise of China, Malaysia, Vietnam, and Thailand. The complexity of photovoltaic supply chains increases significantly with the addition of more nodes and edges in the networks. The vulnerability of critical photovoltaic supply chains tends to intensify with the increasing concentration of global supply chains in a geographic sense. The interruption of trade ties between China and Vietnam may lead to the most drastic impact on photovoltaic supply chains, followed by trade disruptions between Southeast Asia and North America. By unveiling the spatial-temporal network evolution and potential trade disruption of global photovoltaic supply chains, it is practical to propose rational and feasible strategies that consider the geographical diversification and international cooperation of photovoltaic supply chains worldwide.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52374,"journal":{"name":"Geography and Sustainability","volume":"6 5","pages":"Article 100323"},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144631855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unveiling the buffering impacts of temperate forests on enhancing grain yields through regional biogeophysical climate modification","authors":"Lingxue Yu ,&nbsp;Zhuoran Yan ,&nbsp;Tingxiang Liu ,&nbsp;Xuan Li ,&nbsp;Jiaxuan Li ,&nbsp;Kun Bu ,&nbsp;Wen J. Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.geosus.2025.100332","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geosus.2025.100332","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Temperate forests exert significant biogeophysical influences on local and regional climates through modulating the energy and moisture exchanges between the land surface and the atmosphere, thereby serving as crucial barriers with significant buffering impacts on the productivity of adjacent agricultural ecosystems. However, the extent and underlying mechanisms of these biogeophysical and buffering effects of temperate forest barriers remains insufficiently understood. In this study, we integrated the dynamic crop model Noah-MP-Crop with the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model to investigate the biogeophysical climate regulation of temperate forests and its buffering effects on crop yields in adjacent agricultural lands across Northeast China. Our findings revealed that temperate forest barriers induced significant local climate effects by cooling air and surface temperatures and reducing wind speeds within forested areas during the growing season, while also regulating non-local climate, particularly by altering regional precipitation patterns, 2 m water vapor mixing ratio (Q2), and soil moisture, predominantly in adjacent cropland areas. Furthermore, these forest barriers were found to modulate climate extremes, through affecting maximum temperature and wind speed on a local scale, as well as both maximum and minimum Q2 in non-local croplands. Our study also observed that temperate forest barriers, through biogeophysical climate regulation, enhanced GPP, NPP, and grain yields across most cropland areas. This productivity boost was especially pronounced, with yield increases up to 20 % in certain regions during the extreme drought conditions of 2017, underscoring the critical role of temperate forest barriers in sustaining and enhancing crop yields under severe climatic stress. Our findings underscore the significant buffering effects of temperate forest barriers on regional agricultural production, having important implications for climate adaptation strategies aimed at bolstering agricultural resilience in the face of increasing climate variability and extremes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52374,"journal":{"name":"Geography and Sustainability","volume":"6 5","pages":"Article 100332"},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144631858","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Daily spatial temperature range: Spatiotemporal pattern and climate change response","authors":"Fayong Liu ,&nbsp;Xinyu Zou ,&nbsp;Yuanyuan Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.geosus.2025.100319","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geosus.2025.100319","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Due to its impact on cereal yields, vegetation growth, animal wellbeing, and human health, considerable attention has been paid to diurnal temperature range, focusing on the temporal dimension of surface air temperature. However, the characteristics of spatial temperature range and its response to climate change remain unclear, despite its importance to various natural and societal activities. Here, we proposed a daily spatial temperature range (DSTR, difference between spatial maximum and minimum temperature, STmax and STmin) indicator to measure the maximum spatial temperature range within a given region over a day. We analyzed the spatiotemporal pattern of DSTR and its trend under climate change at four scales (global, hemispheric, national, and provincial), with the following main results: (1) DSTR was scale dependent, provincial pattern of which were mainly related to sensible and latent heat fluxes. (2) The key regions affecting DSTR and temporal distribution at different scales were mapped out. (3) Under climate change, DSTR significantly decreased globally, hemispherically, and in several Chinese provinces due to the greater warming of STmin than STmax. The influence of latent heat flux and solar shortwave radiation was larger at global/hemispheric scales, while the albedo was a more critical driver at provincial scale. For the first time, we proposed the DSTR indicator and emphasized the importance of exploring spatial temperature heterogeneity. This spatial information is important to optimize relevant societal activities, and the response of DSTR to climate change has further led to the consideration of the relationship between DSTR and extreme events, biodiversity, etc.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52374,"journal":{"name":"Geography and Sustainability","volume":"6 5","pages":"Article 100319"},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144330336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Same soybean policy, different responses of agricultural systems: Comparing effectiveness of cropping pattern adjusting in state farms and rural household farms of Heilongjiang, China","authors":"Xi Chen ,&nbsp;Jinwei Dong ,&nbsp;Zhichao Li ,&nbsp;Li Sun ,&nbsp;Chuantao Ren ,&nbsp;Guoming Du ,&nbsp;Yuanyuan Di ,&nbsp;Nanshan You ,&nbsp;Xiaoyong Liao","doi":"10.1016/j.geosus.2025.100330","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geosus.2025.100330","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>State farms, although a minority in China’s agricultural sector, play a critical role in regions like Heilongjiang, leading national food production. However, how state farms (SFs) and rural household farms (RFs) respond to food policies, especially the 2017 soybean subsidy policy (post-Sino–U.S. trade war) and the 2019 soybean revitalization policy, remains unclear. This study examines changes in cropping patterns on SFs and RFs in Heilongjiang from 2013 to 2022 using annual crop maps. We find that SFs, with larger and more clustered fields, responded more effectively to the soybean policies: soybean acreage recovery (2019–2021) reached 91.51 % of pre-trade war levels for RFs and 98.2 % for SFs; following the revitalization policy, maize-soybean rotations were implemented four times in 62.3 % of SFs and 45.4 % of RFs. These results highlight the influence of global trade and agricultural policies on cropland management, providing critical insights into sustainable practices and food security across different agricultural systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52374,"journal":{"name":"Geography and Sustainability","volume":"6 5","pages":"Article 100330"},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144713467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}