Learning & memory (Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.)最新文献

{"title":"Larval zebrafish display dynamic learning of aversive stimuli in a constant visual surrounding.","authors":"Jiale Xu,&nbsp;Romelo Casanave,&nbsp;Su Guo","doi":"10.1101/lm.053425.121","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/lm.053425.121","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Balancing exploration and anti-predation are fundamental to the fitness and survival of all animal species from early life stages. How these basic survival instincts drive learning remains poorly understood. Here, using a light/dark preference paradigm with well-controlled luminance history and constant visual surrounding in larval zebrafish, we analyzed intra- and intertrial dynamics for two behavioral components, dark avoidance and center avoidance. We uncover that larval zebrafish display short-term learning of dark avoidance with initial sensitization followed by habituation; they also exhibit long-term learning that is sensitive to trial interval length. We further show that such stereotyped learning patterns is stimulus-specific, as they are not observed for center avoidance. Finally, we demonstrate at individual levels that long-term learning is under homeostatic control. Together, our work has established a novel paradigm to understand learning, uncovered sequential sensitization and habituation, and demonstrated stimulus specificity, individuality, as well as dynamicity in learning.</p>","PeriodicalId":520703,"journal":{"name":"Learning & memory (Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.)","volume":" ","pages":"228-238"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/87/b0/LM053425Xu.PMC8212779.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39240082","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Awareness and differential eyeblink conditioning: effects of manipulating auditory CS frequencies.","authors":"Anudeep Bolaram,&nbsp;Taylor E Coe,&nbsp;John M Power,&nbsp;Dominic T Cheng","doi":"10.1101/lm.050146.119","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/lm.050146.119","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The role of awareness in differential delay eyeblink conditioning (EBC) has been a topic of much debate. We tested the idea that awareness is required for differential delay EBC when two cues are perceptually similar. The present study manipulated frequencies of auditory conditioned stimuli (CS) to vary CS similarity in three groups of participants. Our findings indicate that awareness was not necessary for differential delay EBC when two tones are easily discriminable, awareness was also not needed for relatively similar tones but may facilitate earlier conditioning, and awareness alone was not sufficient for differential delay EBC.</p>","PeriodicalId":520703,"journal":{"name":"Learning & memory (Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.)","volume":" ","pages":"78-82"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1101/lm.050146.119","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37551613","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"CREB transcription in the medial prefrontal cortex regulates the formation of long-term associative recognition memory.","authors":"Gareth Robert Barker,&nbsp;Liang Fong Wong,&nbsp;James B Uney,&nbsp;Elizabeth C Warburton","doi":"10.1101/lm.050021.119","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/lm.050021.119","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) is known to be critical for specific forms of long-term recognition memory, however the cellular mechanisms in the mPFC that underpin memory maintenance have not been well characterized. This study examined the importance of phosphorylation of cAMP responsive element binding protein (CREB) in the mPFC for different forms of long-term recognition memory in the rat. Adenoviral transduction of the mPFC with a dominant-negative inhibitor of CREB impaired object-in-place memory following a 6 or 24 h retention delay, but no impairment was observed following delays of 5 min or 3 h. Long-term object temporal order memory and spatial temporal order memory was also impaired. In contrast, there were no impairments in novel object recognition or object location memory. These results establish, for the first time, the importance of CREB phosphorylation within the mPFC for memory of associative and temporal information crucial to recognition.</p>","PeriodicalId":520703,"journal":{"name":"Learning & memory (Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.)","volume":" ","pages":"45-51"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1101/lm.050021.119","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37551699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hippocampal growth hormone modulates relational memory and the dendritic spine density in CA1.","authors":"Kamilla G Haugland,&nbsp;Anniken Olberg,&nbsp;Andreas Lande,&nbsp;Kirsten B Kjelstrup,&nbsp;Vegard H Brun","doi":"10.1101/lm.050229.119","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/lm.050229.119","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Growth hormone (GH) deficiency is associated with cognitive decline which occur both in normal aging and in endocrine disorders. Several brain areas express receptors for GH although their functional role is unclear. To determine how GH affects the capacity for learning and memory by specific actions in one of the key areas, the hippocampus, we injected recombinant adeno-associated viruses (rAAVs) in male rats to express green fluorescent protein (GFP) combined with either GH, antagonizing GH (aGH), or no hormone, in the dorsal CA1. We found that aGH disrupted memory in the Morris water maze task, and that aGH treated animals needed more training to relearn a novel goal location. In a one-trial spontaneous location recognition test, the GH treated rats had better memory performance for object locations than the two other groups. Histological examinations revealed that GH increased the dendritic spine density on apical dendrites of CA1, while aGH reduced the spine density. GH increased the relative amount of immature spines, while aGH decreased the same amount. Our results imply that GH is a neuromodulator with strong influence over hippocampal plasticity and relational memory by mechanisms involving modulation of dendritic spines. The findings are significant to the increasing aging population and GH deficiency patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":520703,"journal":{"name":"Learning & memory (Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.)","volume":" ","pages":"33-44"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1101/lm.050229.119","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37551698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Roles of the medial prefrontal cortex, mediodorsal thalamus, and their combined circuit for performance of the odor span task in rats: analysis of memory capacity and foraging behavior.","authors":"Gavin A Scott,&nbsp;Max C Liu,&nbsp;Nimra B Tahir,&nbsp;Nadine K Zabder,&nbsp;Yuanyi Song,&nbsp;Quentin Greba,&nbsp;John G Howland","doi":"10.1101/lm.050195.119","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/lm.050195.119","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Working memory (WM), the capacity for short-term storage of small quantities of information for immediate use, is thought to depend on activity within the prefrontal cortex. Recent evidence indicates that the prefrontal neuronal activity supporting WM is driven by thalamocortical connections arising in mediodorsal thalamus (mdThal). However, the role of these connections has not been studied using olfactory stimuli leaving open the question of whether this circuit extends to all sensory modalities. Additionally, manipulations of the mdThal in olfactory memory tasks have yielded mixed results. In the present experiment, we investigated the role of connections between the rat medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and mdThal in the odor span task (OST) using a pharmacological contralateral disconnection technique. Inactivation of either the mPFC or mdThal alone both significantly impaired memory performance in the OST, replicating previous findings with the mPFC and confirming that the mdThal plays an essential role in intact OST performance. Contralateral disconnection of the two structures impaired OST performance in support of the idea that the OST relies on mPFC-mdThal connections, but ipsilateral control infusions also impaired performance, complicating this interpretation. We also performed a detailed analysis of rats' errors and foraging behavior and found a dissociation between mPFC and mdThal inactivation conditions. Inactivation of the mdThal and mPFC caused a significant reduction in the number of approaches rats made per odor, whereas only mdThal inactivation or mPFC-mdThal disconnection caused significant increases in choice latency. Our results confirm that the mdThal is necessary for performance of the OST and that it may critically interact with the mPFC to mediate OST performance. Additionally, we have provided evidence that the mPFC and mdThal play dissociable roles in mediating foraging behavior.</p>","PeriodicalId":520703,"journal":{"name":"Learning & memory (Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.)","volume":" ","pages":"67-77"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1101/lm.050195.119","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37551700","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Associative learning and sensory neuroplasticity: how does it happen and what is it good for?","authors":"John P McGann","doi":"10.1101/lm.039636.115","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/lm.039636.115","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Historically, the body's sensory systems have been presumed to provide the brain with raw information about the external environment, which the brain must interpret to select a behavioral response. Consequently, studies of the neurobiology of learning and memory have focused on circuitry that interfaces between sensory inputs and behavioral outputs, such as the amygdala and cerebellum. However, evidence is accumulating that some forms of learning can in fact drive stimulus-specific changes very early in sensory systems, including not only primary sensory cortices but also precortical structures and even the peripheral sensory organs themselves. This review synthesizes evidence across sensory modalities to report emerging themes, including the systems' flexibility to emphasize different aspects of a sensory stimulus depending on its predictive features and ability of different forms of learning to produce similar plasticity in sensory structures. Potential functions of this learning-induced neuroplasticity are discussed in relation to the challenges faced by sensory systems in changing environments, and evidence for absolute changes in sensory ability is considered. We also emphasize that this plasticity may serve important nonsensory functions, including balancing metabolic load, regulating attentional focus, and facilitating downstream neuroplasticity. </p>","PeriodicalId":520703,"journal":{"name":"Learning & memory (Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.)","volume":" ","pages":"567-76"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2015-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1101/lm.039636.115","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"34092451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Forming competing fear learning and extinction memories in adolescence makes fear difficult to inhibit.","authors":"Kathryn D Baker,&nbsp;Rick Richardson","doi":"10.1101/lm.039487.114","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/lm.039487.114","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Fear inhibition is markedly impaired in adolescent rodents and humans. The present experiments investigated whether this impairment is critically determined by the animal's age at the time of fear learning or their age at fear extinction. Male rats (n = 170) were tested for extinction retention after conditioning and extinction at different ages. We examined neural correlates of impaired extinction retention by detection of phosphorylated mitogen-activated protein kinase immunoreactivity (pMAPK-IR) in several brain regions. Unexpectedly, adolescent rats exhibited good extinction retention if fear was acquired before adolescence. Further, fear acquired in adolescence could be successfully extinguished in adulthood but not within adolescence. Adolescent rats did not show extinction-induced increases in pMAPK-IR in the medial prefrontal cortex or the basolateral amygdala, or a pattern of reduced caudal central amygdala pMAPK-IR, as was observed in juveniles. This dampened prefrontal and basolateral amygdala MAPK activation following extinction in adolescence occurred even when there was no impairment in extinction retention. In contrast, only adolescent animals that exhibited impaired extinction retention showed elevated pMAPK-IR in the posterior paraventricular thalamus. These data suggest that neither the animal's age at the time of fear acquisition or extinction determines whether impaired extinction retention is exhibited. Rather, it appears that forming competing fear conditioning and extinction memories in adolescence renders this a vulnerable developmental period in which fear is difficult to inhibit. Furthermore, even under conditions that promote good extinction, the neural correlates of extinction in adolescence are different than those recruited in animals of other ages. </p>","PeriodicalId":520703,"journal":{"name":"Learning & memory (Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.)","volume":" ","pages":"537-43"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2015-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1101/lm.039487.114","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"34159771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Massive memory revisited: Limitations on storage capacity for object details in visual long-term memory.","authors":"Corbin A Cunningham,&nbsp;Michael A Yassa,&nbsp;Howard E Egeth","doi":"10.1101/lm.039404.115","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/lm.039404.115","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Previous work suggests that visual long-term memory (VLTM) is highly detailed and has a massive capacity. However, memory performance is subject to the effects of the type of testing procedure used. The current study examines detail memory performance by probing the same memories within the same subjects, but using divergent probing methods. The results reveal that while VLTM representations are typically sufficient to support performance when the procedure probes gist-based information, they are not sufficient in circumstances when the procedure requires more detail. We show that VLTM capacity, albeit large, is heavily reliant on gist as well as detail. Thus, the nature of the mnemonic representations stored in VLTM is important in understanding its capacity limitations. </p>","PeriodicalId":520703,"journal":{"name":"Learning & memory (Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.)","volume":" ","pages":"563-6"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2015-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1101/lm.039404.115","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"34092450","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reconsolidation of a well-learned instrumental memory.","authors":"Marc T J Exton-McGuinness, Rosemary C Patton, Lawrence B Sacco, Jonathan L C Lee","doi":"10.1101/lm.035543.114","DOIUrl":"10.1101/lm.035543.114","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Once consolidated, memories are dynamic entities that go through phases of instability in order to be updated with new information, via a process of reconsolidation. The phenomenon of reconsolidation has been demonstrated in a wide variety of experimental paradigms. However, the memories underpinning instrumental behaviors are currently not believed to reconsolidate. We show that well-learned lever pressing in rats does undergo reconsolidation, which can be disrupted by systemic administration of the noncompetitive N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) antagonist (+)-5-methyl-10,11-dihydro-SH-dibenzo[a,d]cyclohepten-5,10-imine maleate (MK-801) when administered prior to a switch to a variable, but not fixed, ratio schedule. Disruption of reconsolidation resulted in a reduction in long-term lever pressing performance and diminished the sensitivity of behavior to contingency change. Further investigation demonstrated that expression of the reconsolidation impairment was not affected by outcome value, implying a deficit in a stimulus-response (S-R) process. The ability to disrupt the performance of well-learned instrumental behaviors is potentially of great importance in the development of reconsolidation-based clinical treatments for conditions that involve compulsive seeking behaviors. </p>","PeriodicalId":520703,"journal":{"name":"Learning & memory (Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.)","volume":" ","pages":"468-77"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4138356/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32595180","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Protein degradation by ubiquitin-proteasome system in formation and labilization of contextual conditioning memory.","authors":"María Sol Fustiñana,&nbsp;Verónica de la Fuente,&nbsp;Noel Federman,&nbsp;Ramiro Freudenthal,&nbsp;Arturo Romano","doi":"10.1101/lm.035998.114","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/lm.035998.114","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) of protein degradation has been evaluated in different forms of neural plasticity and memory. The role of UPS in such processes is controversial. Several results support the idea that the activation of this system in memory consolidation is necessary to overcome negative constrains for plasticity. In this case, the inhibition of the UPS during consolidation impairs memory. Similar results were reported for memory reconsolidation. However, in other cases, the inhibition of UPS had no effect on memory consolidation and reconsolidation but impedes the amnesic action of protein synthesis inhibition after retrieval. The last finding suggests a specific action of the UPS inhibitor on memory labilization. However, another interpretation is possible in terms of the synthesis/degradation balance of positive and negative elements in neural plasticity, as was found in the case of long-term potentiation. To evaluate these alternative interpretations, other reconsolidation-interfering drugs than translation inhibitors should be tested. Here we analyzed initially the UPS inhibitor effect in contextual conditioning in crabs. We found that UPS inhibition during consolidation impaired long-term memory. In contrast, UPS inhibition did not affect memory reconsolidation after contextual retrieval but, in fact, impeded memory labilization, blocking the action of drugs that does not affect directly the protein synthesis. To extend these finding to vertebrates, we performed similar experiments in contextual fear memory in mice. We found that the UPS inhibitor in hippocampus affected memory consolidation and blocked memory labilization after retrieval. These findings exclude alternative interpretations to the requirement of UPS in memory labilization and give evidence of this mechanism in both vertebrates and invertebrates. </p>","PeriodicalId":520703,"journal":{"name":"Learning & memory (Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.)","volume":" ","pages":"478-87"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2014-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1101/lm.035998.114","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32595182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}