{"title":"Impact of conscious intent on chunking during motor learning.","authors":"Sunbin Song, Leonardo Cohen","doi":"10.1101/lm.035824.114","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/lm.035824.114","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Humans and other mammals learn sequences of movements by splitting them into smaller \"chunks.\" Such chunks are defined by the faster speed of performance of groups of movements. The purpose of this report is to determine how conscious intent to learn impacts chunking, an issue that remains unknown. Here, we studied 80 subjects who either with or without conscious intent learned a motor sequence. Performance was tested before and up to 1-wk post-training. Chunk formation, carryover of chunks, and concatenation of chunks into longer chunks, all measures of motor chunking success, were determined at each time-point. We found that formation, carryover, and concatenation of chunks were comparable across groups and did not improve over the training session and subsequent testing times. Thus, motor learning progressed in the absence of improvements in chunking irrespective of conscious intent. These data suggest that mechanisms other than chunking contribute to successful motor learning with and without conscious intent. </p>","PeriodicalId":520703,"journal":{"name":"Learning & memory (Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.)","volume":" ","pages":"449-51"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2014-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1101/lm.035824.114","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32589463","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jacqueline M Barker, Jane R Taylor, L Judson Chandler
{"title":"A unifying model of the role of the infralimbic cortex in extinction and habits.","authors":"Jacqueline M Barker, Jane R Taylor, L Judson Chandler","doi":"10.1101/lm.035501.114","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/lm.035501.114","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The infralimbic prefrontal cortex (IL) has been shown to be critical for the regulation of flexible behavior, but its precise function remains unclear. This region has been shown to be critical for the acquisition, consolidation, and expression of extinction learning, leading many to hypothesize that IL suppresses behavior as part of a \"stop\" network. However, this framework is at odds with IL function in habitual behavior in which the IL has been shown to be required for the expression and acquisition of ongoing habitual behavior. Here, we will review the current state of knowledge of IL anatomy and function in behavioral flexibility and provide a testable framework for a single IL mechanism underlying its function in both extinction and habit learning. </p>","PeriodicalId":520703,"journal":{"name":"Learning & memory (Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.)","volume":" ","pages":"441-8"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2014-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1101/lm.035501.114","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32589462","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Retrieval is not necessary to trigger reconsolidation of object recognition memory in the perirhinal cortex.","authors":"Marianela Santoyo-Zedillo, Carlos J Rodriguez-Ortiz, Gianfranco Chavez-Marchetta, Federico Bermudez-Rattoni, Israela Balderas","doi":"10.1101/lm.035428.114","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/lm.035428.114","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Memory retrieval has been considered as requisite to initiate memory reconsolidation; however, some studies indicate that blocking retrieval does not prevent memory from undergoing reconsolidation. Since N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) glutamate receptors in the perirhinal cortex have been involved in object recognition memory formation, the present study evaluated whether retrieval and reconsolidation are independent processes by manipulating these glutamate receptors. The results showed that AMPA receptor antagonist infusions in the perirhinal cortex blocked retrieval, but did not affect memory reconsolidation, although NMDA receptor antagonist infusions disrupted reconsolidation even if retrieval was blocked. Importantly, neither of these antagonists disrupted short-term memory. These data suggest that memory underwent reconsolidation even in the absence of retrieval. </p>","PeriodicalId":520703,"journal":{"name":"Learning & memory (Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.)","volume":" ","pages":"452-6"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2014-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1101/lm.035428.114","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32589464","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ashley M Fortress, Jaekyoon Kim, Rachel L Poole, Thomas J Gould, Karyn M Frick
{"title":"17β-Estradiol regulates histone alterations associated with memory consolidation and increases Bdnf promoter acetylation in middle-aged female mice.","authors":"Ashley M Fortress, Jaekyoon Kim, Rachel L Poole, Thomas J Gould, Karyn M Frick","doi":"10.1101/lm.034033.113","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/lm.034033.113","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Histone acetylation is essential for hippocampal memory formation in young adult rodents. Although dysfunctional histone acetylation has been associated with age-related memory decline in male rodents, little is known about whether histone acetylation is altered by aging in female rodents. In young female mice, the ability of 17β-estradiol (E2) to enhance object recognition memory consolidation requires histone H3 acetylation in the dorsal hippocampus. However, the extent to which histone acetylation is regulated by E2 in middle-aged females is unknown. The mnemonic benefits of E2 in aging females appear to be greatest in middle age, and so pinpointing the molecular mechanisms through which E2 enhances memory at this age could lead to the development of safer and more effective treatments for maintaining memory function without the side effects of current therapies. Here, we show that dorsal hippocampal infusion of E2 rapidly enhanced object recognition and spatial memory, and increased histone H3 acetylation in the dorsal hippocampus, while also significantly reducing levels of histone deacetylase (HDAC2 and HDAC3) proteins. E2 specifically increased histone H3 acetylation at Bdnf promoters pII and pIV in the dorsal hippocampus of both young and middle-aged mice, despite age-related decreases in pI and pIV acetylation. Furthermore, levels of mature BDNF and pro-BDNF proteins in the dorsal hippocampus were increased by E2 in middle-aged females. Together, these data suggest that the middle-aged female dorsal hippocampus remains epigenetically responsive to E2, and that E2 may enhance memory in middle-aged females via epigenetic regulation of Bdnf. </p>","PeriodicalId":520703,"journal":{"name":"Learning & memory (Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.)","volume":" ","pages":"457-67"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2014-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1101/lm.034033.113","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32589465","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sara Sannino, Fabio Russo, Giulia Torromino, Valentina Pendolino, Paolo Calabresi, Elvira De Leonibus
{"title":"Role of the dorsal hippocampus in object memory load.","authors":"Sara Sannino, Fabio Russo, Giulia Torromino, Valentina Pendolino, Paolo Calabresi, Elvira De Leonibus","doi":"10.1101/lm.025213.111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/lm.025213.111","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The dorsal hippocampus is crucial for mammalian spatial memory, but its exact role in item memory is still hotly debated. Recent evidence in humans suggested that the hippocampus might be selectively involved in item short-term memory to deal with an increasing memory load. In this study, we sought to test this hypothesis. To this aim we developed a novel behavioral procedure to study object memory load in mice by progressively increasing the stimulus set size in the spontaneous object recognition task. Using this procedure, we demonstrated that naive mice have a memory span, which is the number of elements they can remember for a short-time interval, of about six objects. Then, we showed that excitotoxic selective lesions of the dorsal hippocampus did not impair novel object discrimination in the condition of low memory load. In contrast, the same lesion impaired novel object discrimination in the high memory load condition, and reduced the object memory span to four objects. These results have important heuristic and clinical implications because they open new perspective toward the understanding of the role of the hippocampus in item memory and in memory span deficits occurring in human pathologies, such as Alzheimer's disease and schizophrenia.</p>","PeriodicalId":520703,"journal":{"name":"Learning & memory (Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.)","volume":" ","pages":"211-8"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2012-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1101/lm.025213.111","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40173049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ama Acheampong, Kathleen Kelly, Maria Shields-Johnson, Julie Hajovsky, Marcy Wainwright, Riccardo Mozzachiodi
{"title":"Rapid and persistent suppression of feeding behavior induced by sensitization training in Aplysia.","authors":"Ama Acheampong, Kathleen Kelly, Maria Shields-Johnson, Julie Hajovsky, Marcy Wainwright, Riccardo Mozzachiodi","doi":"10.1101/lm.024638.111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/lm.024638.111","url":null,"abstract":"In Aplysia, noxious stimuli induce sensitization of defensive responses. However, it remains largely unknown whether such stimuli also alter nondefensive behaviors. In this study, we examined the effects of noxious stimuli on feeding. Strong electric shocks, capable of inducing sensitization, also led to the suppression of feeding. The use of multiple training protocols revealed that the time course of the suppression of feeding was analogous to that of sensitization. In addition, the suppression of feeding was present only at the time points in which sensitization was expressed. These results suggest that, in Aplysia, noxious stimuli may produce concurrent changes in neural circuits controlling both defensive and nondefensive behaviors.","PeriodicalId":520703,"journal":{"name":"Learning & memory (Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.)","volume":" ","pages":"159-63"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2012-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1101/lm.024638.111","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40167930","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ryan Place, Christy Lykken, Zachery Beer, Junghyup Suh, Thomas J McHugh, Susumu Tonegawa, Howard Eichenbaum, Magdalena M Sauvage
{"title":"NMDA signaling in CA1 mediates selectively the spatial component of episodic memory.","authors":"Ryan Place, Christy Lykken, Zachery Beer, Junghyup Suh, Thomas J McHugh, Susumu Tonegawa, Howard Eichenbaum, Magdalena M Sauvage","doi":"10.1101/lm.025254.111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/lm.025254.111","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Recent studies focusing on the memory for temporal order have reported that CA1 plays a critical role in the memory for the sequences of events, in addition to its well-described role in spatial navigation. In contrast, CA3 was found to principally contribute to the memory for the association of items with spatial or contextual information in tasks focusing on spatial memory. Other studies have shown that NMDA signaling in the hippocampus is critical to memory performance in studies that have investigated spatial and temporal order memory independently. However, the role of NMDA signaling separately in CA1 and CA3 in memory that combines both spatial and temporal processing demands (episodic memory) has not been examined. Here we investigated the effect of the deletion of the NR1 subunit of the NMDA receptor in CA1 or CA3 on the spatial and the temporal aspects of episodic memory, using a behavioral task that allows for these two aspects of memory to be evaluated distinctly within the same task. Under these conditions, NMDA signaling in CA1 specifically contributes to the spatial aspect of memory function and is not required to support the memory for temporal order of events.</p>","PeriodicalId":520703,"journal":{"name":"Learning & memory (Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.)","volume":" ","pages":"164-9"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2012-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1101/lm.025254.111","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40167931","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Alexander Easton, Lisa A D Webster, Madeline J Eacott
{"title":"The episodic nature of episodic-like memories.","authors":"Alexander Easton, Lisa A D Webster, Madeline J Eacott","doi":"10.1101/lm.025676.112","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/lm.025676.112","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Studying episodic memory in nonhuman animals has proved difficult because definitions in humans require conscious recollection. Here, we assessed humans' experience of episodic-like recognition memory tasks that have been used with animals. It was found that tasks using contextual information to discriminate events could only be accurately performed using recollection, not familiarity. However, tasks using temporal information to discriminate events could be accurately performed using either recollection or familiarity. The results strengthen the position that some episodic-like recognition memory tasks are a valid model of episodic memory. However, tasks that rely on temporal information may be susceptible to nonepisodic strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":520703,"journal":{"name":"Learning & memory (Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.)","volume":" ","pages":"146-50"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2012-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1101/lm.025676.112","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40158601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
H James McQuillan, Shinichi Nakagawa, Alison R Mercer
{"title":"Mushroom bodies of the honeybee brain show cell population-specific plasticity in expression of amine-receptor genes.","authors":"H James McQuillan, Shinichi Nakagawa, Alison R Mercer","doi":"10.1101/lm.025353.111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/lm.025353.111","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Dopamine and octopamine released in the mushroom bodies of the insect brain play a critical role in the formation of aversive and appetitive memories, respectively. As recent evidence suggests a complex relationship between the effects of these two amines on the output of mushroom body circuits, we compared the expression of dopamine- and octopamine-receptor genes in three major subpopulations of mushroom body intrinsic neurons (Kenyon cells). Using the brain of the honeybee, Apis mellifera, we found that expression of amine-receptor genes differs markedly across Kenyon cell subpopulations. We found, in addition, that levels of expression of these genes change dramatically during the lifetime of the bee and that shifts in expression are cell population-specific. Differential expression of amine-receptor genes in mushroom body neurons and the plasticity that exists at this level are features largely ignored in current models of mushroom body function. However, our results are consistent with the growing body of evidence that short- and long-term olfactory memories form in different regions of the mushroom bodies of the brain and that there is functional compartmentalization of the modulatory inputs to this multifunctional brain center.</p>","PeriodicalId":520703,"journal":{"name":"Learning & memory (Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.)","volume":" ","pages":"151-8"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2012-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1101/lm.025353.111","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40158602","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Same-different categorization in rats.","authors":"Edward A Wasserman, Leyre Castro, John H Freeman","doi":"10.1101/lm.025437.111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/lm.025437.111","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Same-different categorization is a fundamental feat of human cognition. Although birds and nonhuman primates readily learn same-different discriminations and successfully transfer them to novel stimuli, no such demonstration exists for rats. Using a spatial discrimination learning task, we show that rats can both learn to discriminate arrays of visual stimuli containing all same from all different items and transfer this discrimination to arrays composed of novel visual items. These results are consistent with rats' engaging in same-different categorization. As such, they pave the way for investigations into the perceptual, cognitive, and neurobiological substrates of abstract categorization behavior.</p>","PeriodicalId":520703,"journal":{"name":"Learning & memory (Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.)","volume":" ","pages":"142-5"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2012-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1101/lm.025437.111","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40156684","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}