Strategic Committee On Gestational Surrogacy Of Brazilian Association Of Assisted Reproduction Sbra Hitomi Nakagawa, Fabio Roberto Cabar, Felipe Canavez, Flavia Giacon, Marcia Mendonca Carneiro, Pedro Monteleone, Thais Maia, Emerson Barchi Cordts, Roberto de Azevedo Antunes, Maria do Carmo Borges de Souza
{"title":"Gestational Surrogacy in Brazil: A Position Statement of the Brazilian Association of Assisted Reproduction (SBRA).","authors":"Strategic Committee On Gestational Surrogacy Of Brazilian Association Of Assisted Reproduction Sbra Hitomi Nakagawa, Fabio Roberto Cabar, Felipe Canavez, Flavia Giacon, Marcia Mendonca Carneiro, Pedro Monteleone, Thais Maia, Emerson Barchi Cordts, Roberto de Azevedo Antunes, Maria do Carmo Borges de Souza","doi":"10.5935/1518-0557.20260098","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5935/1518-0557.20260098","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Surrogacy includes traditional surrogacy, in which the carrier contributes her own oocyte, and gestational surro-gacy, in which the embryo is derived exclusively from the gametes of the intended parents or donors. In Brazil, only gestational surrogacy is legally recognized. It is governed by resolutions of the Federal Council of Medicine and the national health surveillance agency in the absence of spe-cific federal legislation, and it requires altruistic, unpaid participation and compliance with carrier eligibility crite-ria. This Position Statement, developed by the Strategic Committee on Gestational Surrogacy of the Brazilian As-sociation of Assisted Reproduction, addresses the clinical, bioethical, legal, and psychological dimensions of the prac-tice and is intended to guide specialists throughout Brazil. Clinical indications include uterine absence or anomalies, contraindications to pregnancy, medical conditions that may be aggravated by pregnancy, and biological inability to conceive or carry a pregnancy. No universally validated protocol for carrier selection exists; current requirements include a maximum age of 50 years, at least one previous live birth, and satisfactory physical and mental health. Peri-natal outcomes are comparable to those of conventional in vitro fertilization, although long-term data on cross-border arrangements remain scarce. The bioethical framework is based on autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, and justice. SBRA opposes simultaneous surrogacy arrange-ments because they are incompatible with the altruistic na-ture of the practice and supports gradual, age-appropriate disclosure of the child's gestational origin. Legal challenges include the absence of statutory regulation, cross-border reproductive tourism, and the child's right to know their origins. Continuous psychological support for all parties is mandatory and central to favorable long-term outcomes. Gestational surrogacy is a valid reproductive option for se-lected patients but requires rigorous oversight and must prioritize the best interests of the child within the Brazilian regulatory framework.</p>","PeriodicalId":520656,"journal":{"name":"JBRA assisted reproduction","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149122776","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rista Silvana, Yusuf Effendi, Amir Fauzi, Ratih Krisna, Indri Ramayanti, R A Tanzila
{"title":"Primary Amenorrhea due to Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser Syndrome Managed with Laparoscopic Davydov Procedure: A Case Report.","authors":"Rista Silvana, Yusuf Effendi, Amir Fauzi, Ratih Krisna, Indri Ramayanti, R A Tanzila","doi":"10.5935/1518-0557.20260085","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5935/1518-0557.20260085","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser (MRKH) syndrome is a congenital Müllerian anomaly characterized by uterovag-inal agenesis in phenotypic females with normal second-ary sexual characteristics and preserved ovarian function. Vaginal reconstruction may be required to allow satisfac-tory sexual function, particularly when nonsurgical dilation is declined, not tolerated, or not preferred. Laparoscopic Davydov vaginoplasty uses autologous peritoneum to line the neovaginal canal and may provide favorable anatomical outcomes when postoperative dilation is performed consis-tently. We report the case of an 18-year-old phenotypic female who presented with primary amenorrhea and nor-mal pubertal development. Examination showed normal external genitalia with a shallow vaginal dimple measuring approximately 3 cm. Pelvic ultrasonography demonstrated absence of the uterus with normal ovaries, and karyotype was 46,XX. Endocrine evaluation showed normal gonado-tropins, estradiol within the expected range, normal pro-lactin, and normal thyroid function tests. Renal evaluation revealed no abnormalities, supporting the diagnosis of MRKH type I. The patient underwent laparoscopic Davy-dov vaginoplasty, with detailed operative steps, trocar placement, injury-prevention strategies, and perioperative management described. A structured postoperative dila-tion protocol was implemented. At 2 months, the neovag-inal canal remained patent, with an approximate length of 8 cm; Hegar 30 was tolerated, and no early postoper-ative complications were observed. Laparoscopic Davydov vaginoplasty is a feasible surgical option for vaginal re-construction in MRKH syndrome, provided that diagnostic confirmation, reproducible operative and perioperative de-tails, and a structured postoperative dilation protocol are carefully established.</p>","PeriodicalId":520656,"journal":{"name":"JBRA assisted reproduction","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149122756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Eveline de Fátima Lima Catão, Alide Caroline Lima Fontes, Gilvannya Gonçalves de Sobral, Jêmede Duarte Valença, Altina Castelo Branco Almeida Barros, Gustavo Ferrer Carneiro
{"title":"Platelet-Rich Plasma in Human Reproduction: A Review of the Evidence in Endometrium, Ovary, and Male Infertility.","authors":"Eveline de Fátima Lima Catão, Alide Caroline Lima Fontes, Gilvannya Gonçalves de Sobral, Jêmede Duarte Valença, Altina Castelo Branco Almeida Barros, Gustavo Ferrer Carneiro","doi":"10.5935/1518-0557.20260084","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5935/1518-0557.20260084","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Although platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is an experimental therapeutic approach under investigation in different areas of medicine, several questions remain unresolved, and its use in human reproduction is still considered experimental. This limitation stems mainly from the scarcity of robust clinical studies and the heterogeneity of PRP preparation and application methods, factors that hinder comparisons among studies and contribute to inconsistent results. This narrative review aimed to evaluate the different applica-tions of PRP in reproductive medicine and its effects on patients with infertility. The findings suggest that PRP may be associated with improved pregnancy rates in some studies compared with control groups and may also favor outcomes in assisted reproduction treatments in humans.</p>","PeriodicalId":520656,"journal":{"name":"JBRA assisted reproduction","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149122778","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Alexandre B de Albuquerque, Débora A C de Souza, Lara C M Brandão, Igor G B Rocha, Lara B A Nunes, Arthur B A Medeiros, Guilherme T S Maia, Filipe T L Neto
{"title":"Successful Combined Therapy for Post-Orgasmic Illness Syndrome: A Case Report.","authors":"Alexandre B de Albuquerque, Débora A C de Souza, Lara C M Brandão, Igor G B Rocha, Lara B A Nunes, Arthur B A Medeiros, Guilherme T S Maia, Filipe T L Neto","doi":"10.5935/1518-0557.20260086","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5935/1518-0557.20260086","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Post-Orgasmic Illness Syndrome (POIS) is a rare con-dition characterized by flu-like symptoms after ejacula-tion, lasting several days and impairing quality of life. A 62-year-old man developed POIS after percutaneous ep-ididymal sperm aspiration, with symptoms lasting seven days and worsening over six years. Multiple treatments offered minimal relief until combined therapy with tam-sulosin, ebastine, escitalopram, and montelukast achieved complete resolution and restored sexual function. Immune hypersensitivity to seminal or epididymal antigens is a leading hypothesis. The success of α-blockers, antihista-mines, and SSRIs highlights the interplay between im-mune, autonomic, and psychological mechanisms. POIS is a complex, underrecognized disorder. Multimodal therapy addressing both immune and neuropsychological pathways may yield optimal outcomes. Greater awareness and stan-dardized diagnostic and treatment criteria are needed to improve management and research.</p>","PeriodicalId":520656,"journal":{"name":"JBRA assisted reproduction","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149122799","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Religious Beliefs and Refusal of Assisted Reproductive Technologies: A Qualitative Case Study.","authors":"Rose Marie Massaro Melamed, Edson Borges","doi":"10.5935/1518-0557.20260110","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5935/1518-0557.20260110","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This exploratory and descriptive qualitative case study examined how religious beliefs shaped decision-making and emotional experiences in a couple facing infertility who re-fused assisted reproductive technologies (ART), with partic-ular attention to moral distress concerning embryo status and the psychosocial implications of treatment refusal. Psy-chological follow-up in the context of reproductive counseling involved a heterosexual couple and a potential gestational carrier. Data were obtained from semi-structured interviews and projective graphic techniques within the House-Tree-Person framework, emphasizing human figure and family drawings. Interpretive qualitative analysis was used to iden-tify thematic categories and integrate narrative data with psychological assessment material. Three central processes emerged: moral distress anchored in the perceived moral status and anticipated fate of surplus embryos; value-based boundary-setting, in which embryo donation or disposal was considered morally unacceptable; and relational coping characterized by asymmetrical expressions of distress with-in the couple. Psychoeducation elicited repeated questions about embryo status, the number of embryos transferred, cryopreservation, and uterus transplantation, which func-tioned as markers of moral conflict. Projective material was interpreted as consistent with vulnerability, perceived impo-tence, and conflict between life projects and moral impera-tives. In this case, religiosity operated not only as a coping resource but also as a decisive framework that constrained acceptable reproductive options. Clinicians should provide non-coercive, empathic, and value-sensitive counseling that supports informed refusal while addressing grief, identity disruption, and moral distress.</p>","PeriodicalId":520656,"journal":{"name":"JBRA assisted reproduction","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149122740","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mitsuru Nago, Akari Saito, Yuria Takahashi, Eri Kamioka, Ami Fujisawa, Mayuri Chino, Manon Koyata, Yuta Kawagoe, Bunpei Ishizuka
{"title":"Evaluation of DNA Double-Strand Breaks in Human Sperm Following Selection by Density Gradient Centrifugation, ZyMōt, and Felix Techniques.","authors":"Mitsuru Nago, Akari Saito, Yuria Takahashi, Eri Kamioka, Ami Fujisawa, Mayuri Chino, Manon Koyata, Yuta Kawagoe, Bunpei Ishizuka","doi":"10.5935/1518-0557.20260078","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5935/1518-0557.20260078","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Density gradient centrifugation is widely used for sperm preparation, although centrifugation-in-duced oxidative stress may cause DNA damage. This study compared the rates of γH2AX-positive spermatozoa (a surrogate marker associated with DNA double-strand break-related damage signaling) among sperm prepared by density gradient centrifugation, ZyMōt, and Felix, and evaluated sperm recovery, total motility, and processing time.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Fifteen fresh semen samples collected from January to June 2025 were processed in parallel using den-sity gradient centrifugation, ZyMōt, and Felix. Following sperm preparation, γH2AX immunostaining was performed, and at least 200 spermatozoa per sample were scored to determine the γH2AX-positive rate. Sperm recovery, total motility, and workflow-defined processing time were also recorded. Statistical analyses were performed using the Friedman test followed by Wilcoxon signed-rank tests with Bonferroni correction, and data were expressed as medi-ans with interquartile ranges.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The γH2AX-positive rate was significant-ly lower in the ZyMōt (11.8%) and Felix (10.0%) groups compared with the density gradient centrifugation group (16.0%; p<0.01). Density gradient centrifugation yielded the highest sperm recovery, ZyMōt achieved the highest total motility, and Felix required the shortest processing time, indicating that the three methods exhibit distinct performance characteristics.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The non-centrifugal systems ZyMōt and Felix reduced the proportion of γH2AX-positive spermato-zoa compared with density gradient centrifugation under our laboratory conditions while maintaining comparable overall performance. Whether these laboratory differences translate into improved assisted reproductive technology outcomes should be evaluated in future prospective studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":520656,"journal":{"name":"JBRA assisted reproduction","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149122719","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Comprehensive Review of Strategies to Enhance Quality and Safety in Infertility Laboratories.","authors":"Durai Palaniyandi","doi":"10.5935/1518-0557.20260063","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5935/1518-0557.20260063","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Assisted reproductive technology (ART) laboratories are complex environments in which human gametes and embryos are handled through highly sensitive procedures. Because of procedural complexity, manual documentation, high workload and the need for precise identification at ev-ery step, these laboratories are inherently vulnerable to er-rors that may compromise patient safety, clinical outcomes and confidence in ART. Potential hazards may arise from equipment malfunction, human error, environmental insta-bility or deviation from validated procedures. Therefore, a comprehensive framework for risk assessment, risk man-agement and safety monitoring is essential. This review dis-cusses the main risk factors in ART laboratories and exam-ines established mitigation strategies, including witnessing systems, process mapping, key performance indicators and quality management systems. It also summarizes recom-mended procedures and case-based evidence for improving laboratory safety and performance. Current evidence indi-cates that proactive risk assessment, electronic witnessing, emerging artificial intelligence tools and strict adherence to international guidelines can reduce the likelihood of errors and support high-quality, safe patient care.</p>","PeriodicalId":520656,"journal":{"name":"JBRA assisted reproduction","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149077421","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Endometrial Preparation for Frozen Embryo Transfer: Protocols and Pregnancy Outcomes.","authors":"Isabel Almeida, Rita Abreu, Zélia Gomes","doi":"10.5935/1518-0557.20260060","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5935/1518-0557.20260060","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Frozen embryo transfer (FET) has become widely used over the past decade, largely because of advances in vitrification techniques. To optimize pregnancy rates in FET cycles, accurate synchronization between embryo development and endometrial receptivity is essential. However, the optimal individualized approach to endo-metrial preparation remains a matter of ongoing debate. This review summarizes the current literature on endo-metrial preparation protocols and their impact on preg-nancy and perinatal outcomes, with a particular focus on artificial, natural, and stimulated cycles. Although many studies have methodological limitations, some well-de-signed randomized controlled trials suggest improved pregnancy rates and better perinatal outcomes with FET compared with fresh embryo transfer, including a low-er risk of preterm delivery and ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS). Nonetheless, artificial endometrial preparation-characterized by the absence of a corpus luteum-has been associated with a higher incidence of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and large-for-ges-tational-age (LGA) infants. This has renewed interest in whether transferring frozen embryos into a more physio-logic endometrium, as occurs in natural or modified nat-ural cycles, may not only enhance implantation but also reduce maternal and neonatal morbidity. The emergence of personalized luteal phase support across different protocols is another promising area that warrants further investigation. This narrative review provides a compre-hensive overview of endometrial preparation strategies for FET and their effects on clinical outcomes based on the most recent available evidence.</p>","PeriodicalId":520656,"journal":{"name":"JBRA assisted reproduction","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149077430","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Blastocyst Diameter and Collapse as Predictors of Live Birth Following Single Blastocyst Transfer: A Time-Lapse Morphometric Analysis.","authors":"Chang Liu, Yujin Liu, Jingye Zhang","doi":"10.5935/1518-0557.20260071","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5935/1518-0557.20260071","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To investigate whether blastocyst diameter measured immediately prior to transfer and the occurrence of blastocyst collapse predict live birth outcomes after single blastocyst transfer (SBT).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This retrospective cohort study included 476 patients undergoing their first IVF/ICSI cycle with SBT on day 5. Blastocyst diameter was manually measured approximately 0.5 hours before transfer, and collapse events (≥50% reduction in blastocoel area) were assessed using time-lapse microscopy (TLM). Blastocysts were graded morphologically as Best, Good, or Fair. Multivariable logistic regression and Cochran-Armitage trend tests were used to evaluate associations with live birth.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Live birth was achieved in 174 patients (36.6%). Blastocysts in the live birth group had significantly larger diameters (199.83±18.68 vs. 192.34±20.84μm, p<0.001) and a lower incidence of collapse (4.6% vs. 12.3%, p=0.006). After adjusting for maternal age, endometrial thickness, BMI, FSH, and AMH, multivariable logistic regression showed that blastocysts with diameters >200μm had a 2.49-fold higher likelihood of live birth compared to those ≤180μm (95% CI: 1.46-4.25, p=0.001), while collapsed blastocysts had 57% reduced odds (OR 0.43, 95% CI: 0.19-0.98, p=0.044). Endometrial thickness (OR 7.31, 95% CI: 2.48-21.52, p<0.001) and younger age (OR 0.94 per year, 95% CI: 0.89-0.99, p=0.017) were also independently associated with live birth. A diameter-dependent increase in live birth rates was observed across all morphological grades (p<0.05 for trend).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>After adjusting for maternal age and endometrial thickness, blastocyst diameter measured near the time of transfer and the absence of collapse are independently associated with live birth after SBT, suggesting their potential as adjunctive selection criteria. These quantitative and dynamic parameters provide valuable adjuncts to conventional morphological grading, potentially improving embryo selection and IVF outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":520656,"journal":{"name":"JBRA assisted reproduction","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149077446","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Su Hee Seok, Jae Kyun Park, So-Yeon Ahn, Min Kyoung Kim, Ji Won Kim, Woo Sik Lee
{"title":"Effect of different sibling human embryo culture volumes on clinical outcomes: a retrospective cohort study.","authors":"Su Hee Seok, Jae Kyun Park, So-Yeon Ahn, Min Kyoung Kim, Ji Won Kim, Woo Sik Lee","doi":"10.5935/1518-0557.20260050","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5935/1518-0557.20260050","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Single-embryo culture has been adopted to select viable human embryos for transfer, and several modifications-including adjustments in culture medi-um volume-have been proposed to overcome its lim-itations. This study aimed to evaluate whether different culture volumes affect human embryo development and clinical outcomes.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This retrospective cohort study included 6,173 individually cultured sibling embryos obtained from 859 normal-responder women who underwent in vitro fertilization (IVF) or intracytoplasmic sperm injec-tion between November 2018 and November 2019 at a single fertility center. The embryos were cultured indi-vidually in 30μl (n=3,271) or 10μl (n=2,902) of Syd-ney IVF medium. Embryo quality on days 2, 3, and 5, embryo utilization rates, and fresh embryo transfer out-comes were compared.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>No significant differences were observed in embryo utilization rate (35.46 vs. 35.25%; p=0.86) or in the rates of good-quality embryos on day 2 (43.36 vs. 42.66%; p=0.18), day 3 (44.88 vs. 43.31%; p=0.22), or day 5 (18.00 vs. 18.00%; p=0.82). Among 249 fresh embryo transfers, clinical pregnancy rates (37.91 vs. 40.63%; p=0.67) and all other pregnancy-related out-comes were comparable.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Culture volume did not affect embryo quality, embryo utilization rate, or clinical pregnancy rates. These results suggest that varying culture vol-umes does not compromise embryonic developmental competence or clinical outcomes, thus supporting the flexible use of different culture volumes in individual em-bryo culture systems in clinical ART practice.</p>","PeriodicalId":520656,"journal":{"name":"JBRA assisted reproduction","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149077467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}