Eye and Brain最新文献

{"title":"Retinal Microvasculature in Schizophrenia.","authors":"Steven M Silverstein, Adriann Lai, Kyle M Green, Christen Crosta, Samantha I Fradkin, Rajeev S Ramchandran","doi":"10.2147/EB.S317186","DOIUrl":"10.2147/EB.S317186","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Schizophrenia is associated with alterations in neural structure and function of the retina that are similar to changes seen in the retina and brain in multiple neurodegenerative disorders. Preliminary evidence suggests that retinal microvasculature may also be compromised in schizophrenia. The goal of this study was to determine, using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA), whether 1) schizophrenia is associated with alterations in retinal microvasculature density; and 2) microvasculature reductions are associated with retinal neural layer thinning and performance on a measure of verbal IQ.</p><p><strong>Patients and methods: </strong>Twenty-eight outpatients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder and 37 psychiatrically healthy control subjects completed OCT and OCTA exams, and the Wechsler Test of Adult Reading.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Schizophrenia patients were characterized by retinal microvasculature density reductions, and enlarged foveal avascular zones, in both eyes. These microvascular abnormalities were generally associated with thinning of retinal neural (macular and peripapillary nerve fiber layer) tissue (but the data were stronger for the left than the right eye) and lower scores on a proxy measure of verbal IQ. First- and later-episode patients did not differ significantly on OCTA findings.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The retinal microvasculature impairments seen in schizophrenia appear to be a biomarker of overall brain health, as is the case for multiple neurological conditions. Additional research is needed, however, to clarify contributions of social disadvantage and medical comorbidities to the findings.</p>","PeriodicalId":51844,"journal":{"name":"Eye and Brain","volume":"13 ","pages":"205-217"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2021-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/52/76/eb-13-205.PMC8318708.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39264553","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neuro-Ophthalmological Manifestations in Children with Down Syndrome: Current Perspectives.","authors":"Lavinia Postolache,&nbsp;Anne Monier,&nbsp;Sophie Lhoir","doi":"10.2147/EB.S319817","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/EB.S319817","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Down syndrome, caused by an extra copy of all or part of chromosome 21, is the most prevalent intellectual disability of genetic origin. Among numerous comorbidities which are part of the phenotype of individuals with Down syndrome, ocular problems appear to be highly prevalent. Neuro-ophthalmological manifestations, such as ocular alignment and motility disturbances, amblyopia, hypoaccommodation or optic nerve abnormalities, and other organic ocular anomalies frequently reported in Down syndrome, may lead to an overall decrease in visual acuity. Although numerous studies have reported ocular anomalies related to Down syndrome, it remains challenging to determine the impact of each anomaly upon the decreased visual acuity, as most such individuals have more than one ocular problem. Even in children with Down syndrome and no apparent ocular defect, visual acuity has been found to be reduced compared with typically developing children. Pediatric ophthalmological examination is a critical component of a multidisciplinary approach to prevent and treat ocular complications and improve the visual outcome in children with Down syndrome. This narrative review aims to provide a better understanding of the neuro-ophthalmological manifestations and discuss the current ophthalmological management in children with Down syndrome.</p>","PeriodicalId":51844,"journal":{"name":"Eye and Brain","volume":"13 ","pages":"193-203"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2021-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/f4/10/eb-13-193.PMC8311006.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39254737","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of tACS-Like Electrical Stimulation on On-Center Retinal Ganglion Cells: Part I.","authors":"Franklin R Amthor,&nbsp;Christianne E Strang","doi":"10.2147/EB.S312402","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/EB.S312402","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Electrical stimulation of the human central nervous system via surface electrodes has been used for both learning enhancement and the amelioration of neurodegenerative or psychiatric disorders. However, data are sparse on how such electrical stimulation affects neural circuits at the cellular level. This study assessed the effects of tACS-like currents at 10 Hz on On-center retinal ganglion cell responsiveness, using the rabbit retina eyecup preparation as a model for central nervous system effects.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We made extracellular recordings of light-evoked spike responses in different classes of On-center retinal ganglion cells before, during and after brief applications of 1 microampere alternating currents using single electrodes and microelectrode arrays.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>tACS-like currents (tACS) of 1 microampere produced effects on On-center ganglion cell response profiles immediately after initiation or cessation of tACS, without driving phase-locked firing in the absence of light stimuli. tACS affected the initial transient responses to light stimulation for all cells, sustained response components (if any) more strongly for sustained cells, and the center-surround balance more strongly for transient cells.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>tACS sculpted light-evoked responses that lasted for one or more hours after cessation of current without, itself, directly inducing significant firing changes. Functionally, tACS effects could result in effects on contrast thresholds for both broad classes of cells, but because tACs differentially affects the center-surround balance of transient On-center cells, there may be greater effects on the spatial resolution and gain. The isolated retina appears to be a useful model to understand tACS actions at the neuronal level.</p>","PeriodicalId":51844,"journal":{"name":"Eye and Brain","volume":"13 ","pages":"175-192"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2021-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/b1/e0/eb-13-175.PMC8285569.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39203182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cerebral Modifications in Glaucoma and Macular Degeneration: Analysis of Current Evidence in Literature and Their Implications on Therapeutic Perspectives.","authors":"Raffaele Nuzzi,&nbsp;Alessio Vitale","doi":"10.2147/EB.S307551","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/EB.S307551","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Glaucoma and macular degeneration are leading causes of irreversible blindness, significantly compromising the quality of life and having a high economic and social impact. Promising therapeutic approaches aimed at regenerating or bypassing the damaged anatomical-functional components are currently under development: these approaches have generated great expectations, but to be effective require a visual network that, despite the pathology, maintains its integrity up to the higher brain areas. In the light of this, the existing findings concerning how the central nervous system modifies its connections following the pathological damage caused by glaucoma and macular degeneration acquire great interest. This review aims to examine the scientific literature concerning the morphological and functional changes affecting the central nervous system in these pathological conditions, summarizing the evidence in an analytical way, discussing their possible causes and highlighting the potential repercussions on the current therapeutic perspectives.</p>","PeriodicalId":51844,"journal":{"name":"Eye and Brain","volume":"13 ","pages":"159-173"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2021-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/8e/f1/eb-13-159.PMC8216745.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39024644","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Are Generalized Reduced Cerebrospinal Fluid Dynamics and Optic Nerve Sheath Compartmentation Sequential Steps in the Pathogenesis of Normal-Tension Glaucoma? [Response to Letter].","authors":"Hanspeter E Killer, Achmed Pircher","doi":"10.2147/EB.S319543","DOIUrl":"10.2147/EB.S319543","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51844,"journal":{"name":"Eye and Brain","volume":"13 ","pages":"157-158"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2021-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/f2/ce/eb-13-157.PMC8164671.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39055353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence of Retinal Vein Occlusions and Estimated Cerebrospinal Fluid Pressure: The Kailuan Eye Study.","authors":"Qian Wang,&nbsp;Jingyan Yang,&nbsp;Jost B Jonas,&nbsp;Xuehui Shi,&nbsp;Shouling Wu,&nbsp;Shuohua Chen,&nbsp;Yanni Yan,&nbsp;Wenjia Zhou,&nbsp;Li Dong,&nbsp;Wenbin Wei,&nbsp;Ya Xing Wang","doi":"10.2147/EB.S290107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/EB.S290107","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To investigate the prevalence of retinal vein occlusions (RVOs) and associated factors in a Chinese population.</p><p><strong>Patients and methods: </strong>The cross-sectional community-based Kailuan Eye Study included individuals who participated in the Kailuan Study. RVOs were diagnosed on the fundus photographs. Estimated cerebrospinal fluid pressure (eCSFP) was calculated as \"eCSFP=0.44*Body Mass Index+0.16*Diastolic Blood Pressure-0.18*Age\".</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The study included 12,499 participants with a mean age of 52.9±13.1 years. The overall prevalence of RVO was 120/12,499 or 0.96%, with branch RVOs observed in 116/12,499 individuals and central RVOs in 4/12,499 individuals. RVOs started at the optic disc in 19 participants (15.8% of all RVOs), and in 101 (84.2%) individuals arterio-venous crossings outside the optic disc. In multivariable analysis, a higher RVO prevalence was associated with older age (<i>P</i><0.001), higher eCSFP (<i>P</i><0.001), and higher fasting serum glucose concentration (<i>P</i><0.001). Differentiating between RVOs at arterio-venous crossings and RVOs at the optic disc revealed that the prevalence of both RVO types was associated with higher eCSFP (<i>P</i><0.001 and <i>P</i>=0.004, respectively) after adjusting for age and fasting serum glucose concentration.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In this adult Chinese population recruited on a community basis, the prevalence of any RVO (mean: 0.96) was associated with older age, higher eCSFP and higher fasting serum glucose concentration. Higher eCSFP may play an etiologic role in RVOs.</p>","PeriodicalId":51844,"journal":{"name":"Eye and Brain","volume":"13 ","pages":"147-156"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2021-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/9e/74/eb-13-147.PMC8149277.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39026476","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Retinal Damage in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: Underlying Mechanisms.","authors":"Vladislav O Soldatov,&nbsp;Michail S Kukharsky,&nbsp;Andrey E Belykh,&nbsp;Andrey M Sobolev,&nbsp;Alexey V Deykin","doi":"10.2147/EB.S299423","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/EB.S299423","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease resulting in a gradual loss of motor neuron function. Although ophthalmic complaints are not presently considered a classic symptom of ALS, retinal changes such as thinning, axonal degeneration and inclusion bodies have been found in many patients. Retinal abnormalities observed in postmortem human tissues and animal models are similar to spinal cord changes in ALS. These findings are not dramatically unexpected because retina shares an ontogenetic relationship with the brain, and many genes are associated both with neurodegeneration and retinal diseases. Experimental studies have demonstrated that ALS affects many \"vulnerable points\" of the retina. Aggregate deposition, impaired nuclear protein import, endoplasmic reticulum stress, glutamate excitotoxicity, vascular regression, and mitochondrial dysfunction are factors suspected as being the main cause of motor neuron damage in ALS. Herein, we show that all of these pathways can affect retinal cells in the same way as motor neurons. Furthermore, we suppose that understanding the patterns of neuro-ophthalmic interaction in ALS can help in the diagnosis and treatment of this disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":51844,"journal":{"name":"Eye and Brain","volume":"13 ","pages":"131-146"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2021-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/c4/16/eb-13-131.PMC8128130.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39000619","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Are Generalized Reduced Cerebrospinal Fluid Dynamics and Optic Nerve Sheath Compartmentation Sequential Steps in the Pathogenesis of Normal-Tension Glaucoma? [Letter].","authors":"Peter Wostyn","doi":"10.2147/EB.S317786","DOIUrl":"10.2147/EB.S317786","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51844,"journal":{"name":"Eye and Brain","volume":"13 ","pages":"129-130"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2021-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/43/71/eb-13-129.PMC8123962.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38996428","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Portable Diagnostic System for Age-Related Macular Degeneration Screening Using Visual Evoked Potentials.","authors":"Craig Versek,&nbsp;S Mohammad Ali Banijamali,&nbsp;Peter Bex,&nbsp;Kameran Lashkari,&nbsp;Sagar Kamarthi,&nbsp;Srinivas Sridhar","doi":"10.2147/EB.S295745","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/EB.S295745","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Delayed Dark-Adapted vision Recovery (DAR) is a biomarker for Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD), however its measurement is burdensome for patients and examiners.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this study, we developed a portable, wireless and user-friendly system that employs a headset with a smartphone to deliver controlled photo-bleach and monocular pattern reversal stimuli, while using custom electroencephalography (EEG) electrodes and electronics in order to measure Dark-Adapted Visual Evoked Potentials (DAVEP) objectively and separately at the peripheral and central visual field. This is achieved in one comfortable 20-minute session, without requiring subject reporting. DAVEP responses post photo-bleach for up to 15 minutes were measured concurrently from both eyes in 12 AMD-patients, 1 degenerative myopia patient, and 8 controls who had no diagnosed macular vision loss.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Robust positive polarity DAVEP responses were observed at 200-500 ms from stimulus onset to scotopic stimuli that have been seldom reported and analyzed previously. The amplitude recovery of the DAVEP response was significantly delayed in AMD patients as compared to controls. We developed DAVEP1 scores, a simple metric for DAR, which classified 90% of subject eyes correctly, indicating the presence of AMD in at least one eye of all pre-confirmed subjects with this diagnosis.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>We developed a user-friendly, portable VEP system and DAVEP1 metric, which show a high potential to identify DAR-deficits in AMD-patients. This novel technology could aid in early diagnosis of AMD.</p>","PeriodicalId":51844,"journal":{"name":"Eye and Brain","volume":"13 ","pages":"111-127"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2021-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/1e/b8/eb-13-111.PMC8092944.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38953945","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Monocular and Binocular Visual Function Deficits in Amblyopic Patients with and without Fusion Maldevelopment Nystagmus.","authors":"Jordan Murray, Kiran Garg, Fatema Ghasia","doi":"10.2147/EB.S300454","DOIUrl":"10.2147/EB.S300454","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The aim of the study is to examine the association between amblyopia type and the presence of nystagmus on binocular and monocular functions of the fellow (FE) and amblyopic eye (AE).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We recruited 19 controls and 44 amblyopes (anisometropes=13, strabismic=10, mixed=21). We measured visual, grating, and vernier acuities and high/low spatial frequency (SF) contrast sensitivities in each eye using a staircase method. Stereoacuity was measured with the Titmus fly test. We recorded fixation eye movements (FEM) using high-resolution video-oculography. Subjects were classified as having either no nystagmus (n=18), fusion maldevelopment nystagmus syndrome (FMNS) (n=12), or nystagmus without any structural anomalies that does not meet the criteria for FMNS or infantile nystagmus (n=14).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Analysis of visual function by clinical amblyopia type showed that patients with strabismus/mixed amblyopia (F (2,54)=9.5, p<0.001) were more likely to have poor stereopsis while controlling for AE grating acuity deficit. The FE of patients with anisometropia had greater contrast sensitivity deficits at low (F (2,43)=4.4, p=0.018) and high SF (F (2,42)=10.1, p<0.001). Analysis of visual function by FEM characteristics (low SF: (F (3,43)=4.3, p=0.010) and high SF: (F (3,42)=7.1, p=0.001) showed that the FE of patients with FMNS had worse low and high SF contrast sensitivities, whereas those without FMNS had greater contrast sensitivity deficits only at high SF compared to controls. Patients with FMNS (F (3,54) = 12.9, p<0.001) were more likely to have poor stereopsis while controlling for AE grating acuity deficit compared to patients without FMNS. All amblyopic patients had worse high SF contrast sensitivity of the AE irrespective of type or FEM characteristics (Type = F (2,43)=8.8, p=0.001; FEM characteristics= F (3,43)=5.1, p=0.004).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The presence of FMNS in patients with strabismic/mixed amblyopia is associated with poor/absent stereopsis. FE deficits vary across amblyopia type. Like FEM abnormalities, visual function deficits are seen in the FE of patients with and without nystagmus.</p>","PeriodicalId":51844,"journal":{"name":"Eye and Brain","volume":"13 ","pages":"99-109"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2021-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/49/81/eb-13-99.PMC8089081.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38963517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}