Eye and Brain最新文献_第10页

Retinal imaging with optical coherence tomography: a biomarker in multiple sclerosis? 视网膜光学相干断层成像:多发性硬化症的生物标志物?

IF 4.4

Eye and Brain Pub Date : 2018-07-31 eCollection Date: 2018-01-01 DOI: 10.2147/EB.S139417

Fiona Costello, Jodie M Burton

{"title":"Retinal imaging with optical coherence tomography: a biomarker in multiple sclerosis?","authors":"Fiona Costello, Jodie M Burton","doi":"10.2147/EB.S139417","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/EB.S139417","url":null,"abstract":"Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a progressive neurological disorder characterized by both inflammatory and degenerative components that affect genetically susceptible individuals. Currently, the cause of MS remains unclear, and there is no known cure. Commonly used therapies tend to target inflammatory aspects of MS, but may not halt disease progression, which may be governed by the slow, subclinical accumulation of injury to neuroaxonal structures in the central nervous system (CNS). A recognized challenge in the field of MS relates to the need for better methods of detecting, quantifying, and ameliorating the effects of subclinical disease. Simply stated, better biomarkers are required. To this end, optical coherence tomography (OCT) provides highly reliable, reproducible measures of axonal damage and neuronal loss in MS patients. OCT-detected decrements in retinal nerve fiber layer thickness and ganglion-cell layer-inner plexiform layer thickness, which represent markers of axonal damage and neuronal injury, respectively, have been shown to correlate with worse visual outcomes, increased clinical disability, and magnetic resonance imaging-measured burden of disease in MS patients. Recent reports have also suggested that OCT-measured microcystic macular edema and associated thickening of the retinal inner nuclear layer represent markers of active CNS inflammatory activity. Using the visual system as a putative clinical model in MS, OCT measures of neuroaxonal structure can be correlated with functional outcomes to help us elucidate mechanisms of CNS injury and repair. In this review, we evaluate evidence from the published literature and ongoing clinical trials that support the emerging role of OCT in diagnosing, staging, and determining response to therapy in MS patients.","PeriodicalId":51844,"journal":{"name":"Eye and Brain","volume":"10 ","pages":"47-63"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2018-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2147/EB.S139417","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36394920","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 58

Neurotrophic keratitis: current challenges and future prospects. 神经营养性角膜炎:当前的挑战和未来的前景。

IF 4.4

Eye and Brain Pub Date : 2018-06-28 eCollection Date: 2018-01-01 DOI: 10.2147/EB.S117261

Piera Versura, Giuseppe Giannaccare, Marco Pellegrini, Stefano Sebastiani, Emilio C Campos

{"title":"Neurotrophic keratitis: current challenges and future prospects.","authors":"Piera Versura, Giuseppe Giannaccare, Marco Pellegrini, Stefano Sebastiani, Emilio C Campos","doi":"10.2147/EB.S117261","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/EB.S117261","url":null,"abstract":"Neurotrophic keratitis (NK) is a degenerative corneal disease caused by damage of trigeminal corneal innervation, which leads to spontaneous epithelial breakdown and corneal ulceration. The impairment of corneal sensory innervation causes the reduction of both protective reflexes and trophic neuromodulators that are essential for the vitality, metabolism, and wound healing of ocular surface tissues. A wide range of ocular and systemic conditions, including herpetic keratitis, ocular chemical burns, corneal surgery, diabetes, multiple sclerosis, and neurosurgical procedures, can cause NK by damaging trigeminal innervation. Diagnosis of NK requires careful investigation of any ocular and systemic condition associated with the disease, complete ocular surface examination, and quantitative measurement of corneal sensitivity. The clinical stages of NK range from corneal epithelial alterations (stage 1) to persistent epithelial defect (stage 2) and ulcer (stage 3), which may progress to corneal perforation. Management of NK is based on clinical severity, and the aim of the therapy is to halt the progression of corneal damage and promote epithelial healing. Although several medical and surgical treatments have been proposed, no therapies are currently available to restore corneal sensitivity, and thus, NK remains difficult and challenging to treat. The purpose of this review is to summarize available evidence on the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of NK. Novel medical and surgical therapies including the topical administration of nerve growth factor and corneal neurotization are also described.","PeriodicalId":51844,"journal":{"name":"Eye and Brain","volume":"10 ","pages":"37-45"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2018-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2147/EB.S117261","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36297229","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 107

The development of human visual cortex and clinical implications. 人类视觉皮层的发展及其临床意义。

IF 4.4

Eye and Brain Pub Date : 2018-04-24 eCollection Date: 2018-01-01 DOI: 10.2147/EB.S130893

Caitlin R Siu, Kathryn M Murphy

引用次数: 0

State of the art of robotic surgery related to vision: brain and eye applications of newly available devices. 与视觉相关的机器人手术技术的现状:新设备在大脑和眼睛方面的应用。

IF 4.4

Eye and Brain Pub Date : 2018-02-01 eCollection Date: 2018-01-01 DOI: 10.2147/EB.S148644

Raffaele Nuzzi, Luca Brusasco

{"title":"State of the art of robotic surgery related to vision: brain and eye applications of newly available devices.","authors":"Raffaele Nuzzi, Luca Brusasco","doi":"10.2147/EB.S148644","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/EB.S148644","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Robot-assisted surgery has revolutionized many surgical subspecialties, mainly where procedures have to be performed in confined, difficult to visualize spaces. Despite advances in general surgery and neurosurgery, in vivo application of robotics to ocular surgery is still in its infancy, owing to the particular complexities of microsurgery. The use of robotic assistance and feedback guidance on surgical maneuvers could improve the technical performance of expert surgeons during the initial phase of the learning curve.Evidence acquisition: We analyzed the advantages and disadvantages of surgical robots, as well as the present applications and future outlook of robotics in neurosurgery in brain areas related to vision and ophthalmology.Discussion: Limitations to robotic assistance remain, that need to be overcome before it can be more widely applied in ocular surgery.Conclusion: There is heightened interest in studies documenting computerized systems that filter out hand tremor and optimize speed of movement, control of force, and direction and range of movement. Further research is still needed to validate robot-assisted procedures.","PeriodicalId":51844,"journal":{"name":"Eye and Brain","volume":"10 ","pages":"13-24"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2018-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2147/EB.S148644","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35828700","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 18

Profile of tocilizumab and its potential in the treatment of giant cell arteritis. 托西珠单抗的简介及其治疗巨细胞动脉炎的潜力。

IF 4.4

Eye and Brain Pub Date : 2018-01-23 eCollection Date: 2018-01-01 DOI: 10.2147/EB.S127812

Susan Patricia Mollan, John Horsburgh, Bhaskar Dasgupta

引用次数: 0

Nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy: cause, effect, and management. 非动脉性前缺血性视神经病变:病因、影响和治疗。

IF 4.4

Eye and Brain Pub Date : 2017-09-27 eCollection Date: 2017-01-01 DOI: 10.2147/EB.S125311

Shauna Berry, Weijie V Lin, Ama Sadaka, Andrew G Lee

引用次数: 66

Visual consequences of medications for multiple sclerosis: the good, the bad, the ugly, and the unknown. 多发性硬化症药物治疗的视觉后果:好的、坏的、丑陋的和未知的。

IF 4.4

Eye and Brain Pub Date : 2017-06-29 eCollection Date: 2017-01-01 DOI: 10.2147/EB.S140481

Heather E Moss

引用次数: 14

Contextual modulation revealed by optical imaging exhibits figural asymmetry in macaque V1 and V2. 光学成像显示猕猴V1和V2的上下文调制表现出图形不对称。

IF 4.4

Eye and Brain Pub Date : 2017-04-11 eCollection Date: 2017-01-01 DOI: 10.2147/EB.S105609

Mark D Zarella, Daniel Y Ts'o

{"title":"Contextual modulation revealed by optical imaging exhibits figural asymmetry in macaque V1 and V2.","authors":"Mark D Zarella, Daniel Y Ts'o","doi":"10.2147/EB.S105609","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/EB.S105609","url":null,"abstract":"Neurons in early visual cortical areas are influenced by stimuli presented well beyond the confines of their classical receptive fields, endowing them with the ability to encode fine-scale features while also having access to the global context of the visual scene. This property can potentially define a role for the early visual cortex to contribute to a number of important visual functions, such as surface segmentation and figure-ground segregation. It is unknown how extraclassical response properties conform to the functional architecture of the visual cortex, given the high degree of functional specialization in areas V1 and V2. We examined the spatial relationships of contextual activations in macaque V1 and V2 with intrinsic signal optical imaging. Using figure-ground stimulus configurations defined by orientation or motion, we found that extraclassical modulation is restricted to the cortical representations of the figural component of the stimulus. These modulations were positive in sign, suggesting a relative enhancement in neuronal activity that may reflect an excitatory influence. Orientation and motion cues produced similar patterns of activation that traversed the functional subdivisions of V2. The asymmetrical nature of the enhancement demonstrated the capacity for visual cortical areas as early as V1 to contribute to figure-ground segregation, and the results suggest that this information can be extracted from the population activity constrained only by retinotopy, and not the underlying functional organization.","PeriodicalId":51844,"journal":{"name":"Eye and Brain","volume":"9 ","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2017-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2147/EB.S105609","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35282234","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2

Optic neuritis as an early sign of multiple sclerosis. 视神经炎是多发性硬化症的早期症状。

IF 4.4

Eye and Brain Pub Date : 2016-10-26 eCollection Date: 2016-01-01 DOI: 10.2147/EB.S54131

Nilufer Kale

引用次数: 0

Cue combination encoding via contextual modulation of V1 and V2 neurons. 线索组合编码通过V1和V2神经元的上下文调制。

IF 4.4

Eye and Brain Pub Date : 2016-10-21 eCollection Date: 2016-01-01 DOI: 10.2147/EB.S105616

Mark D Zarella, Daniel Y Ts'o

{"title":"Cue combination encoding via contextual modulation of V1 and V2 neurons.","authors":"Mark D Zarella, Daniel Y Ts'o","doi":"10.2147/EB.S105616","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/EB.S105616","url":null,"abstract":"Neurons in early visual cortical areas encode the local properties of a stimulus in a number of different feature dimensions such as color, orientation, and motion. It has been shown, however, that stimuli presented well beyond the confines of the classical receptive field can augment these responses in a way that emphasizes these local attributes within the greater context of the visual scene. This mechanism imparts global information to cells that are otherwise considered local feature detectors and can potentially serve as an important foundation for surface segmentation, texture representation, and figure-ground segregation. The role of early visual cortex toward these functions remains somewhat of an enigma, as it is unclear how surface segmentation cues are integrated from multiple feature dimensions. We examined the impact of orientation- and motion-defined surface segmentation cues in V1 and V2 neurons using a stimulus in which the two features are completely separable. We find that, although some cells are modulated in a cue-invariant manner, many cells are influenced by only one cue or the other. Furthermore, cells that are modulated by both cues tend to be more strongly affected when both cues are presented together than when presented individually. These results demonstrate two mechanisms by which cue combinations can enhance salience. We find that feature-specific populations are more frequently encountered in V1, while cue additivity is more prominent in V2. These results highlight how two strongly interconnected areas at different stages in the cortical hierarchy can potentially contribute to scene segmentation.","PeriodicalId":51844,"journal":{"name":"Eye and Brain","volume":"8 ","pages":"177-193"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2016-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2147/EB.S105616","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35025762","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2