Eye and Brain最新文献

{"title":"Glaucoma as Neurodegeneration in the Brain.","authors":"Jane W Chan,&nbsp;Noel C Y Chan,&nbsp;Alfredo A Sadun","doi":"10.2147/EB.S293765","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/EB.S293765","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Glaucoma, a group of diseases characterized by progressive optic nerve degeneration that results in irreversible blindness, can be considered a neurodegenerative disorder of both the eye and the brain. Increasing evidence from human and animal studies have shown that glaucoma shares some common neurodegenerative pathways with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other tauopathies, such as chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) and frontotemporal dementia. This hypothesis is based on the focal adhesion pathway hypothesis and the spreading hypothesis of tau. Not only has the Apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene been shown to be associated with AD, but also with primary open angle glaucoma (POAG). This review will highlight the relevant literature in the past 20 years from PubMed that show the pathogenic overlap between POAG and AD. Neurodegenerative pathways that contribute to transsynaptic neurodegeneration in AD and other tauopathies might also be similar to those in glaucomatous neurodegeneration.</p>","PeriodicalId":51844,"journal":{"name":"Eye and Brain","volume":"13 ","pages":"21-28"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2021-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/cf/07/eb-13-21.PMC7822087.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38798480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optical Coherence Tomography in Patients with Alzheimer's Disease: What Can It Tell Us?","authors":"Ailin Song, Nicholas Johnson, Alexandria Ayala, Atalie C Thompson","doi":"10.2147/EB.S235238","DOIUrl":"10.2147/EB.S235238","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Although Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a leading cause of dementia worldwide, its clinical diagnosis remains a challenge. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) and OCT with angiography (OCTA) are non-invasive ophthalmic imaging tools with the potential to detect retinal structural and microvascular changes in patients with AD, which may serve as biomarkers for the disease. In this systematic review, we evaluate whether certain OCT and OCTA parameters are significantly associated with AD and mild cognitive impairment (MCI).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>PubMed database was searched using a combination of MeSH terms to identify studies for review. Studies were organized by participant diagnostic groups, type of imaging modality, and OCT/OCTA parameters of interest. Participant demographic data was also collected and baseline descriptive statistics were calculated for the included studies.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Seventy-one studies were included for review, representing a total of 6757 patients (2350 AD, 793 MCI, 2902 healthy controls (HC), and 841 others with a range of other neurodegenerative diagnoses). The mean baseline ages were 72.78±3.69, 71.52±2.88, 70.55±3.85 years for AD, MCI and HC groups, respectively. The majority of studies noted significant structural and functional decline in AD patients when compared to HC. Although analysis of MCI groups yielded more mixed results, a similar pattern of decline was often noted amongst patients with MCI relative to HC. OCT and OCTA measurements were also shown to correlate with established measures of AD such as neuropsychological testing or neuroimaging.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>OCT and OCTA show great potential as non-invasive technologies for the diagnosis of AD. However, further research is needed to determine whether there are AD-specific patterns of structural or microvascular change in the retina and optic nerve that distinguish AD from other neurodegenerative diseases. Development of sensitive and specific OCT/OCTA parameters will be necessary before they can be used to detect AD in clinical settings.</p>","PeriodicalId":51844,"journal":{"name":"Eye and Brain","volume":"13 ","pages":"1-20"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2021-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/43/90/eb-13-1.PMC7802785.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38820949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neuro-ophthalmic Complications of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: A Systematic Review.","authors":"Caberry W Yu, Matthew Yau, Natalie Mezey, Ishraq Joarder, Jonathan A Micieli","doi":"10.2147/EB.S277760","DOIUrl":"10.2147/EB.S277760","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are novel cancer therapies that may be associated with immune-related adverse events (IRAEs) and come to the attention of neuro-ophthalmologists. This systematic review aims to synthesize the reported ICI-associated IRAEs relevant to neuro-ophthalmologists to help in the diagnosis and management of these conditions.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A systematic review of the literature indexed by MEDLINE, Embase, CENTRAL, and Web of Science databases was searched from inception to May 2020. Reporting followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. Primary studies on ICIs and neuro-ophthalmic complications were included. Outcomes included number of cases and incidence of neuro-ophthalmic IRAEs.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Neuro-ophthalmic complications of ICIs occurred in 0.46% of patients undergoing ICI and may affect the afferent and efferent visual systems. Afferent complications include optic neuritis (12.8%), neuroretinitis (0.9%), and giant cell arteritis (3.7%). Efferent complications include myasthenia gravis (MG) (45.0%), thyroid-like eye disease (11.9%), orbital myositis (13.8%), general myositis with ptosis (7.3%), internuclear ophthalmoplegia (0.9%), opsoclonus-myoclonus-ataxia syndrome (0.9%), and oculomotor nerve palsy (0.9%). Pembrolizumab was the most common causative agent for neuro-ophthalmic complications (32.1%). Mortality was highest for MG (19.8%). Most patients (79.8%) experienced improvement or complete resolution of neuro-ophthalmic symptoms due to cessation of ICI and immunosuppression with systemic corticosteroids.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>While incidence of neuro-ophthalmic IRAEs is low, clinicians involved in the care of cancer patients must be aware of their presentation to facilitate prompt recognition and management. Collaboration between oncology and neuro-ophthalmology teams is required to effectively manage patients and reduce morbidity and mortality.</p>","PeriodicalId":51844,"journal":{"name":"Eye and Brain","volume":"12 ","pages":"139-167"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2020-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/9f/d1/eb-12-139.PMC7648547.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38587616","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Review of Neuro-Ophthalmological Manifestations of Human Coronavirus Infection.","authors":"Maria Elisa Luís,&nbsp;Diogo Hipólito-Fernandes,&nbsp;Catarina Mota,&nbsp;Diogo Maleita,&nbsp;Catarina Xavier,&nbsp;Tiago Maio,&nbsp;João Paulo Cunha,&nbsp;Joana Tavares Ferreira","doi":"10.2147/EB.S268828","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/EB.S268828","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Human coronavirus (HCoVs) are a group of viruses with recognized neurotropic and neuroinvasive capabilities. The reports on the neurological and ocular findings are increasing day after day and several central and peripheral neurological manifestations are already described. However, none specifically describes the neuro-ophthalmological manifestation of HCoVs. This is the first article specifically reviewing neuro-ophthalmological manifestations of HCoVs infection.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>PubMed and Google Scholar databases were searched using the keywords: coronaviridae, coronavirus, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV-1, MERS, ocular, ophthalmology, ophthalmological, neuro-ophthalmology, neurological, manifestations. A manual search through the reference lists of relevant articles was also performed. There were no restrictions concerning language or study type and publications not yet printed but available online were considered.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Coronavirus eye involvement is not frequent and includes mostly a typical viral follicular conjunctivitis. Recently, retinal anatomical alterations were described using optic coherence tomography. Neuro-ophthalmological symptoms and signs can appear isolated or associated with neurological syndromes. The manifestations include headache, ocular pain, visual impairment, diplopia, and cranial nerve palsies secondary to Miller Fisher syndrome, Guillain-Barré syndrome, or encephalitis, and nystagmus.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Neurological and neuro-ophthalmological syndromes, symptoms, and signs should not be neglected and a complete ophthalmological examination of these patients should be performed to fully describe ocular manifestations related to HCoVs. We believe that major ocular and neuro-ophthalmological manifestations reports lack due to safety issues concerning detailed ophthalmological examination; on the other hand, in a large number of cases, the presence of life-threatening coronavirus disease hinders ocular examination and ophthalmologist's visit to the intensive care unit.</p>","PeriodicalId":51844,"journal":{"name":"Eye and Brain","volume":"12 ","pages":"129-137"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2020-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2147/EB.S268828","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38572150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neurofibromatosis Type 1: Ocular Electrophysiological and Perimetric Anomalies.","authors":"Marcella Nebbioso, Antonietta Moramarco, Alessandro Lambiase, Sandra Giustini, Marco Marenco, Emanuele Miraglia, Pasquale Fino, Chiara Iacovino, Ludovico Alisi","doi":"10.2147/EB.S255184","DOIUrl":"10.2147/EB.S255184","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is a multisystemic disease caused by the mutation of <i>Nf1</i> gene located on chromosome 17q11.2. The mutation determines the loss of function of the protein neurofibromin with consequent uncontrolled cellular proliferation. Patients are characterized by a wide range of dermatological, neurological, and ophthalmological symptoms.</p><p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The aim of the study was to evaluate, through pattern visual evoked potentials (p-VEPs) and frequency doubling technology (FDT) Matrix perimetry, the objective and psychophysical functionality of the optic pathways in a group of NF1 patient.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The study group consisted of 26 patients affected by NF1 and 17 healthy controls. Each patient underwent a complete ophthalmological examination, p-VEPs with the evaluation of amplitude and latency of the P100 wave, and FDT perimetry, with the evaluation of central sensitivity (CS), mean deviation (MD), pattern standard deviation (PSD) and glaucoma hemifield test (GHT).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>NF1 patients showed a statistically significant alteration in the transmission of visual impulse. P-VEPs results highlighted a reduced amplitude and an increased latency of the P100 wave, suggesting an involvement of the visual pathway. Visual field analysis showed a significant reduction in all the observed parameters as well (CS, MD, PSD, and GHT).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The present study showed, in NF1 patients, a qualitative and quantitative alteration in the conduction of stimuli through the visual pathways. The observed alterations are present, although, only at a subclinical level. None of the patients included in the study showed any manifest visual deficit nor had any concomitant pathology that might have affected the outcome of the study. In conclusion, electrophysiological exams and computer perimetry may take part, alongside a wider array of exams, in the differential diagnosis and later monitoring of NF1.</p>","PeriodicalId":51844,"journal":{"name":"Eye and Brain","volume":"12 ","pages":"119-127"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2020-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/d9/9f/eb-12-119.PMC7585783.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38542778","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spaceflight Associated Neuro-Ocular Syndrome (SANS): A Systematic Review and Future Directions.","authors":"Yosbelkys Martin Paez,&nbsp;Lucy I Mudie,&nbsp;Prem S Subramanian","doi":"10.2147/EB.S234076","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/EB.S234076","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To present a systematic review of the current body of literature surrounding spaceflight associated neuro-ocular syndrome (SANS) and highlight priorities for future research.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Three major biomedical databases were searched with the following terms: ((neuro ocular) OR ((brain) AND (eye))) AND ((spaceflight) OR (astronaut) OR (microgravity)) AND (ENGLISH[Language]). Once duplicates were removed, 283 papers were left. Articles were excluded if they were not written in English or conference abstracts only. We avoided including review papers which did not provide any new information; however, two reviews on the pathophysiology of SANS were included for completeness. No limitations on date of publication were used. All included entries were then summarized for their contribution to knowledge about SANS.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Four main themes among the publications emerged: papers defining the clinical entity of SANS, its pathophysiology, technology used to study SANS, and publications on possible prevention of SANS. The key clinical features of SANS include optic nerve head elevation, hyperopic shifts, globe flattening, choroidal folds, and increased cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) volume in optic nerve sheaths. Two main hypotheses are proposed for the pathophysiology of SANS. The first being elevated intracranial pressure and the second compartmentalization of CSF to the globe. These hypotheses are not mutually exclusive, and our understanding of the pathophysiology of SANS is still evolving. The use of optical coherence tomography (OCT) has greatly furthered our knowledge about SANS, and with the deployment of OCT to the International Space Station, we now have ability to collect intraflight data. No effective prevention for SANS has been found, although fortunately, even with persistent anatomic and physiologic neuro-ocular changes, any functional impact has been correctable with spectacles.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This is the first systematic review of SANS. Despite the limitations of studying a syndrome that can only occur in a small, discrete population, we present a thorough overview of the literature surrounding SANS and several key areas important for future research are identified.</p>","PeriodicalId":51844,"journal":{"name":"Eye and Brain","volume":"12 ","pages":"105-117"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2020-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2147/EB.S234076","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38542777","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Etiology of Retinal and Cerebellar Pathology in Western Pacific Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Parkinsonism-Dementia Complex.","authors":"Peter S Spencer","doi":"10.2147/EB.S260823","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/EB.S260823","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To reexamine the etiology of a unique retinal pathology (linear and vermiform sub-retinal tubular structures) described among subjects with and without neurodegenerative disease in former high-incidence foci of Western Pacific amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and parkinsonism-dementia complex (ALS/PDC) in Guam (USA) and the Kii peninsula of Honshu island (Japan).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Analysis of published and unpublished reports of 1) ALS/PDC and the retinal and cerebellar pathology associated therewith and 2) exogenous neurotoxic factors associated with ALS/PDC and the developing retina and cerebellum.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>ALS/PDC retinal and cerebellar pathology matches persistent retinal and cerebellar dysplasia found in laboratory animals given single in utero or postnatal systemic treatment with cycasin, the principal neurotoxic component in the seed of cycad plants traditionally used for food (Guam) or oral medicine (Kii-Japan), both of which have been linked to the human neurodegenerative disease.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>ALS/PDC-associated retinal and cerebellar dysplasia could arise from in utero exposure to methylazoxymethanol, the genotoxic metabolite of cycasin that results from maternal ingestion of this azoxyglucoside. These results support the environmental toxic etiology of retinal and brain pathology in ALS/PDC.</p>","PeriodicalId":51844,"journal":{"name":"Eye and Brain","volume":"12 ","pages":"97-104"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2020-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2147/EB.S260823","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38239300","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clinical Prediction Score for Early Neuroimaging in Acquired Isolated Oculomotor Nerve Palsy.","authors":"Juthamat Witthayaweerasak,&nbsp;Natchada Tansuebchueasai,&nbsp;Nipat Aui-Aree","doi":"10.2147/EB.S253305","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/EB.S253305","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>An immediate neuroimaging investigation in patients with isolated oculomotor nerve palsy (ONP) remains controversial. We aimed to develop a clinical prediction score to determine whether or not acquired isolated ONP patients require prompt imaging.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A retrospective study was performed. Demographic data and clinical presentations were collected to determine predictive factors favored for early brain imaging using multivariate logistic regression analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Ninety-seven eyes of 96 patients diagnosed with isolated ONP were included. Forty-one eyes (42.3%) were caused by ischemia, while the other 56 eyes (57.7%) were caused by non-ischemic etiologies, namely aneurysm (n = 22), trauma (n = 18), inflammation (n = 5), tumor (n = 4), and others (n = 7). Eighty-two eyes (84.5%) had undergone neuroimaging study due to initially suspected non-ischemic causes. Only 36 (43.9%) revealed concordant diagnosis. The potential clinical predictors favored for neuroimaging using multivariate logistic regression analysis were age 10‒50 years (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 9.01, 95% CI: 1.25‒64.8), age 51‒70 years (aOR 1.71, 95% CI: 0.46‒6.35), history of head trauma (aOR 7.14, 95% CI: 1.19‒42.9), absence of vascular risk factors (aOR 3.85, 95% CI: 1.23‒12.1), and poor pupillary response (aOR 6.96, 95% CI: 1.99‒24.3). The predictor scores with an area under the ROC curve of 0.852 were 4, 1, 4, 3, and 4, respectively. The optimum cut-point was 3 for a sensitivity of 96% and specificity of 44%.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Patients with acquired isolated ONP should be considered early neuroimaging studies when they are younger than 50 years old, have a history of head trauma, have no history of vascular risk factors, or have poor pupillary reaction.</p>","PeriodicalId":51844,"journal":{"name":"Eye and Brain","volume":"12 ","pages":"89-95"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2020-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2147/EB.S253305","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38238884","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography in Neurodegenerative Diseases: A Review.","authors":"Georgios Tsokolas,&nbsp;Konstantinos T Tsaousis,&nbsp;Vasilios F Diakonis,&nbsp;Artemis Matsou,&nbsp;Straton Tyradellis","doi":"10.2147/EB.S193026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/EB.S193026","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCT-A) has emerged as a novel, fast, safe and non-invasive imaging technique of analyzing the retinal and choroidal microvasculature in vivo. OCT-A captures multiple sequential B-scans performed repeatedly over a specific retinal area at high speed, thus enabling the composition of a vascular map with areas of contrast change (high flow zones) and areas of steady contrast (slow or no flow zones). It therefore provides unique insight into the exact retinal or choroidal layer and location at which abnormal blood flow develops. OCTA has evolved into a useful tool for understanding a number of retinal pathologies such as diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, central serous chorioretinopathy, vascular occlusions, macular telangiectasia and choroidal neovascular membranes of other causes. OCT-A technology is also increasingly being used in the evaluation of optic disc perfusion and has been suggested as a valuable tool in the early detection of glaucomatous damage and monitoring progression.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To review the existing literature on the applications of optical coherence tomography angiography in neurodegenerative diseases.</p><p><strong>Summary: </strong>A meticulous literature was performed until the present day. Google Scholar, PubMed, Mendeley search engines were used for this purpose. We used 123 published manuscripts as our references. OCT-A has been utilized so far to describe abnormalities in multiple sclerosis (MS), Alzheimer's disease, arteritic and non-arteritic optic neuropathy (AION and NAION), Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) papilloedema, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Wolfram syndrome, migraines, lesions of the visual pathway and cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL). It appears that OCT-A findings correlate quite well with the severity of the aforementioned diseases. However, OCT-A has its own limitations, namely its lack of wide-field view of the peripheral retina and the inaccurate interpretation due to motion artifacts in uncooperative groups of patients (e.g. children). Larger prospective longitudinal studies will need to be conducted in order to eliminate the aforementioned limitations.</p>","PeriodicalId":51844,"journal":{"name":"Eye and Brain","volume":"12 ","pages":"73-87"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2020-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2147/EB.S193026","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38238828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neuro-Ophthalmological Manifestations of Obstructive Sleep Apnea: Current Perspectives.","authors":"Armin Farahvash,&nbsp;Jonathan A Micieli","doi":"10.2147/EB.S247121","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/EB.S247121","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a disease of obstructed airways during sleep that significantly impacts the quality of life and increases the risk of various systemic diseases. OSA has been studied as a risk factor for a number of neuro-ophthalmic conditions and a strong relationship has been established with non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION). The incidence of glaucoma and stroke have also been significantly associated with OSA and are conditions that may also be seen by neuro-ophthalmologists. Patients with NAION have a significantly higher incidence of OSA and OSA diagnosis significantly increases the risk for NAION development. Non-compliance with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) in OSA patients has also been found to be a risk factor for fellow-eye involvement and there is increasing evidence to suggest that every patient with NAION should be formally evaluated with polysomnography. The relationship between OSA and idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) has also been studied, but the relationship between these two conditions is less clear. There is insufficient evidence to recommend routine eye examinations in OSA patients for papilledema and conducting a sleep study for a newly diagnosed IIH patient should be left to the discretion of the clinician based on other symptoms and risk factors of OSA.","PeriodicalId":51844,"journal":{"name":"Eye and Brain","volume":"12 ","pages":"61-71"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2020-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2147/EB.S247121","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38229080","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}