Eye and Brain最新文献

{"title":"Effects of tACS-Like Electrical Stimulation on On-Center Retinal Ganglion Cells: Part I.","authors":"Franklin R Amthor,&nbsp;Christianne E Strang","doi":"10.2147/EB.S312402","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/EB.S312402","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Electrical stimulation of the human central nervous system via surface electrodes has been used for both learning enhancement and the amelioration of neurodegenerative or psychiatric disorders. However, data are sparse on how such electrical stimulation affects neural circuits at the cellular level. This study assessed the effects of tACS-like currents at 10 Hz on On-center retinal ganglion cell responsiveness, using the rabbit retina eyecup preparation as a model for central nervous system effects.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We made extracellular recordings of light-evoked spike responses in different classes of On-center retinal ganglion cells before, during and after brief applications of 1 microampere alternating currents using single electrodes and microelectrode arrays.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>tACS-like currents (tACS) of 1 microampere produced effects on On-center ganglion cell response profiles immediately after initiation or cessation of tACS, without driving phase-locked firing in the absence of light stimuli. tACS affected the initial transient responses to light stimulation for all cells, sustained response components (if any) more strongly for sustained cells, and the center-surround balance more strongly for transient cells.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>tACS sculpted light-evoked responses that lasted for one or more hours after cessation of current without, itself, directly inducing significant firing changes. Functionally, tACS effects could result in effects on contrast thresholds for both broad classes of cells, but because tACs differentially affects the center-surround balance of transient On-center cells, there may be greater effects on the spatial resolution and gain. The isolated retina appears to be a useful model to understand tACS actions at the neuronal level.</p>","PeriodicalId":51844,"journal":{"name":"Eye and Brain","volume":"13 ","pages":"175-192"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2021-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/b1/e0/eb-13-175.PMC8285569.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39203182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cerebral Modifications in Glaucoma and Macular Degeneration: Analysis of Current Evidence in Literature and Their Implications on Therapeutic Perspectives.","authors":"Raffaele Nuzzi,&nbsp;Alessio Vitale","doi":"10.2147/EB.S307551","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/EB.S307551","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Glaucoma and macular degeneration are leading causes of irreversible blindness, significantly compromising the quality of life and having a high economic and social impact. Promising therapeutic approaches aimed at regenerating or bypassing the damaged anatomical-functional components are currently under development: these approaches have generated great expectations, but to be effective require a visual network that, despite the pathology, maintains its integrity up to the higher brain areas. In the light of this, the existing findings concerning how the central nervous system modifies its connections following the pathological damage caused by glaucoma and macular degeneration acquire great interest. This review aims to examine the scientific literature concerning the morphological and functional changes affecting the central nervous system in these pathological conditions, summarizing the evidence in an analytical way, discussing their possible causes and highlighting the potential repercussions on the current therapeutic perspectives.</p>","PeriodicalId":51844,"journal":{"name":"Eye and Brain","volume":"13 ","pages":"159-173"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2021-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/8e/f1/eb-13-159.PMC8216745.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39024644","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Are Generalized Reduced Cerebrospinal Fluid Dynamics and Optic Nerve Sheath Compartmentation Sequential Steps in the Pathogenesis of Normal-Tension Glaucoma? [Response to Letter].","authors":"Hanspeter E Killer,&nbsp;Achmed Pircher","doi":"10.2147/EB.S319543","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/EB.S319543","url":null,"abstract":"1Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel & University Basel, Basel, Switzerland; 2Department of Neuroscience/Ophthalmology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; 3Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Basel & University Basel, Basel, Switzerland Dear editor We appreciate the thoughtful considerations of Peter Wostyn concerning our paper Lipocalin-type prostaglandin D synthase concentration gradients in the cerebrospinal fluid in normal-tension glaucoma patients with optic nerve sheath compartmentation. We are aware of his many creative contributions to the field of glaucoma and neurodegeneration. We fully agree that impaired cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) dynamics may play a crucial role in normal-tension glaucoma as well as in the pathophysiology of other neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer ́s and Parkinson ́s disease. Elevated Lipocalin-type prostaglandin D-synthase (L-PGDS) levels in the lumbar CSF in our cohort of normal-tension glaucoma patients compared to the concentration measured in healthy controls in other studies might indeed indicate generalized dysfunctional CSF dynamics in patients with normal-tension glaucoma. CSF and its content are distributed between the extracranial and the intercranial CSF spaces, eg, subarachnoid spaces, cisterns and ventricles. In order for CSF to perform its multiple functions, it also needs to be distributed within the parenchyma of the brain and the optic nerve itself. It therefore would be of great interest to know more about the concentration of proteins, such as L-PGDS, alpha synuclein and abetalipoprotein not only in the CSF surrounding the brain, but in the brain parenchyma (interstitial fluid) as well. The mechanism by which it is transported within parenchyma is still shrouded in mystery and should be subject of future studies.","PeriodicalId":51844,"journal":{"name":"Eye and Brain","volume":"13 ","pages":"157-158"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2021-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/f2/ce/eb-13-157.PMC8164671.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39055353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence of Retinal Vein Occlusions and Estimated Cerebrospinal Fluid Pressure: The Kailuan Eye Study.","authors":"Qian Wang,&nbsp;Jingyan Yang,&nbsp;Jost B Jonas,&nbsp;Xuehui Shi,&nbsp;Shouling Wu,&nbsp;Shuohua Chen,&nbsp;Yanni Yan,&nbsp;Wenjia Zhou,&nbsp;Li Dong,&nbsp;Wenbin Wei,&nbsp;Ya Xing Wang","doi":"10.2147/EB.S290107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/EB.S290107","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To investigate the prevalence of retinal vein occlusions (RVOs) and associated factors in a Chinese population.</p><p><strong>Patients and methods: </strong>The cross-sectional community-based Kailuan Eye Study included individuals who participated in the Kailuan Study. RVOs were diagnosed on the fundus photographs. Estimated cerebrospinal fluid pressure (eCSFP) was calculated as \"eCSFP=0.44*Body Mass Index+0.16*Diastolic Blood Pressure-0.18*Age\".</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The study included 12,499 participants with a mean age of 52.9±13.1 years. The overall prevalence of RVO was 120/12,499 or 0.96%, with branch RVOs observed in 116/12,499 individuals and central RVOs in 4/12,499 individuals. RVOs started at the optic disc in 19 participants (15.8% of all RVOs), and in 101 (84.2%) individuals arterio-venous crossings outside the optic disc. In multivariable analysis, a higher RVO prevalence was associated with older age (<i>P</i><0.001), higher eCSFP (<i>P</i><0.001), and higher fasting serum glucose concentration (<i>P</i><0.001). Differentiating between RVOs at arterio-venous crossings and RVOs at the optic disc revealed that the prevalence of both RVO types was associated with higher eCSFP (<i>P</i><0.001 and <i>P</i>=0.004, respectively) after adjusting for age and fasting serum glucose concentration.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In this adult Chinese population recruited on a community basis, the prevalence of any RVO (mean: 0.96) was associated with older age, higher eCSFP and higher fasting serum glucose concentration. Higher eCSFP may play an etiologic role in RVOs.</p>","PeriodicalId":51844,"journal":{"name":"Eye and Brain","volume":"13 ","pages":"147-156"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2021-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/9e/74/eb-13-147.PMC8149277.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39026476","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Retinal Damage in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: Underlying Mechanisms.","authors":"Vladislav O Soldatov,&nbsp;Michail S Kukharsky,&nbsp;Andrey E Belykh,&nbsp;Andrey M Sobolev,&nbsp;Alexey V Deykin","doi":"10.2147/EB.S299423","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/EB.S299423","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease resulting in a gradual loss of motor neuron function. Although ophthalmic complaints are not presently considered a classic symptom of ALS, retinal changes such as thinning, axonal degeneration and inclusion bodies have been found in many patients. Retinal abnormalities observed in postmortem human tissues and animal models are similar to spinal cord changes in ALS. These findings are not dramatically unexpected because retina shares an ontogenetic relationship with the brain, and many genes are associated both with neurodegeneration and retinal diseases. Experimental studies have demonstrated that ALS affects many \"vulnerable points\" of the retina. Aggregate deposition, impaired nuclear protein import, endoplasmic reticulum stress, glutamate excitotoxicity, vascular regression, and mitochondrial dysfunction are factors suspected as being the main cause of motor neuron damage in ALS. Herein, we show that all of these pathways can affect retinal cells in the same way as motor neurons. Furthermore, we suppose that understanding the patterns of neuro-ophthalmic interaction in ALS can help in the diagnosis and treatment of this disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":51844,"journal":{"name":"Eye and Brain","volume":"13 ","pages":"131-146"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2021-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/c4/16/eb-13-131.PMC8128130.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39000619","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Are Generalized Reduced Cerebrospinal Fluid Dynamics and Optic Nerve Sheath Compartmentation Sequential Steps in the Pathogenesis of Normal-Tension Glaucoma? [Letter].","authors":"Peter Wostyn","doi":"10.2147/EB.S317786","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/EB.S317786","url":null,"abstract":"higher","PeriodicalId":51844,"journal":{"name":"Eye and Brain","volume":"13 ","pages":"129-130"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2021-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/43/71/eb-13-129.PMC8123962.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38996428","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Portable Diagnostic System for Age-Related Macular Degeneration Screening Using Visual Evoked Potentials.","authors":"Craig Versek,&nbsp;S Mohammad Ali Banijamali,&nbsp;Peter Bex,&nbsp;Kameran Lashkari,&nbsp;Sagar Kamarthi,&nbsp;Srinivas Sridhar","doi":"10.2147/EB.S295745","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/EB.S295745","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Delayed Dark-Adapted vision Recovery (DAR) is a biomarker for Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD), however its measurement is burdensome for patients and examiners.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this study, we developed a portable, wireless and user-friendly system that employs a headset with a smartphone to deliver controlled photo-bleach and monocular pattern reversal stimuli, while using custom electroencephalography (EEG) electrodes and electronics in order to measure Dark-Adapted Visual Evoked Potentials (DAVEP) objectively and separately at the peripheral and central visual field. This is achieved in one comfortable 20-minute session, without requiring subject reporting. DAVEP responses post photo-bleach for up to 15 minutes were measured concurrently from both eyes in 12 AMD-patients, 1 degenerative myopia patient, and 8 controls who had no diagnosed macular vision loss.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Robust positive polarity DAVEP responses were observed at 200-500 ms from stimulus onset to scotopic stimuli that have been seldom reported and analyzed previously. The amplitude recovery of the DAVEP response was significantly delayed in AMD patients as compared to controls. We developed DAVEP1 scores, a simple metric for DAR, which classified 90% of subject eyes correctly, indicating the presence of AMD in at least one eye of all pre-confirmed subjects with this diagnosis.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>We developed a user-friendly, portable VEP system and DAVEP1 metric, which show a high potential to identify DAR-deficits in AMD-patients. This novel technology could aid in early diagnosis of AMD.</p>","PeriodicalId":51844,"journal":{"name":"Eye and Brain","volume":"13 ","pages":"111-127"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2021-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/1e/b8/eb-13-111.PMC8092944.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38953945","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Monocular and Binocular Visual Function Deficits in Amblyopic Patients with and without Fusion Maldevelopment Nystagmus.","authors":"Jordan Murray, Kiran Garg, Fatema Ghasia","doi":"10.2147/EB.S300454","DOIUrl":"10.2147/EB.S300454","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The aim of the study is to examine the association between amblyopia type and the presence of nystagmus on binocular and monocular functions of the fellow (FE) and amblyopic eye (AE).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We recruited 19 controls and 44 amblyopes (anisometropes=13, strabismic=10, mixed=21). We measured visual, grating, and vernier acuities and high/low spatial frequency (SF) contrast sensitivities in each eye using a staircase method. Stereoacuity was measured with the Titmus fly test. We recorded fixation eye movements (FEM) using high-resolution video-oculography. Subjects were classified as having either no nystagmus (n=18), fusion maldevelopment nystagmus syndrome (FMNS) (n=12), or nystagmus without any structural anomalies that does not meet the criteria for FMNS or infantile nystagmus (n=14).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Analysis of visual function by clinical amblyopia type showed that patients with strabismus/mixed amblyopia (F (2,54)=9.5, p<0.001) were more likely to have poor stereopsis while controlling for AE grating acuity deficit. The FE of patients with anisometropia had greater contrast sensitivity deficits at low (F (2,43)=4.4, p=0.018) and high SF (F (2,42)=10.1, p<0.001). Analysis of visual function by FEM characteristics (low SF: (F (3,43)=4.3, p=0.010) and high SF: (F (3,42)=7.1, p=0.001) showed that the FE of patients with FMNS had worse low and high SF contrast sensitivities, whereas those without FMNS had greater contrast sensitivity deficits only at high SF compared to controls. Patients with FMNS (F (3,54) = 12.9, p<0.001) were more likely to have poor stereopsis while controlling for AE grating acuity deficit compared to patients without FMNS. All amblyopic patients had worse high SF contrast sensitivity of the AE irrespective of type or FEM characteristics (Type = F (2,43)=8.8, p=0.001; FEM characteristics= F (3,43)=5.1, p=0.004).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The presence of FMNS in patients with strabismic/mixed amblyopia is associated with poor/absent stereopsis. FE deficits vary across amblyopia type. Like FEM abnormalities, visual function deficits are seen in the FE of patients with and without nystagmus.</p>","PeriodicalId":51844,"journal":{"name":"Eye and Brain","volume":"13 ","pages":"99-109"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2021-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/49/81/eb-13-99.PMC8089081.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38963517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Artifactual Visual Field Defects Identified on Technically \"Reliable\" Visual Field Studies in a Neuro-Ophthalmology Practice.","authors":"Pablo Galarza,&nbsp;Elhanan Parnasa,&nbsp;Noah Guttmann,&nbsp;Joshua M Kruger","doi":"10.2147/EB.S274523","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/EB.S274523","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To assess the reliability of automated visual field studies with neurological abnormalities and normal reliability indices that were inconsistent with the remainder of the neuro-ophthalmic assessment.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Retrospective observational study from the clinical practice of a neuro-ophthalmologist at a tertiary referral center.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>From 2230 patient charts, ten cases were identified that met the inclusion criteria. In eight of the cases repeat visual field testing had no reproducible abnormality. Four of these cases were concerning for a bitemporal or homonymous hemianopia. None of the patients, including the two cases with a reproducible defect, developed any convincing manifestations of an organic disease related to the visual field defect.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our findings suggest that even marked neurological abnormalities on reliable automated visual field tests can be false. When the remainder of the neuro-ophthalmic evaluation is inconsistent with the test result, we recommend that clinicians attempt to immediately repeat the visual field study.</p>","PeriodicalId":51844,"journal":{"name":"Eye and Brain","volume":"13 ","pages":"79-88"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2021-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/74/a8/eb-13-79.PMC8054576.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38833560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lipocalin-type Prostaglandin D Synthase Concentration Gradients in the Cerebrospinal Fluid in Normal-tension Glaucoma Patients with Optic Nerve Sheath Compartmentation.","authors":"Achmed Pircher,&nbsp;Albert Neutzner,&nbsp;Margherita Montali,&nbsp;Andreas Huber,&nbsp;Hendrik P N Scholl,&nbsp;Jatta Berberat,&nbsp;Luca Remonda,&nbsp;Hanspeter E Killer","doi":"10.2147/EB.S297274","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/EB.S297274","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To report on the lipocalin-type prostaglandin D synthase (L-PGDS) concentrations in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of the perioptic and lumbar subarachnoid space (SAS) in patients with radiologically proven optic nerve (ON) sheath compartmentation presenting as normal-tension glaucoma (NTG).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Retrospective biochemical analysis of CSF in thirteen patients with ON sheath compartmentation presenting as NTG (four females, mean age 70±8 years). CSF was sampled from the SAS of the ON during ON sheath fenestration for ON sheath compartmentation and from the lumbar SAS at the time of lumbar puncture. Nephelometry was used for the quantification of L-PGDS and albumin concentration. Albumin was measured in order to assess the amount of contamination with serum in the CSF samples taken from the ON SAS. Main outcome measures were L-PGDS concentrations in the CSF of the perioptic and lumbar SAS.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Mean L-PGDS concentration was 24±8 mg/L in the lumbar SAS compared to 33±27 mg/L without correction of serum contamination and 45±39 mg/L after correction of serum contamination in the perioptic SAS. The difference between the lumbar and the perioptic SAS was statistically significant (<i>P</i>=0.0047 without correction of serum contamination, <i>P</i>=0.0002 with correction of serum contamination; Mann-Witney <i>U</i>-test).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study demonstrates a concentration gradient of L-PGDS levels within the CSF with a statistically significant higher concentration in the compartmentalized perioptic SAS compared to that in the lumbar SAS. Biochemical changes in the perioptic SAS might be involved in the pathophysiology in NTG patients with ON sheath compartmentation.</p>","PeriodicalId":51844,"journal":{"name":"Eye and Brain","volume":"13 ","pages":"89-97"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2021-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/01/26/eb-13-89.PMC8053785.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38896611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}